摆客 咱摆的不是地摊

写博文的叫＂博客＂,拍视频的叫＂拍客＂,攻击电脑黑人的叫＂黑客＂……但如果你认为摆客就是摆地摊的,那就错了,因为不是每个摆地摊的都是摆客。百度词条这样形容这群人：摆客是高素质、自律、无害的、爱好摆摊这种销售形式，通过这种形式接触社会、并借此锻炼和表现自己的群体。摆客这个群体以白领和大学生为主体，不以摆地摊为谋生手段，遵守《中国摆客公约》，不会污染环境和阻碍交通，不会扰民，会提供售后服务。     

中国湿地生态补偿的利益博弈分析

我国采取了一系列加强湿地生态环境保护的措施,推进了湿地生态状况的改善.但在实践过程中,生态保护仍存在着结构性的政策缺位,湿地生态补偿作为调整损害与保护生态环境主体间利益关系的一种制度安排,是保护生态环境的有效措施.从博弈论的角度出发,分析湿地生态补偿的利益相关者,通过建立湿地生态补偿主体和客体的博弈模型,得出湿地生态补偿主体、客体的纳什均衡策略,并提出针对性的建议.     

中国绿色服务政策演进、协同及文本内容分析

绿色服务作为促进绿色产业专业化、高端化、规范化发展的综合性服务业,是保障绿色产业持续健康发展的重要支撑。本文以《绿色产业指导目录》为依据,全面梳理1986年以来我国中央政府颁布的各类绿色服务政策,从政策演进、政策主体关系、文本类型、政策工具结构等方面对我国绿色服务政策进行量化分析。研究发现:(1)我国中央政府颁布的绿色服务政策数量及总力度都越来越大,绿色服务政策的制定已经渡过探索期,进入高质量发展的政策体系全面形成阶段;(2)政策主体牵涉广泛,部际合作现象明显且合作模式较为固定,整体上部际合作增强但又呈现出阶段性的发展特征;(3)政策类型多种多样,但不同形式的政策文件分布不均,多通知、公告类低效力文件,缺乏高效力文件;(4)政策客体结构较为完整,但行业分布不平衡;(5)总体上政策工具类型逐渐多样化,但过度重视管理,供给型、环境型、需求型三大政策工具间存在一定程度的失衡,具体表现为重环境,轻供给和需求。本文建议,应进一步加强部际协调和有效合作,平衡政策工具结构和政策的行业分布,完成绿色服务政策由量到质的升级发展。     

空调

空调的诞生凝聚了人类的聪明才智,是现代人的一大发明和贡献:它冷暖两用,成为人们避暑御寒的主要工具和手段,因此又算得上现代人的一大福祉。是呵,三皇五帝,贵妃大臣,何曾有过这等福份? 然而,作为高能耗产品的空调,对电力资源的高度消耗是可想而知的,同时它又是较大的污染源:氟里昂排放、噪声等负面影响也不客忽视。     

迷路的烟雾

什么是“烟”呢？物质燃烧时所产生的混有未完全燃烧的微小颗粒的气体；也泛指像烟一样的东西。《辞书》上如是说。但我少年时代认识“烟”，不是靠书本，而是靠自己的感官。     

环境质量评价:认识环境本质的重要工具

环境质量评价是按照一定的标准和方法对环境进行定性和定量的说明与描述。它是人类认识环境的本质及进一步保护和改善环境质量的手段和工具,它为环境管理和规划、环境工程、环境污染综合防治与决策、环境保护政策制订等提供科学依据,是环境保护的一项基础性工作。     

国家公园:区域绿色发展的新平台

按照有关规定,旅游景区的外延在相当程度上与自然保护地重合,地方政府也习惯于将自然保护地打造成大众观光旅游景区或旅游度假区。但两者在管理体制、发展理念和目标、具体工作内容上都有明显区别,尤其在中央明确"建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系"后,这种区别将使两者的发展分道扬镳。虽然不是旅游景区,但国家公园可以发展以国家公园体制和国家公园品牌体系为基础、依托国家公园特色小镇的国家公园旅游,采用三次产业的整合和升级将生态产品的价值可持续地增值变现,实现以旅游景区为定位的传统发展方式向以生态文明建设为宗旨的绿色发展方式的转变。     

自然的客观化及其对环境诉求的影响

文艺复兴之后,人类将自然从认知的客体转变为控制的对象,导致了自然的客观化和严重的社会后果。与作为认知客体的自然所体现出的多样性不同,自然的客观化更强调同一性。由这种追求客观化而生成的知识越来越脱离普通人的生活体验,转变成专业技术人员的专有知识。在这样的背景下,普通的生活者关于自身所遭遇的污染与受害的感官表达越来越无力,于是出现了他们在环境诉求中的困境。     

观点

所谓科学的环保理念,就是说环境保护是门科学,不是宗教,我们千万要避免环境保护的邪教化。科学和宗教有什么区别呢?科学的正确永远是暂时的、有前提的,它永远都在等着人们去推翻自己,而宗教是绝对正确和不容置疑的。这就是科学和宗教的最大区别。至于宗教和邪教的区别,则在于其宽容性,正常的宗教比邪教相对更宽容一些。21实际爆发的这场环保运动,我越来越     

我国古代的“环境美”

我国是一个有5000多年悠久历史的文明古国，在秦代以前，就有了关于环境保护的规定：“春三月，山林不登斧，以成草木之长；夏三月，川泽不入网署，以成鱼鳖之长”。但作为一部完整的环境保护法，当首推秦朝制订的《田律》，这是世界上最早的环境保护法。它的原文用现代汉语译出来，大意如下：从春季2月开始，不准进山砍伐林木；不到夏季不准入山采樵、烧草木及；不准捕捉幼兽幼鸟或掏鸟卵；不准毒杀鱼鳖；不准设置诱捕鸟兽的网署和陪阶；以上禁令，到7月才得解除。《田律》中的禁令记载得具体完整，从规定的条文不难看出，它不但保护植物树…     

Legal and Ethical Apprehensions Regarding Relational Object. The Case of Genetically Modified Fish

This paper is the result of a contribution between ethics and law, which will be used as thought-process tools, to address the complex issue of legal and ethical statuses of GM fish. To find answers, we propose to consider this issue from a wider angle, looking at the relations between the human, animal, and living worlds. We show that it is possible to construct other forms of intellectual logic that, without setting these worlds in opposition, do not lapse into relativism where boundaries are blurred. In this sense, we submit the hypothesis that ordered pluralism should help us to move past a mere Man–Animal relationship to reveal the entire complexity of relationships within mankind and between mankind and other (non-human) worlds alongside it and to which it belongs: the animal and living worlds. With this new logic, “animal ethics” and “animal law” are re-embedded into a set of relationships. This logic emerges from a new consideration: the nature of the contemporary objects we are dealing with. We shall call objects like genetically modified fish “relational objects” in the sense that in order to be apprehended, they utilize a set of relationships of which there are just as many as the dimensions forming them, not as predicates but as primary constituents. Experimentally, in the case of GM fish, we translate this by proposing to typologize legal and ethical considerations induced by multiple relations connected to this object. According to the type of relationship in question, the GM fish will not have the same status; it is a changing object that must be suitably apprehended.     

Sustainable development: Scientific and ethical assessments

The problem of assessing the sustainability of human development is discussed in theoretical and practical terms.In Part I, two theoretical tools for describing the challenge of assessing sustainable development are introduced and briefly discussed: (i) the use of an energetic model to describe the dynamic interaction between the human and the biophysical compartment; (ii) basic concepts derived from the hierarchy theory applied to the development of human society. Sustainable and ethical development of human society requires the consideration of three hierarchical levels: the biosphere, the societal and the individual level. Such a holistic assessment can be obtained by integrating scientific and ethical considerations.In Part II, data illustrating the current terms of the dilemma of human development are presented and discussed within the theoretical frame provided in Part I. It is argued that even if we had a better understanding of the consequeces of human activity on the biosphere, current modes of organization of human society and its economic activity do not readily enable adequate planning for the sustainable development of mankind. Ideologies that can bias the discussion and the assessment of sustainable and ethical development are discussed. No solution is at hand; therefore, when we consider human development today, we are facing a high level of uncertainty.     

Informing the development of decision support tools for risk management: the case of electrical and magnetic fields

This paper describes tools developed through a community consultative process to help decision makers manage electrical and magnetic fields (EMF) health risk. The process involved in‐depth interviews with experts (N=12) and focus group discussions with seven different stakeholder groups. The results reveal commonly held intense public concerns about the long‐term health effects of EMF. These concerns were further reinforced by the lack of public trust in both government and industry with regards to EMF risk management. Overall, the participants wanted tools that can be used to manage EMF information, scientific uncertainty about EMF and the complex environment in which EMF issues are embedded. The findings contributed to a mapping out of response formats to address public concerns related to risk, hazard, trust, accountability and fairness across a range of stakeholder groups. These tools and their roles in the management of complex and variable risks, involving new circumstances (e.g. privatization) and information (e.g. new scientific studies) are presented. The importance of recognizing and working with uncertainty through adaptive management strategies, using qualitative approaches, is also discussed.     

A Precautionary Approach to Genetically Modified Organisms: Challenges and Implications for Policy and Science

The commercial introduction of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has revealed a broad range of views among scientists and other stakeholders on perspectives of genetic engineering (GE) and if and how GMOs should be regulated. Within this controversy, the precautionary principle has become a contentious issue with high support from skeptical groups but resisted by GMO advocates. How to handle lack of scientific understanding and scientific disagreement are core issues within these debates. This article examines some of the key issues affecting precaution as a legal standard and as an approach to the use of science in decision-making processes. It is pointed out that there is a need for reflection over the level of scientific evidence required for applying the precautionary principle as well as who should have the burden of proof when there are uncertainties. Further, an awareness of the broader scientific uncertainties found in GMO risk assessment implies that a precautionary approach must be elaborated: both for acknowledging uncertainties and for identification of scientific responses. Since precaution is an important issue within the sustainable development framework, it is suggested that sustainability can provide a normative standard that can help to reveal the influence and negotiate the importance of the various forms of uncertainty. Wise management of uncertainties and inclusion of normative aspects in risk assessment and management may help to ensure sustainable and socially robust GMO innovations at present and in the future.     

Bringing diverse knowledge sources together--a meta-model for supporting integrated catchment management

Integrated catchment management (ICM), as promoted by recent legislation such as the European Water Framework Directive, presents difficult challenges to planners and decision-makers. To support decision-making in the face of high complexity and uncertainty, tools are required that can integrate the evidence base required to evaluate alternative management scenarios and promote communication and social learning. In this paper we present a pragmatic approach for developing an integrated decision-support tool, where the available sources of information are very diverse and a tight model coupling is not possible. In the first instance, a loosely coupled model is developed which includes numerical sub-models and knowledge-based sub-models. However, such a model is not easy for decision-makers and stakeholders to operate without modelling skills. Therefore, we derive from it a meta-model based on a Bayesian Network approach which is a decision-support tool tailored to the needs of the decision-makers and is fast and easy to operate. The meta-model can be derived at different levels of detail and complexity according to the requirements of the decision-makers. In our case, the meta-model was designed for high-level decision-makers to explore conflicts and synergies between management actions at the catchment scale. As prediction uncertainties are propagated and explicitly represented in the model outcomes, important knowledge gaps can be identified and an evidence base for robust decision-making is provided. The framework seeks to promote the development of modelling tools that can support ICM both by providing an integrated scientific evidence base and by facilitating communication and learning processes.     

Evaluating the suitability of policy instruments for urban flood risk reduction

ABSTRACT

City governments have access to a range of policy instruments to reduce flood risk, but choosing among these tools is challenging. This article identifies fourteen different policy instruments that could contribute to urban flood risk reduction and draws on interviews with expert stakeholders to score these instruments across eight evaluation criteria. The results indicate which policy tools the interviewees consider to be most and least suitable and illuminate the trade-offs inherent in instrument selection. Complementary relationships between the various instruments are also considered in the context of instrument mixes – combinations of multiple policy tools designed to maximise urban flood risk reduction.     

Importance of scientific uncertainty in decision making

Uncertainty in environmental decision making should not be thought of as a problem that is best ignored. In fact, as is illustrated in a simple example, we often informally make use of awareness of uncertainty by hedging decisions away from large losses. This hedging can be made explicit and formalized using the methods of decision analysis. While scientific uncertainty is undesirable, it can still be useful in environmental management as it provides a basis for the need to fund additional monitoring, experimentation, or information acquisition to improve the scientific basis for decisions.     

Making framing of uncertainty in water management practice explicit by using a participant-structured approach

By now, the need for addressing uncertainty in the management of water resources is widely recognized, yet there is little expertise and experience how to effectively deal with uncertainty in practice. Uncertainties in water management practice so far are mostly dealt with intuitively or based on experience. That way decisions can be quickly taken but analytic processes of deliberate reasoning are bypassed. To meet the desire of practitioners for better guidance and tools how to deal with uncertainty more practice-oriented systematic approaches are needed. For that purpose we consider it important to understand how practitioners frame uncertainties. In this paper we present an approach where water managers developed criteria of relevance to understand and address uncertainties. The empirical research took place in the Doñana region of the Guadalquivir estuary in southern Spain making use of the method of card sorting. Through the card sorting exercise a broad range of criteria to make sense of and describe uncertainties was produced by different subgroups, which were then merged into a shared list of criteria. That way framing differences were made explicit and communication on uncertainty and on framing differences was enhanced. In that, the present approach constitutes a first step to enabling reframing and overcoming framing differences, which are important features on the way to robust decision-making. Moreover, the elaborated criteria build a basis for the development of more structured approaches to deal with uncertainties in water management practice.     

Uncertainty and risk in wildland fire management: a review

Wildland fire management is subject to manifold sources of uncertainty. Beyond the unpredictability of wildfire behavior, uncertainty stems from inaccurate/missing data, limited resource value measures to guide prioritization across fires and resources at risk, and an incomplete scientific understanding of ecological response to fire, of fire behavior response to treatments, and of spatiotemporal dynamics involving disturbance regimes and climate change. This work attempts to systematically align sources of uncertainty with the most appropriate decision support methodologies, in order to facilitate cost-effective, risk-based wildfire planning efforts. We review the state of wildfire risk assessment and management, with a specific focus on uncertainties challenging implementation of integrated risk assessments that consider a suite of human and ecological values. Recent advances in wildfire simulation and geospatial mapping of highly valued resources have enabled robust risk-based analyses to inform planning across a variety of scales, although improvements are needed in fire behavior and ignition occurrence models. A key remaining challenge is a better characterization of non-market resources at risk, both in terms of their response to fire and how society values those resources. Our findings echo earlier literature identifying wildfire effects analysis and value uncertainty as the primary challenges to integrated wildfire risk assessment and wildfire management. We stress the importance of identifying and characterizing uncertainties in order to better quantify and manage them. Leveraging the most appropriate decision support tools can facilitate wildfire risk assessment and ideally improve decision-making.