天然气知识介绍

什么是天然气 ?天然气是从地下天然气矿床或石油天然气矿井中直接开采出来的可燃气体 ,是以碳氢化合物为主的气体混合物。天然气无毒、无粉尘 ,方便易燃。天然气一般分为 4种 :( 1 )从气井开采出来的气田气 ;( 2 )伴随石油一起开采出来的石油气 ;( 3)含石油轻质馏分的凝析气田气 ;( 4 )煤矿下煤层中抽出的矿井气。涩宁兰使用的涩北天然气属纯天然气 ,燃烧热值高 ,基本不含硫化物和水。天然气组成成份有甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、异丁烷、正丁烷 ,并含有少量的重碳氮化合物以及氮、氦、二氧化硫等。其中甲烷含 99 48% (摩尔百分比 ) ,乙烷含 0 0 8%…     

含联氨与水合联氨污水的生物化学法净化

目前,联氨和水合联氨广泛使用于化学工业的各个领域中,其中包括化学纤维、化学聚合物、发泡剂和防腐涂料等物质的生产过程,因此,防止上述物质,特别是污水污染环境,具有重要的意义。联氨在生活用水中的最大允许浓度为0.01Mg/L,水合联氨在渔业用水中的最大允许浓度是0.00025Mg/L。对于含联氨和水合联氨污水净化的常用方法,一个是分解法,另一个是氧化法。分解法中,只有在加入非均相催化剂后,这些物质才有可能自发分解。物质的分解速度随着物质的     

天然气中的硫资源及其开发

天然气中的硫化氢(H_2S)是硫的重要资源,许多国家都很重视从含硫天然气中回收硫。我国天然气中普遍含 H_2S,而 H_2S 为剧毒气体,对人体有害,对设备有强烈的腐蚀作用,易堵塞采油气管柱和气层,故开采含硫天然气有别于一般的天然气,在钻井、采气、集输、净化和加工方面均有其特殊性。随着天然气工业的高速发展,含硫气藏愈来愈多,因此研究天然气中硫资源的特点及其开发技术具有现实意义。     

含聚污水悬浮固体含量测定方法改进

采用石油天然气行业标准推荐的滤膜法测定油田含聚合物采出水(简称含聚污水)中悬浮固体含量时,过滤时间长而测定值偏高。文章分析了新疆油田含聚污水中固相颗粒物的分布特点,考察了滤膜法存在的问题及影响因素:残余聚合物含量、聚合物分子量、温度等,考察了水中残余聚合物浓度与滤膜截留量的关系,建立了适合含聚污水中悬浮固体含量的测定方法——高速剪切法,验证了该方法的精密度,并以新疆油田现场聚驱和二元复合驱采出水为对象,评价新方法的有效性。     

四川省一九八二年酸雨测报工作情况(摘要)

我省地处盆地,在盆地底部的平原和丘陵地区,气候温暖潮湿、多雨、多雾,加之主要能源煤和天然气含硫量高(煤含硫量2～7％,天然气含H_2S体积浓度为4.00～4.50％),随着国家工业建设的发展,城镇人口的增多,煤和天然气开发量剧增。使得我省的大气污染日趋严重,不少地区出现了酸雨。对此,重庆市环境监测站从一九八一年四月开始开展了对重庆市区的酸雨监测工作。并从八二年开始,对全市范围进行酸雨监测和有关酸雨的科研。今年     

利用工业废渣制备聚合硫酸铁

用主要含氧化铁的工业废渣与硫酸直接反应制备聚合硫酸铁,该法具有工艺简单、投资少、成本低,且无二次污染等优点。     

含油泥砂洗涤法在大港油田的应用

含油泥砂洗涤法可以将含油泥砂中混合的原油、泥、砂回收并重新资源化利用,且处理过程中不产生新的污染物。大港油田应用含油泥砂洗涤法对北部地区产出的含油泥砂进行处理,处理后的泥砂浸出液COD、石油类等指标均能达到GB 8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准,处理后的泥砂符合JTJ034-2000《公路路面基层施工技术规范》中的石灰工业废渣稳定土抗压强度标准,符合道路修筑用土的抗压强度要求。     

国外用浮选法处理重金属废水的研究成果

世界各国都在为了防止公害,保护水源,积极探索经济有效地从含各种有毒金属的矿山、冶金工业和化工工业等废水中脱除和回收金属的方法。浮选法是其中的一种方法,近10年来,逐步受到广泛的重视。虽然目前国内研究和报道还极少,但日本、美国、苏联、德国以及西班牙等国都有所研究,其中尤以日本研究较多,取得了较好效果,有的已用于生产。如用黄药浮选法处理含镉废水,自1971年以来已在日本宫古工厂生产中应用,日处理含镉废水2,000米~3,据称效果满意。我国不少地     

我国制定首个天然气领域国际标准

<正>9月15日,中国石油西南油气田制定的我国首个天然气领域国际标准《用氧化微库仑法测定总硫含量》,经国际标准化组织天然气技术委员会21个成员国全票通过,正式成为国际标准。天然气总硫含量,指天然气中硫化氢等所有硫化合物的总和。硫化氢是一种无色、易燃、低浓度时有臭鸡蛋味的剧毒气体。含硫天然气必须经过脱硫净化,总硫含量控制在国家安全环保强制标准内,才能投入使用。氧化微库仑法依据化学燃烧和电化学滴定理论测定天然气中总硫含量,是我国检测天然气中总硫含量的标准方法之     

我国氦资源及其开发与保护

氦是具有多种“特异功能”的稀有惰性气体,是仅次于氢的最轻元素,分子量为4.0026、比重为0.138(相当于空气的1/7),是飞船或气球的最佳填充剂;氦分子半径小(2.56×10~(-10)m)、粘度低(液态氦在温度-270℃时的粘度为标准状态水粘度的1/10亿)、易扩散,可用于分析仪器(气相色谱)及检漏;氦是难溶于水的气体(在标准状况下氦在水中的溶解度为     

Ongoing ascent to the helium production plateau—Insights from system dynamics

Recent, pre-downturn, disturbance in the global helium market can be traced to the tight supply–demand position, which characterizes today’s changing helium supply structure. A detailed System Dynamics model provides fresh insight into the helium question and suggests a production path that is closely associated with future natural gas production. Venting of un-extracted helium to the atmosphere remains a central issue. The model indicates that improving resource exploitation strategies might extend a production plateau that emerges in the 2030s. Substitution will result in more helium being vented. To mitigate this, the industry needs to ensure security of supply (particularly after the Bureau of Land Management reserve is sold).     

Effect of the effective stress coefficient and sorption-induced strain on the evolution of coal permeability: Experimental observations

Permeability is one of the most important parameters for CO₂ injection in coal to enhance coalbed methane recovery. Laboratory characterization of coal permeability provides useful information for in situ permeability behavior of coal seams when adsorbing gases such as CO₂ are injected. In this study, a series of experiments have been conducted for coal samples using both non-adsorbing and adsorbing gases at various confining stresses and pore pressures. Our observations have showed that even under controlled stress conditions, coal permeability decreases with respect to pore pressure during the injection of adsorbing gases. In order to find out the causes of permeability decrease for adsorbing gases, a non-adsorbing gas (helium) is used to determine the effective stress coefficient. In these experiments using helium, the impact of gas sorption can be neglected and any permeability reduction is considered as due to the variation in the effective stress, which is controlled by the effective stress coefficient. The results show that the effective stress coefficient is pore pressure dependent and less than unity for the coal samples studied. The permeability reduction from helium experiments is then used to calibrate the subsequent flow-through experiments using adsorbing gases, CH₄ and CO₂. Through this calibration, the sole effect of sorption-induced strain on permeability change is obtained for these adsorbing gas flow-through experiments. In this paper, experimental results and analyses are reported including how the impact of effective stress coefficient is separated from that of the sorption-induced strain on the evolution of coal permeability.     

METHANE FORMATION BY LAKE SEDIMENTS DURING IN VITRO INCUBATION1

ABSTRACT: Renewed (de novo) synthesis of methane gas was shown to occur when samples of lake sediment were dispersed on glass beads and incubated in a helium atmosphere at 23°C. Under the above conditions, sediment samples from hardwater and softwater lakes generated up to 440 nanomoles and 80 nanomoles per ml of sediment per two days, respectively. At the time of collection, sediment samples possessed approximately similar amounts of “native” methane. Nitrate, sulfate, and acetylene were shown to suppress methane synthesis by sediment incubated as described.     

气相色谱法测定环境标准样品中7种苯系物

氦气作载气,选用DB—WAX毛细管色谱柱,优化柱温、柱流量、进样口温度和检测器温度等色谱参数,实现7种苯系物的快速分析。实验结果表明,通过优化色谱条件,7种苯系物在5.3m in内得到了良好的分离,标准样品的测定均值最大相对误差-1.0%,最大相对标准偏差2.5%。     

Performance Enhancement of a Beta Type Rhombic Drive Stirling engine

ABSTRACT

Stirling engines maintain attraction because of their high energy conversion efficiencies. In this study, experimental comparison of a beta-type Stirling engine for two different rhombic-drive mechanisms was presented. In one of the rhombic mechanisms, spur gears were used and the gear shaft was supported in bearings from one side. In the other mechanism, two helical gears were placed on crankshafts and the crankshafts were supported in bearings from both sides. Rhombus lengths of the mechanisms were determined as 66 mm and 80 mm to provide same constant compression ratio of 2.5 for both configurations. Both mechanisms were used in the same beta-type Stirling engine having same cylinder, piston and displacer dimensions. Performance parameters of the engines were evaluated at different helium charge pressures (2–4 bar) and hot-end temperatures (400–600°C). The hot-end of the displacer cylinder was heated by a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) burner. The engine power increased by 132%, friction losses and gear noses were reduced by supporting the rhombic-drive mechanism from both side and using helical gears. The maximum output torque and power of the engine were obtained as 13.14 Nm at 428 rpm engine speed and 663 W at 800 rpm engine speed, respectively, at 600°C hot-end temperature and 4 bar charge pressure.     

Water quality assessment and meta model development in Melen watershed – Turkey

Istanbul, being one of the highly populated metropolitan areas of the world, has been facing water scarcity since the past decade. Water transfer from Melen Watershed was considered as the most feasible option to supply water to Istanbul due to its high water potential and relatively less degraded water quality. This study consists of two parts. In the first part, water quality data covering 26 parameters from 5 monitoring stations were analyzed and assessed due to the requirements of the “Quality Required of Surface Water Intended for the Abstraction of Drinking Water” regulation. In the second part, a one-dimensional stream water quality model with simple water quality kinetics was developed. It formed a basic design for more advanced water quality models for the watershed. The reason for assessing the water quality data and developing a model was to provide information for decision making on preliminary actions to prevent any further deterioration of existing water quality. According to the water quality assessment at the water abstraction point, Melen River has relatively poor water quality with regard to NH₄⁺, BOD₅, faecal streptococcus, manganese and phenol parameters, and is unsuitable for drinking water abstraction in terms of COD, PO₄^3?, total coliform, total suspended solids, mercury and total chromium parameters. The results derived from the model were found to be consistent with the water quality assessment. It also showed that relatively high inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations along the streams are related to diffuse nutrient loads that should be managed together with municipal and industrial wastewaters.     

国外石油天然气开采行业清洁生产技术发展动态

对比和分析了各国或国际组织关于清洁生产含义的不同解释方法,阐述了石油天然气开采行业清洁生产的基本概念。在此基础上,按照物探、钻井、井下作业(包括试油、酸化及酸压、压裂、修井)、采油及采气生产几个工艺环节,对国际上石油天然气开采行业清洁生产最新技术进行了详细总结和分析。针对我国相关行业的清洁生产水平,提出了实用有效的技术发展对策和建议。     

天然气气田开发中钻井与集输管线工程环境监理浅议

天然气气田开发工程属生态影响类建设项目,其中以钻井工程和集输管线工程对环境影响最大,其特点是：污染物种类复杂,环境影响时间长,影响范围广,生态扰动大。本文结合某大型天然气气田开发工程环境监理的工作实践,归纳总结了钻井工程和集输管线工程的特点,并针对工程实施过程中存在的主要环境问题,着重分析了开展工程环境监理的重点工作内容。     

生物质在固定床中的热解试验研究

介绍了用于生物质热解的试验装置及试验方法，研究了升温速率、热解温度两种关键因素对生物质热解产物得率及其分桕的影响。研究结果表明，随热解温度的升高，热解产气量增加，且其中气体产品中的有效成分也在增加，焦油和半焦减少；升温速率增加，热解气得率增加，且气体中有效可燃成分增加。     

Effects of gas flaring on blood parameters and respiratory system of laboratory mice, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mus musculus</Emphasis>

In order to evaluate the potential harmful effects of gas flaring on mammals, albino mice, Mus musculus, were exposed to gas flares for 8 weeks under laboratory conditions. The effect of gas flaring on blood parameters includes a reduction in white blood cell counts among mice exposed to 8-h daily of gas flaring when compared to control mice. The red blood cells also showed varied abnormalities such as stacked erythrocytes (rouleaux formation), crenated (spicule) cells and teardrop cells (dacrocytes). The detection of the increasing level of eosinophils in the blood of mice exposed to gas flares was observed to be indicative of a degenerative disease condition and usefulness as a good marker of pollution for monitoring, and early detection of adverse effects of gas flares was recommended. Histopathological examination of the lungs of exposed mice revealed distortions in the segmental bronchus and alveoli of the respiratory organ, with interspersed brown pigments and polymorphonuclear cells, which were absent in the controls. The environmental implications including the health hazards posed by the exposure of mammals to gas flares in crude oil production areas were discussed.