核电环境风险研究进展及管理启示

为满足快速增长的电力需求,缓解传统化石能源紧缺及其所伴随的大气污染问题,发电过程中几乎不产生常规大气污染物的核电逐渐成为我国重要的能源战略选择。但是,由于核电站在运行过程中,特别是发生重大核事故时,产生的放射性物质可能对健康造成负面影响,发展核电仍然存在较大的争议和阻力。在此背景下,需要构建科学、完善的核电风险评估与管理体系,以保障我国的核电行业健康、有序发展。在对国内外核电风险评估研究现状进行系统梳理的基础上,分析其对核电风险管理的意义,提出了我国未来构建核电风险评估与管理体系的建议。     

核电可持续发展与低中放固体废物安全管理

核事故与放射性废物安全管理是核电可持续发展的两大制约因素。本文针对目前核电厂面临的积存的低中放固体废物超出暂存库设计容量和时间的困境,分析核电持续发展带来的放射性固体废物的处置需求和放射性风险,深入探讨了我国低中放固体废物处置现状和存在的问题,认为问题存在的深层原因主要是废物处置责任划分不明确、核电发展与放射性废物管理的国家职能存在割离,在此基础上提出加快出台放射性固体废物处置选址规划、建立独立的放射性固体废物贮存和处置公司、建立和完善放射性废物管理基金制度等政策建议。     

安全、经济的技术路线是核电发展的战略起点

中国现在大力发展核电,主要面临三个问题:认识问题、安全问题与经济问题;目前,世界核电技术市场的现状是合作远大于竞争,我们已经融入到了世界的主流;从国家整体的规划角度来看,安全、经济的技术路线正是核电发展的战略起点。     

德、法核电差异及对中国的启示

德、法两国都是核电领域的先进国家,但发展前景却完全不同,当核电继续在法国作为能源支柱时,其在德国已经走向终结。造成这种差别的原因,既有资源储量、人口分布方面的原因,也有历史传统、国家政策和国内政局方面的影响。我国应该立足于国情制定具有前瞻性的能源战略,在能源的发展和民众的意愿之间取得平衡,在保障公民自由权利的前提下维持国家的稳定和发展。     

核电安全风险管理、信息公开与法律保障

日本核事故在世界范围内重新引发了人们对核电技术安全性的热议。为了有效防范核电安全风险,除了技术上的努力之外,还需要加强对核电安全的风险管理、促进核电信息公开和建立核电安全法律保障体系。     

新能源汽车推广应用协同减排政策研究

当前我国大气污染防治形势严峻。加快新能源汽车推广应用是交通行业节能减排的重要举措。近年来我国新能源汽车取得快速发展,但在大气污染物协同控制方面还存在一些问题。未来应统筹实施大气污染治理与新能源汽车发展政策,充分发挥政策措施的协同效应,以空气质量改善为目标,加快新能源汽车推广应用。     

核电燃料元件厂环境辐射监测与评价

本文对 1994～ 1998年核电燃料元件生产所排放的放射性流出物及环境辐射进行了监测分析。结果表明 ,在正常生产运行情况下 ,放射性流出物对周围公众造成的年最大个人有效剂量当量是 7 2 6× 10 -2 mSv ,远低于公众剂量限值。评价半径为80km范围内的集体有效剂量当量为 4 70× 10 -2 人·Sv/a。     

核泄漏悲剧会在中国发生吗

我国能源形势严峻,发展核电事业势在必行。当新的一轮电力短缺出现时,人们又一次把目光投向了核电。据悉,我国将启动庞大的核电发展计划。国家发改委已经明确了核电的远景规划:到2020年,中国核电装机容量将达到3600万千瓦。即核电的装机将从目前的建成和在建870万千瓦基础上,新增2730万千瓦。这个规划意味着从2004年起,中国每年将至少批准建设两个百万千瓦级的核电机组。意味着今后十多年每年都要建设一座"大亚湾核电站"。核电被全世界公认为是安全清洁的替代能源。但是,1986年4月在前苏联发生切尔诺贝利核电站的蒸汽爆炸及大量放射性物质泄漏事故后,加大了公众对核电安全的担忧。我国将启动核电发展计划的消息,再度引起了公众对核电安全的关注。为此,本刊记者专访了国家环境保护总局核安全司李干杰司长。     

安徽新能源汽车如何实现“加速跑”

合肥市和芜湖市均是我国第一批新能源汽车推广应用城市,这两个安徽省“领头羊”城市纷纷走上新能源汽车推广应用的道路,引领安徽省新能源汽车的发展。很明显,安徽省新能源汽车的步伐逐步迈开,然而在专家看来,安徽省新能源汽车要想实现“加速跑”,还有一些共性和个性的问题亟待解决。     

清洁环保的新能源——核能

国家主席胡锦涛曾表示,争取到2020年使中国＂非化石能源＂占一次能源消费比重达15%左右。据悉,《新能源产业振兴发展规划（草案）》就写到了15%这一目标数字。该规划称：＂到2020年,新能源发电占电力总装机容量的比重达15%（含水电为35%。）＂,还写明太阳能发电装机规模在2011年、2020年分别达200万千瓦和2000万千瓦,核电产业2011年、2020年发展目标分别为1200万千瓦、8600万千瓦,风电分别为3500万千瓦、1.5亿千瓦。足见新能源的发展潜力巨大。     

From wasteland to waste site: the role of discourse in nuclear power's environmental injustices

The purpose of this essay is twofold. First, I examine interdisciplinary literature to reveal the environmental injustices associated with the front and back ends of nuclear power production in the USA – Uranium mining and high-level nuclear waste (HLW) storage. Second, I argue that the injustices associated with nuclear power are upheld, in part, through discourse. This essay examines how the term “wasteland” is invoked in relation to HLW waste storage in the USA and contributes to the discursive formation of nuclear colonialism. Examination of this discourse not only contributes to current literature on nuclear colonialism but also to environmental justice research by arguing for the importance of examining the discursive aspects of environmental injustices. Further, the essay adds to current scholarship in energy justice by highlighting the environmental injustices associated with nuclear power.     

The uranium and nuclear industries in China

This article reviews the available information on the uranium industry and the beginning of nuclear power in China. Few details of China's uranium industry have hitherto been published in the West. The broad conclusions reached are that China is faced with severe energy shortages for the foreseeable future; nuclear power will help to solve this problem but the timing and extent of its contribution are uncertain. The central question of civil nuclear policy is whether or not to use imported technology, although satisfactory development of the uranium industry probably will require foreign assistance. The principle conestraint in this regard is foreign exchange. To help overcome this problem the Chinese are now, for the first time, offering uranium on the international market.     

大型自然通风冷却塔环境影响的预测分析研究

大多数内陆核电厂将采用大型自然通风冷却塔作为其二次循环冷却方式,本文基于美国核管会推荐的SACTI程序,给出了该模型的基本原理和框架结构,并以江西彭泽核电厂为例,采用该程序预测分析了该核电厂大型自然通风冷却塔所造成的雾羽和太阳辐射损失的影响。并进一步研究了不同环境风速、相对湿度条件下对冷却塔造成的太阳辐射损失的影响。SACTI模型可以根据厂址逐时气象观测数据,较好地计算可见雾羽的长度、抬升高度和太阳辐射损失,其结果可以作为冷却塔环境影响评价的依据。     

核与辐射安全监管大数据平台建设策略研究

核能与核技术利用事业的快速发展为我国经济社会发展提供了强大的助推力,但也使得我国面临的核与辐射安全风险日益加大,对核与辐射安全监管的需求与日俱增。当前,我国核与辐射安全监管工作挑战与机遇并存。介绍了我国核与辐射安全监管工作开展现状,分析了其中存在的困难与问题,提出亟需利用信息化及大数据技术,推动我国核与辐射安全监管现代化进程。基于我国核与辐射安全监管数据现状,提出了促进我国核与辐射安全监管数据管理水平提升的几点措施,包括完善数据管理体制,提升数据管理技术,转变数据管理思维,树立数据共享意识等。此外,详细阐述了核与辐射安全监管大数据建设策略,包括总体架构、建设目标、主要任务等。     

碳中和愿景下中国电力部门的生物质能源技术部署战略研究

2020年9月22日,习近平主席在第七十五届联合国大会上郑重承诺,中国将提高自主贡献力度,采取更加有力的政策和措施,努力争取2060年前实现碳中和。电力部门是我国能源系统实现碳中和的关键,而生物质能源技术在电力部门的部署对于推动实现碳中和具有不可替代的重要意义。本文针对三类生物质能源的发电技术,包括生物质直燃/气化发电、生物质耦合发电、生物质与碳捕获封存技术联合发电,分析了技术的国内外发展现状,并从技术可行性、资源可行性、经济可行性和环境影响等方面评析了其在推动电力部门低碳转型过程中的可行性。同时,结合碳中和愿景下电力部门的减排要求及对相关技术潜力的最新研判,对生物质能源技术在我国电力部门的部署提出了相应的政策建议。     

Risk cognition and the public: The case of Three Mile Island

Residents of within 50 miles of the nuclear power plant at Three Mile Island (TMI), Pennsylvania, were surveyed in 1979, 1980, and 1982 to assess their general attitudes toward nuclear power, to assess their individual coping responses to the March 1979 accident, and to monitor changes in attitudes over the three-year period. Most respondents feel that future accidents like TMI will occur once or twice more in their lifetimes, that operating nuclear power stations should have improved safeguards and should continue operating, and that major institutions—government and utility companies—are experiencing a continued erosion of public trust.     

我国火电厂脱硫行业2006年发展报告

本文介绍了我国火电厂二氧化硫治理的水平,以及火电厂脱硫行业和新技术的发展概况,对存在的主要问题进行了分析,并提出了对策建议。     

Economic dispatch of power system containing wind power and photovoltaic considering carbon trading and spare capacity variation

The drying up of the fossil energy sources and the damage from unchecked carbon emissions demand the development of low carbon economy, which promotes the development of new energy sources, such as wind power and photovoltaic. However, the direct connections of wind/photovoltaic power into power grid bring great impacts on power systems, thus affecting the security and stability of power system operations, which challenges the power system dispatching. In despite of many methods for power system dispatch, lack of the models, for power system containing wind power and photovoltaic considering carbon trading and spare capacity variation (PSCWPCCTSCV), restricts the further optimal operations of power systems. This paper studies the economic dispatch modeling problem of power system containing wind power and photovoltaic, establishes the model of economic dispatch of PSCWPCCTSCV. On this basis, adaptive immune genetic algorithm is applied to conduct the economic operation optimization, which can provide the optimal carbon trading price and the optimal power distribution coefficient. Finally, simulations based on the newly proposed models are made to illustrate the economic dispatch of PSCWPCCTSCV. The results show that optimization with the proposed model can not only weaken the volatility of the new energy effectively, but also reduce carbon emissions and reduce power generation costs.     

How much do people who live near major nuclear facilities worry about those facilities? Analysis of national and site-specific data

Large nuclear waste management, laboratory and electric power generating complexes are a daunting challenge for state, regional and local planners. A survey of 2101 residents who lived near 11 nuclear power plants and US Department of Energy (DOE) nuclear waste management sites and laboratories was conducted to determine how much nearby residents worried about accidents and chronic emissions at the nuclear sites, how much they trusted the sites’ responsible parties, and actions that they wanted responsible parties to take to reduce public concern. Six hundred other people who lived elsewhere in the US were a comparison group. Nuclear site-related issues were a greater concern among the 2101 who lived near the sites than the comparison group. Yet many were more concerned about global warming, traffic congestion, and loss of open space than nuclear technologies. Monitoring the environment and people were the actions deemed most likely to reduce public concern. The results pose a challenge to owner-operators of nuclear facilities, government entities and especially to locally based environmental planners and managers to establish partnerships with each other and diverse communities that will allow them to manage some of these risks for decades and in some cases into perpetuity.