塔河油田含油污泥低温热解研究

为实现塔河油田含油污泥资源化利用及无害化处置而开展实验,以热解残渣的矿物油值为依据对热解过程进行评价,同时考察了热解工艺的油品回收问题,对比分析了回收油和原油的物化性质,确定了塔河油田含油污泥热解的最佳工艺条件为:热解温度500℃,热解时间30 min,此时残渣中矿物油最低值1 764.89 mg/kg,油品回收率62.3%,回收油品质显著改善,热解残渣矿物油含量符合GB 4284—84《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》要求。     

热解装置对含油污泥热解产物的影响

以含油污泥为研究对象,采用三种不同的热解装置(20g格金试验干馏炉,20kg固定床及2 000kg/h神雾无热载体蓄热式旋转床,简称"旋转床"),探讨热解装置的差异对含油污泥热解产物产率和性质的影响。结果表明,与其他两种热解装置相比,旋转床中热解气和热解液产率最高,分别为27.34%和37.19%,但与固定床差异不显著,且热解气热值最高(20.08 MJ/m3),旋转床热解液中热解油的轻质组分含量以及热值最高,分别90.75%和48.01MJ/kg。格金装置中热解固体产率显著高于其他两种装置,且固体中灰分含量最低。因此,旋转床用于含油污泥热解处理工艺,不仅可以最大程度地减少固体残渣的产生,还可获得较高产率和品质的可燃气和热解油,对含油污泥的减量化和资源化效果显著。     

CO变换反应与煤热解耦合反应特性研究

本文在上层为变换催化剂B113下层为新疆伊犁南台子煤粒的固定床反应器中,研究CO变换反应与煤热解的耦合作用。考察了CO变换反应水气比、煤热解温度对耦合反应的影响,研究了耦合热解所得各项产物的特性。结果表明,水气比为1.0、热解反应温度为650℃时耦合热解获得最高的焦油产量,焦油产率为16.36%,比氮气气氛下的焦油产率增加了6.66个百分点,比氢气气氛下增加了4.49个百分点;耦合热解可以得到更低硫的半焦,在终态温度为750℃时耦合热解脱硫率为92.28%;热解气体产物中氢气、甲烷、C2-C4烃类气体含量增加;焦油的羟基数量减少,脂肪烃和芳香烃增多。     

热解含油污泥制备吸附材料浅析

介绍了含油污泥热解技术及热解实验方法,提出热解产生的残渣进行适当处理可成为具有吸附性的材料。进行了含油污泥热解正交实验,得出影响最大的因素分别是热解温度、热解时间、升温速率,并得出最佳的热解温度、热解时间、升温速率等。分析了含油污泥热解的机理,探讨了热解含油污泥制备吸附材料的活化改性,并在此基础上对所制备吸附材料的脱硫性和除油性进行了研究。     

含油污泥热解的影响因素初探＊

以含油污泥"无害化"为目的,考察了温度、升温速率及含水率对热解反应效果的影响。实验结果表明:温度越高,热解剩余残渣率和残渣含油率越低,热解产气率越高;含油污泥中有机质发生热解反应的主要温度为350～500℃和575～625℃,若热解残渣含油率控制在3.0‰以下,热解温度选择600℃较为适宜;升温速率对热解产气率、剩余残渣率和残渣含油率基本无影响,但升温速率越快,热解反应的产气量曲线峰越向前迁移,热解反应的时间缩短;含油污泥含水率越低,则热解产气率及残渣率越高,但含水率对残渣含油率和热解反应时间无影响。     

油田含油污泥与芦苇共热解实验研究

以北方某油田湿地芦苇与油田某污水处理厂剩余污泥为对象,利用同步热分析仪及静态热解炉研究油田含油污泥及含油污泥-芦苇混合物的热解特性,将静态热解过程数据与同步热分析TG(热重分析)、DTG(微分热重分析)、DSC(差示扫描量热分析)曲线结合,计算了终止温度、产物量等。结果表明:不同含油污泥样品其产物生成率差别不大,热解TG、DTG和DSC曲线有较大差别,添加一定比例的芦苇可以使含油污泥热解过程变得匀速缓和,5%(质量比)的芦苇添加量可以使热解残渣恒重温度降低约25℃。混掺芦苇的样品残渣呈分散颗粒状,无聚结现象,对热解结焦将产生一定抑制作用。     

含油污泥热解工艺优化及资源化利用

针对含油污泥危害性大、难处理的环保难题,以实现含油污泥资源化利用为目标,开展了含油污泥热解实验研究,优化了热解工艺,并对热解产物进行了分析。在催化剂加量1.2％、热解温度为420℃、停留时间3.0 h、加热速率12℃/min、N2流速为90 mL/min条件下对含油污泥进行热解,结果表明：热解油回收率 可达72.35％;热解回收油品质有较大的改善,产生的不凝气体组分可用于燃烧供热,热解残渣热值较高,可制成燃料重复利用,实现了含油污泥的资源化利用。     

硫化废气污泥活性炭净化处理技术研究

以污泥厂剩余活性污泥作为原料,采用KOH为活化剂制备污泥活性炭,探讨了活化温度及时间、热解温度、洗涤温度及方式在污泥活性炭制备过程中的最佳工艺条件。以品红吸附量及产率作为污泥活性炭的考察指标,采用单因素实验筛选出了制备污泥活性炭的最佳工艺条件,并对污泥活性炭脱硫剂的脱硫性能进行了实验研究。实验研究结果显示,烟气中O2、水蒸气含量的多少及脱硫温度的高低会影响污泥活性炭脱硫剂的脱硫性能。     

城市污泥磁化低温热解技术

针对目前城市污水处理厂产生大量污泥,二次污染日益严重的状况,介绍了城市污泥磁化低温热解技术的工作原理、技术特点、工艺流程、检测情况。指出污泥磁化低温热解技术是污泥减量化、稳定化、无害化、资源化的有效途径。     

页岩气油基钻屑真空热解工艺优化试验

涪陵页岩气田油基钻屑热解技术具有油回收率高、稳定可靠、安全环保的优点，针对其存在能耗高、易结焦、回收油品质量低等工程实际问题，在充分调研现场热馏炉式连续回收处理设备的基础上，自制了热 解模拟试验装置。通过研究单因素对热解效果的影响，优选了油基钻屑热解参数，试验表明：热解终温、停留时间、升温速率、真空度对油基钻屑热解效果均有影响，其中热解温度是影响油基钻屑热解效果的主要因素；其次 正交试验筛选出了油基钻屑热解最佳运行条件，当热解温度为400℃，停留时间为50min，升温速率为30℃/min， 真空度为0.1MPa，试验未发现结焦现象，处理后的油基钻屑残渣含油率为0.29％，满足GB4284—2018《农用污泥污染物控制标准》农用地标准（含油率小于0.30％）；热解矿物油测试分析表明热解前后矿物油的组分分布 基本一致，以烷烃类（60％以上）和芳烃类（约占10％）为主，属典型油基钻屑中总石油烃类分布，热解试验并未 破坏基础油组分，回收矿物油的品质较高。     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.     

Bioremediation of Soils by Plant–Microbe Systems

Abstract

Sustainable ecosystems can be designed to eliminate environmental toxins and reduce pathogen loads through the direct and indirect consequences of plant and microbial activities. We present an approach to the bioremediation of disturbed environments, focusing on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. Treatment consists of incorporating a plant-based amendment to enhance ecosystem productivity and physiochemical degradation followed by the establishment of plants to serve as oxidizers and foundations for microbial communities. Promising amendments for widespread use are entire plants of the water fern Azolla and seed meal of Brassica napus (rapeseed). An inexpensive byproduct from the manufacture of biodiesel and lubricants, rapeseed meal is high in nitrogen (6% wt/wt), stimulates >100-fold increases in populations of resident Streptomyces species, and suppresses fungal infection of roots subsequently cultivated in the amended soil. Synergistic enzymatic and chemical activities of plant and microbial metabolism in root zones transform and degrade soil contaminants. Emphasis is given to mechanisms that enable PHC functionalization via reactive molecular species.     

National minerals policies and stakeholder participation for broad-based development in the southern African development community (SADC)

This paper explains how the well-accepted concept of improved stakeholder participation during mineral policy development leads to a national mineral policy that accommodates the diverging views and interests that allows wide acceptance of decisions, enhancing the success of implementation and, ultimately, national benefits. This process is based on lessons learnt during the South African experience and has been successfully applied in the development of the Namibian and Malawian national minerals policies. An effective policy in the SADC will engineer the delicate balance between poverty reduction and an internationally competitive minerals sector. This balance enhances the possibility of long-term economic growth and development in the SADC region. The overriding advantage of this strategy is that it generates ‘home-grown’ policy instruments and implementation of mineral law with which stakeholders can identify. This process presents a new challenge to traditional policy formulation strategies in emerging economies and the bottom-up approach, linked to wide political support, allows the potential realisation of national objectives.     

Energetics and environmental costs of agriculture in a dry tropical region of India

The present article, based on a study of five village ecosystems, assesses the energy efficiency of rain-fed agriculture in a dry tropical environment and the impact of agricultural activity on the surrounding natural ecosystems. Agronomic yield is insufficient to meet the food requirement of the human population, hence 11.5%–49.7% of the required amount of food grains are imported from the market. Energy requirements of five studied agroecosystems are subsidized considerably by the surrounding forest in the form of fodder and firewood. Natural ecosystems supply about 80%–95% of fodder needs and 81%–100% of fuelwood needs. The output-input ratio of agriculture indicated that, on average, 4.1 units of energy are expended to obtain one unit of agronomic energy. Of this, 3.9 units are supplied by the natural ecosystem. In addition, 38% of the extracted firewood is marketed. The illegal felling and lopping of trees result in ever-increasing concentric circles of forest destruction around the villages and together with excessive grazing results in savannization. The forests can be conserved by encouraging fuelwood plantations (0.7 ha/ha cultivated land) and developing village pastures (1.6 ha/ha cultivated land) and reducing the livestock numbers. Agricultural production in the region can be stabilized by introducing improved dry farming techniques such as intercropping, planned rainwater management, and adequate use of fertilizers.     

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “METROPOLITAN WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS?”1

ABSTRACT The term “institution” and several variants are used frequently in the literature on metropolitan water management. The state-of-the art investigation on which this paper is based revealed that 1) many uses of the term do not include careful definitions; 2) many users of the term seemed unaware of the general, theoretical literature on the subject of institutions; 3) there was little consistency among uses, either in the practical literature dealing with water or in the conceptual literature dealing with theories of institutions or institutionalization; 4) some usages were without significant meaning; 5) in many cases the term was used as a kind of “black box” to account for behavioral, societal, or managerial factors; 6) the term was often used as a synonym for “organization”. This latter use is frequently found in federal reports, including National Water Commission studies, and is most unfortunate because it tends to slight significant social-psychological factors. A suggested definition is: “An institution is the structured result or outcome of a process by which values are articulated, arranged, and communicated, having continuity over time, and influencing behavior of persons who did not necessarily participate in formulating those values (norms).”     

Waste minimisation in practice

One of the major hindrances to waste minimisation on a construction site is the difficulty in establishing a methodology and using this methodology to benchmark future construction projects. This paper introduces SMARTWaste, a software tool that has been used to audit, reduce and target waste arisings on a construction site. This tool tries to link the construction process and the waste hierarchy. That is reducing waste on a construction site rather than landfilling it. Three applications of the SMARTWaste software will be discussed using case studies from three different types of construction. An evaluation of these case studies shows that, by implementing a waste minimisation scheme on-site, you can improve material recovery for reuse. Also, by using the waste arisings as a benchmark you can reduce your waste arisings on future sites. Application of SMARTWaste or a similar waste minimisation tool on a wider basis could reduce waste arisings and could result in a built environment that consumed less natural resources and energy, and also produced less pollution and waste. Such a built environment would be environmentally and socially more responsive and responsible.