膜生物反应器工艺的优点及膜组件设计

对比传统活性污泥法与膜生物反应器MBR的工艺原理,简要阐述了膜生物反应器工艺的优点。对工艺中的设计依据、构型、膜组件和有机负荷、固体停留时间、水力停留时间等生物反应器的技术参数进行了探讨,为膜生物反应器中试设计提供了借鉴。     

膜曝气生物膜反应器生物膜影响因素分析

膜曝气生物膜反应器（MABR）是一种利用透气膜进行曝气，可以实现同步硝化反硝化的污水生物处理新工艺。本文阐述了膜曝气生物反应器生物膜的原理和特点，总结了国内外在该领域的研究成果，重点介绍了C／N、氧气压力、流速、生物膜厚度、温度和pH对生物膜性能的影响。     

活性炭在膜生物反应器中的应用研究进展

活性炭是一种非常优良的吸附剂，具有物理吸附和化学吸附的双重特性。本文介绍了近年来向膜生物反应器中投加活性炭的应用研究进展，表明投加活性炭可以提高膜生物反应器的处理效果，同时对改善膜污染有很好的效果。     

石油污染土壤生物修复技术的研究进展

本文综述了30多年来国内外石油污染土壤的生物修复的进展，并介绍了国内外在修复石油污染土壤方面的生物修复工艺：原位生物修复和异位生物修复。原位修复有原位地耕法和土壤气相抽提；异位修复有土壤耕作发、堆放法、堆肥法和反应器法。文章还就今后的研究方向作了阐述，指出生物修复方法作为一种费用低、效果好、对环境影响低、无二次污染的方法，是今后治理石油对土壤污染的最可行的方法。     

植物生物反应器在生物制药中的应用

生物反应器技术于20世纪90年代初诞生,它是一种利用转基因动物或植物个体作为"工厂"来大规模生产可供人类疾病治疗和保健使用的药用蛋白生物高新技术.近几年,植物生物反应器技术得到了较快的发展.综述了创建植物生物反应器的一般步骤、外源基因转化途径、提高植物生物反应器中外源基因表达水平策略,并就目前由植物生物反应器生产药物的现状、趋势、优缺点及其前景进行了概述.     

好氧生物流化床技术研究进展

对好氧生物流化床技术的工作原理和发展概况进行了简介，重点阐述了部分新型好氧生物流化床反应器的结构特点，并对好氧生物流化床技术存在的问题及发展前景做了研讨。     

悬浮填料生物反应器的研究现状与进展

介绍了悬浮填料生物反应器的原理、特点及研究与应用的现状，并指出悬浮填料生物反应器现阶段研究中一些亟待解决的问题。     

膜生物反应器在有机废水处理中的研究新进展

介绍了我国近年来利用膜生物反应器处理有机废水的研究成果，并对膜生物反应器用于有机废水生物处理的前景及存在的问题进行评述。     

生物膨胀床技术处理含氨臭气研究

针对传统生物除臭方法的一些不足，本试验提出采用生物膨胀床技术处理含氨臭气。文中系统研究了不同填料、进气浓度、停留时间等因素对处理效果的影响。结果表明：采用兰石和活性炭的混合物做填料时膨胀床对氨的去除率较高；当进气浓度低于100mg／m^3时，反应器对氨气的去除率在98％以上；适宜停留时间是28.6s。对反应器溶液中各形态氮浓度的分析可知氨在反应器中的转化以硝化反应为主，主要被氧化为硝酸根。     

生活垃圾生物反应器填埋场的试验研究--渗滤液处理技术的发展与改良

采用生物反应器填埋场消纳生活垃圾，通过改变模拟生物反应器填埋场实验垃圾柱的装填方式和运行方式，对不同垃圾柱的渗滤液水质变化特征进行分析，试验表明，生物反应器填埋场具有稳定时间短，渗滤液污染强度削减快，给后续的渗滤处理系统的设计及运行带来极大的便利。     

Modeling and simulation of biogas-fueled power system

The main objective of this paper is to develop a complete model that fully simulate a biogas-fueled power plant which can be used to supply a rural farm with sufficient electricity. The reactor is fed with animal manure of the farm. The proposed model consists of three main parts; a biogas reactor, a microturbine (MT) coupled to a permanent magnet synchronous generator, and a storage system. The model describes the dynamics of an MT and it is suitable for both steady state and transient simulation and analysis. The volume of biogas output delivered from the Anaerobic Digester depends on the reactor volume, reactor temperature, and animal manure type. The storage system is used to store the excess value of biogas if any. It is composed of two parts: a comparator and a storage tank. The comparator compares the volume of biogas produced by the reactor with that needed to supply the load. An adaptive controller is developed to withstand the system against any transient condition such as suddenly load increase/decrease. The proposed model is implemented for chemical and physical behaviors of the biogas production process, as well as for different variables of MT-generator operations. The model is implemented in Matlab/Simulink environment and tested under different operating conditions in both steady state and transient status to study the impacts of different variables on the system output. The output results prove its applicability and effectiveness under different operating conditions.     

TMDL Balance: A Model for Coastal Water Pollutant Loadings

Bacterial contamination accounts for more than 60% of the impairments included on the 2008 Texas 303(d) List. Many of these bacterial impairments are along the Texas Gulf Coast because coastal waters often are regulated for oyster harvesting, which have strict water quality standards. Under the Clean Water Act, each one of these impaired waterbodies requires a total maximum daily load (TMDL) study to be performed. A recent, statewide study recommended the development and application of simple modeling approaches to address the majority of Texas's bacteria TMDLs, including “… simple load duration curve, GIS [geographic information systems], and/or mass balance models.” We developed the TMDL Balance model in response to this recommendation. TMDL Balance is a steady state, mass balance, GIS‐based model for simulating pollutant loads and concentrations in coastal systems. The model uses plug‐flow reactor and continuously‐stirred tank reactor equations to route spatially distributed point and nonpoint source loads through a watershed via overland flow, non‐tidal flow, and tidal flow, decaying the loads via first‐order kinetics. In this paper, we explain the development of the watershed loading portion of the TMDL Balance model, demonstrating the methodology through a case study: computing bacterial loads in the Copano Bay watershed of southeast Texas. The application highlights an example of distributing bacterial sources spatially based on land use data.     

UAFSB反应器处理畜禽废水的快速启动

对UASB反应器进行改型，得到UAFSB，并结合UASB反应器快速启动的驯化方式，比较分析用畜禽废水直接启动加颗粒活性炭与未加颗粒活性炭的运行过程和结果。试验结果表明：絮状污泥接种后经过54天的驯化，进料COD浓度由800mg／L提高到5000mg／L，去除率基本稳定在90％以上，均达到预期目的；在污泥中掺入颗粒活性炭，反应器的启动时间有所缩短、抗冲击能力有所加强。     

间歇式活性污泥法处理1-4丁二醇废水的研究

用间歇式活性污泥法(SBR法)对高浓度1-4丁二醇废水进行了处理研究。实验测定了污泥沉降性能,测试了最佳曝气时间、最佳pH值范围以及SBR处理系统耐污染的负荷。实验结果表明:SBR法的污泥沉降比为15%～30%,完全符合活性污泥正常运行时的沉降标准。处理污水的最佳曝气时间为5h,最佳pH值范围为7～8。该处理系统耐冲击,能承受较高的污染负荷,对水质的波动有较强的承受能力。利用SBR法可以处理1-4丁二醇、聚丙烯酰胺和顺丁烯二酸酐三套装置排放的混合污水。     

Influence of support material on the immobilization of biomass for the degradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in anaerobic reactors

Two horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass reactors (HAIB) were used to study the degradation of the LAS surfactant: one filled with charcoal (HAIB1) and the other with a mixed bed of expanded clay and polyurethane foam (HAIB2). The reactors were fed with synthetic substrate supplemented with 14 mg l(-1)of LAS, kept at 30+/-2 degrees C and operated with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12h. The surfactant was quantified by HPLC. Spatial variation analyses were done to quantify organic matter and LAS consumption along the reactor length. The presence of the surfactant in the load did not affect the removal of organic matter (COD), which was close to 90% in both reactors for an influent COD of 550 mg l(-1). The results of a mass balance indicated that 28% of all LAS added to HAIB1 was removed by degradation. HAIB2 presented 27% degradation. Molecular biology techniques revealed microorganisms belonging the uncultured Holophaga sp., uncultured delta Proteobacterium, uncultured Verrucomicrobium sp., Bacteroides sp. and uncultured gamma Proteobacterium sp. The reactor with biomass immobilized on charcoal presented lower adsorption and a higher kinetic degradation coefficient. So, it was the most suitable support for LAS anaerobic treatment.     

Designing reverse-flow packed bed reactors for stable treatment of volatile organic compounds

Reverse-flow packed bed reactors can be used to treat gaseous pollutants from chemical plants. This article describes the design and operation of a modified reverse-flow reactor (MRFR) which has a recuperator on each end of the reactor and a reaction zone in the middle. The recuperators have low thermal dispersion and the reaction zone has a high thermal dispersion, obtained by placing metal inserts into the bed, parallel with the gas flow. Performance of the MRFR during extended lean and rich conditions is determined with analytical analysis and compares well with numerical simulations of CO oxidation; however, the theory is expected to be useful for any reaction kinetics. A major advantage of this MRFR design is an extended time for the reactor to extinguish during lean conditions. This work also describes MRFR performance with internal reactor cooling, which can be used as a control mechanism to maintain reactor temperature for proper removal of volatile organic compounds.     

Anaerobic whey treatment by a stirred sequencing batch reactor (ASBR): effects of organic loading and supplemented alkalinity

An assessment was made of cheese whey treatment in a mechanically stirred anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) containing granular biomass. The effect of increasing organic load and decreasing influent alkalinity supplementation (as sodium bicarbonate) was analyzed. The reactor operated on 8-h cycles with influent COD concentrations of 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg/L, corresponding to volumetric organic loads of 0.6 to 4.8 mgCOD/L.d. Organic COD removal efficiencies were always above 90% for filtered samples. These results were obtained with an optimized alkalinity supplementation of 50% (ratio between mass of NaHCO3 added and mass of influent mgNaHCO3/mgCOD) in the assays with 500 and 1000 mgCOD/L and of 25% in the assays with 2000 and 4000 mgCOD/L. Initial alkalinity supplementation was equal to the mass of influent COD (100%). The system showed formation of viscous polymer-like substances. These were probably of microbiological origin occurring mainly at influent CODs of 2000 and 4000 mg/L and caused some biomass flotation. This could, however be controlled to enable efficient and stable reactor operation.     

Nitrate controls methyl mercury production in a streambed bioreactor

Organic carbon bioreactors provide low-cost, passive treatment of a variety of environmental contaminants but can have undesirable side effects in some cases. This study examines the production of methyl mercury (MeHg) in a streambed bioreactor consisting of 40 m3 of wood chips and designed to treat nitrate (NO?) in an agricultural drainage ditch in southern Ontario (Avon site). The reactor provides 30 to 100% removal of NO?-N concentrations of 0.6 to 4.4 mg L(-1), but sulfate (SO?(2-)) reducing conditions develop when NO? removal is complete. Sulfate reducing conditions are known to stimulation the production of MeHg in natural wetlands. Over one seasonal cycle, effluent MeHg ranged from 0.01 to 0.76 ng L(-1) and total Hg ranged from 1.3 to 3.4 ng L(-1). During all sampling events when reducing conditions were only sufficient to promote NO?(-) reduction (or denitrification) ( = 5, late fall 2009, winter 2010), MeHg concentrations decreased in the reactor and it was a net sink for MeHg (mean flux of -5.1 μg m(-2) yr(-1)). During all sampling events when SO?(2-) reducing conditions were present ( = 6, early fall 2009, spring 2010), MeHg concentrations increased in the reactor and it was a strong source of MeHg to the stream (mean flux of 15.2 μg m(-2) yr(-1)). Total Hg was consistently removed in the reactor (10 of 11 sampling events) and was correlated to the total suspended sediment load ( r2 = 0.69), which was removed in the reactor by physical filtration. This study shows that organic carbon bioreactors can be a strong source of MeHg production when SO?(2-) reducing conditions develop; however, maintaining NO?-N concentrations > 0.5 mg L suppresses the production of MeHg.     

Performance of a combined anaerobic reactor for municipal wastewater treatment at ambient temperature

A bench-scale experimental study was carried out to investigate the overall performance of a combined anaerobic reactor for treating pre-settled municipal wastewater at ambient temperature (18–28°C) in terms of substrate removal efficiencies, biogas, methane production, volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles and effluent suspended solids (SS) concentration, etc. The tested reactor was a modified anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). The second and third compartments were partly packed with supporting media. The experimental results were similar to, or compared favourably with, other anaerobic reactor systems for municipal wastewater treatment at ambient temperature and proved the technical feasibility of this compartmentalised reactor. Considering its simple structure and operation, it could be considered a potential reactor system for treating municipal and domestic wastewaters in tropical and sub-tropical areas of developing countries.     

A pilot plant using immobilized cells for dye removal from dye manufacturing wastes

A pilot plant was set up to treat dye waste water. The flow of the plant begins with a chemical pretreatment step following by an immobilized decolorizing bacteria reactor and an ordinary activated sludge reactor at the end. Results from the seven months' operation show that the decolorization effect of the immobilized cell reactor worked satisfactorily. The effluent colour always remained below 100 with the influent colour as high as 4000 or more. The COD of the effluent could also meet the discharge standard, around 60 mg L⁻¹. The immobilized cell reactor has an ability to reduce the BOD/COD ratio of the waste, suggesting that it can degrade the recalcitrant pollutants easily. The results show that it is a high-efficiency and low-cost process suitable to be developed into full-scale application.