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1.
文章对化学需氧量的几种测定方法进行对比,研究了无汞开管法快速测定方法的实验条件与干扰因素,并与标准方法进行对照,总结出炼油废水应用无汞开管法监测COD的适用范围与注意事项,可供同类企业应用该方法时借鉴。  相似文献   

2.
含氯废水COD测定的氯耗氧曲线校正法   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
孙健  代小华 《四川环境》2006,25(2):45-47
本文介绍了一种重铬酸钾法测定含氯废水COD的改进分析方法——氯耗氧曲线校正法,测定中不加隐蔽剂HgSO4,通过调整催化剂Ag2SO4的加入时间,测得表现COD值,再扣除Cl^-对COD的贡献值,得出实际COD值。与标准方法相比,本法的准确度高、精密性好,同时还可避免汞盐污染环境。  相似文献   

3.
化学需氧量测定方法的改进及研究进展   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
葛福玲 《四川环境》2012,(1):109-113
化学需氧量是综合评价水体污染程度的重要指标,是水质监测的重要水质参数。文章就国标方法的众多改进措施分类进行了探讨,包括消解方法的改进、氧化剂、替代催化剂和酸体系的研究、氯离子干扰的消除以及取样均匀性的改进,然后介绍了相关系数法、分光光度法、连续流动分析法、原子吸收法、电化学法、化学发光分析法、生物法、臭氧氧化法、光催化氧化法等COD测定替代技术,评价了各种方法的优缺点。最后指出,建立灵敏、准确、适应性强、低耗、无二次污染、性价比高COD监测分析方法是COD监测的发展趋势。  相似文献   

4.
目前,测定水中铬的方法,基本上都适用于清洁水和一般的工业废水。而制革废水由于成分比较复杂,内含大量的有机质、硫化物、BOD_5、COD等,用现有的方法分析时,都不能得到满意的结果。本文在大量条件试验的基础上,对已有的方法进行了改进,提出了一个简便、快速、可行的测定方法。  相似文献   

5.
碘化钾碱性高锰酸钾法测定化学需氧量有关问题的释疑   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
最常见的化学需氧量(COD)的测定方法是铬酸钾法和高锰酸钾法。但用上述两种方法测定废水中COD时易受到氯离子的干扰。为此,提出了用“碘化钾碱性高锰酸钾法”消除氯离子干扰的机理。对碘化钾高锰酸钾法验证的结果表明,该方法适用于测定油气田和炼化企业高氯、低氯废水的COD。求出用碘化钾高锰酸钾法与铬酸钾法测定的COD比值,可将碘化钾碱性高锰酸钾测定法的CODOH.KI换算成铬酸钾法的CODCr值来衡量水体的有机物污染情况及判断废水是否达到排放标准。  相似文献   

6.
岷江水环境容量研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
杜娟 《四川环境》2009,28(3):41-45
本文首先论述了国内外对水环境容量的研究现状以及对岷江流域水环境容量研究的意义。接着根据已有资料对岷江现状进行评价,选定COD为岷江污染物主要控制性指标,确定水环境容量研究的各主要参数,建立进行计算的数学模型。根据COD的水环境容量,进行水容量迭标分析,从而提出COD的削减目标。本研究为有效确定控制岷江水体污染,科学保护岷江水资源,促进岷江流域水资源、水环境与经济社会的协调发展提供合理的科学依据。  相似文献   

7.
ASM模型中四个基质组分测定研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
李昀涛  隋军  周恭明 《四川环境》2004,23(1):92-93,104
随着ASM系列数学模型的发展,废水特性的鉴定成为一个重要的研究课题。与传统的废水特性鉴定不同,按照ASM模型要求,传统的COD被划分为四个部分。在对广州市污水和污泥特性的研究中,针对这四个部分,结合物理方法和生物方法。采用了一种简单与便于实施的测定方法。  相似文献   

8.
研究了新型混凝剂BMT对城市污水进行强化混凝处理的效果,并与常用混凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC)进行了比较。结果表明,在城市污水原水COD低于500mg/L和最佳工况下,经BMT处理后的出水能够达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)二级标准,并具备替代PAC的能力。  相似文献   

9.
厌氧+移动接触氧化法处理油田污水的中试   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
Y油田采用"核桃壳过滤+传统活性污泥法"处理油田污水,处理后污水COD、BOD5浓度分别为110.23,38.65mg/L,不能达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级标准,需升级改进处理方法。在油田现场应用"物理过滤+厌氧水解酸化+接触氧化+活性炭吸附"的处理方法,开展了油田污水深度处理中试研究,对现场中试数据进行了分析,结果表明:应用该方法处理的油田污水COD、BOD5等指标能够达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级标准,其中COD、BOD5浓度分别为26.87~37.55mg/L,6.34~7.61mg/L。  相似文献   

10.
本文对某工业园区的综合废水处理工艺开展了连续两年的运行调查,进行了其工艺完善及提标改造的技术探讨。研究表明,改造前该污水处理装置的出水COD、BOD5、总磷、SS均能达到排放标准,而唯独出水氨氮处理效果差,难以达到一级排放标准要求。通过增设预处理水解装置、生物氧化装置导流墙容积比改进、生物塘深度处理工艺完善后,能够保证出水氨氮的处理效果且能达到一级A排放标准。  相似文献   

11.
In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.  相似文献   

12.
Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.  相似文献   

13.
Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.  相似文献   

14.
Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.  相似文献   

15.
Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.  相似文献   

16.
ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m2) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft3/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m3/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.  相似文献   

17.
Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.  相似文献   


18.
Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.  相似文献   

19.
ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.  相似文献   

20.
All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.  相似文献   

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