垃圾填埋处理中微量金属元素迁移和转变特性分析

城市生活垃圾中含有多种微量金属元素,并且在填埋处理过程中会产生重金属的二次污染,是城市垃圾填埋处理中最难解决的问题。本文对垃圾中微量金属的来源、微量金属在填埋过程中的迁移和转变特性等方面进行了研究。研究认为,微量金属在填埋处理过程中除受本身特性的影响,还与垃圾的产地和组成有关。     

山东十方环保能源股份有限公司

山东十方环保能源股份有限公司长期致力于环境污染治理和生物质能源事业,是高新技术企业、中国资源综合利用协会可再生能源专业委员会副主任委员单位。主营业务为投资运营污染治理、生物质能源项目及为客户提供污水处理、水回用解决方案和工程技术服务。在沼气利用领域,公司拥有"垃圾填埋气收集净化发电工艺"、"垃圾填埋气集气竖井施工方法"2项发     

渗滤液回灌在实际应用中应注意的问题

本文介绍了垃圾填埋场渗滤液回灌的机理、优缺点,“干填埋”与“湿填埋”之间的区别。渗滤液回灌可增加填埋废物的含水率,加快垃圾的降解速率,减少渗滤液的处理时间,提高填埋气中甲烷的含量,加速填埋场稳定化进程。鉴于以上这些优点,渗滤液回灌作为一种渗滤液处理方式将会有极大的应用前景。但在实际应用中回灌的渗滤液容易泄漏而导致地下水污染,这是影响渗滤液回灌广泛应用的主要原因。为了避免使地下水受污染,本文总结和分析了渗滤液回灌在实际应用中应注意的问题。     

垃圾渗滤液中氨氮去除技术评价及应用

垃圾卫生填埋过程中会产生有毒有害的垃圾渗滤液。垃圾渗滤液中的高氨氮对环境及后续生物处理过程造成了严重的影响。本文介绍了几种去除垃圾渗滤液氨氮的技术,并对这些技术进行了评估,分析了这些技术工程应用的特点,同时指出了垃圾渗滤液中氨氮去除技术工程应用的发展方向。     

垃圾填埋气回收利用在我国的实践

文章结合我国生活垃圾的主要特点,分析了国内垃圾填埋气体产生的特点,对填埋气体利用的参数选择提出建议;回顾了我国垃圾填埋气利用项目和政策的发展历程,分析了国内垃圾填埋气体回收利用的实践和动态;结合清洁发展机制(CDM)的实施,分析了我国开展填埋气CDM项目存在的问题和障碍,并提出了相应建议。     

提高电解铝干法净化效率的途径

电解铝干法净化技术是预焙电解槽烟气净化常用的技术,它包括了烟气的收集、烟气的吸附、气固的分离、原料的输送、返回料的回用等过程,其中任一步骤和过程都会影响整个系统效率的提高。文章从分析电解干法净化技术原理入手,对影响电解烟气干法净化的因素进行了详细阐述,提出了提高电解干法净化效率的途径和方式。     

密闭矿热炉炉气干法袋式回收净化工艺设备

<正>由辽宁环宇环保技术有限公司开发的密闭矿热炉炉气干法袋式回收净化工艺设备技术,适用于密闭矿热炉冶炼时炉气的净化处理。主要技术内容一、基本原理密闭矿热炉在冶炼过程中产生的高温炉气(900℃)由炉顶排出,经过水冷烟道降温至500℃~600℃后进入机力冷却器,炉气在机力冷却器内进行换热及预除尘,出口炉气温度控制在120℃~150℃,由荒炉气加压风机     

对城市生活垃圾填埋处置技术的思考

本文分析了我国广泛使用的垃圾填埋技术——厌氧卫生填埋的缺点，介绍了当前新型的填埋技术——生物反应器填埋技术、好氧填埋技术、准好氧填埋技术、循环式准好氧填埋的原理、结构及各自的优缺点，据此指出我国今后垃圾填埋技术的研究方向。     

饮食业油烟净化设备检验技术优化探讨

根据对目前普遍使用的几种油烟净化设备的检测实践,分析了《饮食业油烟净化设备技术要求及检测技术规范(试行)》(HJ/T 62-2001)中检验方法常见的问题,提出了优化建议。     

城市垃圾渗滤液场内循环处理的探讨

本文对城市垃圾渗滤液的产生量、水质特征及其影响因素进行了分析，介绍了当前国内外垃圾渗滤水场内循环处理的两大研究流派-以欧美国家为主的生物反应器填埋技术和以日本为主的循环式准好氧填埋技术。根据我国城市垃圾有机物含量高的特点，提出了适合我国国情的、将准好氧填埋技术与生物反应器填埋技术特点相结合的城市垃圾填埋场渗波液场内循环处理的设计思路。     

深圳玉龙坑垃圾填埋场填埋气体产生量预测研究

通过综合垃圾填埋量、垃圾组分、以及气候特点等因素，采用二阶段复合产气速率模型对玉龙坑填埋场封场前后填埋气体产生量情况进行了预测。预测结果表明玉龙坑填埋场在封场后10年内仍有较大量的填埋气体产生，若不加以妥善处理将会产生安全隐患，若加以利用会产生经济效益。该模型的应用可为垃圾填埋场进行填埋气体产生量预测及收集处理系统的设计、管理提供合理的依据。     

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN GROUND WATER FROM RURAL PRIVATE WELLS, 1986 TO 19991

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected or compiled data on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in samples of untreated ground water from 1,926 rural private wells during 1986 to 1999. At least one VOC was detected in 12 percent of samples from rural private wells. Individual VOCs were not commonly detected with the seven most frequently detected compounds found in only 1 to 5 percent of samples at or above a concentration of 0.2 microgram per liter (μg/l). An assessment level of 0.2 μg/l was selected so that comparisons of detection frequencies between VOCs could be made. The seven most frequently detected VOCs were: trichloromethane, methyl tert‐butyl ether, tetrachloroethene, dichlorodifluoromethane, methylbenzene, 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, and 1,2‐dibromo‐3‐chloropropane. Solvents and trihalomethanes were the most frequently detected VOC groups in private wells. The distributions of detections of gasoline oxygenates and fumigants seemed to be related to the use patterns of compounds in these groups. Mixtures were a common mode of occurrence of VOCs with one‐quarter of all samples with detections including two or more VOCs. The concentrations of most detected VOCs were relatively small and only 1.4 percent of samples had one or more VOC concentrations that exceeded a federally established drinking water standard or health criterion.     

Volatile organic compounds in the unsaturated zone from radioactive wastes

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are often comingled with low-level radioactive wastes (LLRW), but little is known about subsurface VOC emanations from LLRW landfills. The current study systematically quantified VOCs associated with LLRW over an 11-yr period at the USGS Amargosa Desert Research Site (ADRS) in southwestern Nevada. Unsaturated-zone gas samples of VOCs were collected by adsorption on resin cartridges and analyzed by thermal desorption and GC/MS. Sixty of 87 VOC method analytes were detected in the 110-m-thick unsaturated zone surrounding a LLRW disposal facility. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were detected in 100% of samples collected. Chlorofluorocarbons are powerful greenhouse gases, deplete stratospheric ozone, and are likely released from LLRW facilities worldwide. Soil-gas samples collected from a depth of 24 m and a horizontal distance 100 m south of the nearest waste-disposal trench contained >60,000 ppbv total VOCs, including >37,000 ppbv CFCs. Extensive sampling in the shallow unsaturated zone (0-2 m deep) identified areas where total VOC concentrations exceeded 5000 ppbv at the 1.5-m depth. Volatile organic compound concentrations exceeded background levels up to 300 m from the facility. Maximum vertical diffusive fluxes of total VOCs were estimated to be 1 g m yr. Volatile organic compound distributions were similar but not identical to those previously determined for tritium and elemental mercury. To our knowledge, this study is the first to characterize the unsaturated zone distribution of VOCs emanating from a LLRW landfill. Our results may help explain anomalous transport of radionuclides at the ADRS and elsewhere.     

罐采样-GC/MS法测定环境空气中挥发性有机物

采用SUMMA罐采样,空气预浓缩与气相色谱/质谱联用技术,建立了39种常见挥发性有机物的分析方法。选取攀枝花市不同功能区的5个测点,采集了4个季度的环境空气样品220个,定性检出挥发性有机物54种,其中烃类占24%,卤代烃类占52%,含氧化合物占22%,其它化合物占2%。苯系物的检出率最高。定量的挥发性有机物最大浓度和平均浓度最高的项目均为苯,平均浓度4.59μg/m3,最大浓度29.8μg/m3。苯系物时间分布呈现出旱季高,雨季低的特点;日变化特征为早晨最高,整体呈下降趋势。     

Identification and quantitation of volatile organic compounds emitted from dairy silages and other feedstuffs

High ground-level ozone continues to be an important human, animal, and plant health impediment in the United States and especially in California's San Joaquin Valley (SJV). According to California state and regional air quality agencies, dairies are one of the major sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the SJV. A number of recently conducted studies reported emissions data from different dairy sources. However, limited data are currently available for silage and otherfeed storages on dairies, which could potentially contribute to ozone formation. Because the impact of different VOCs on ozone formation varies significantly from one molecular species to another, detailed characterization of VOC emissions is essential to include all the important contributors to atmospheric chemistry and especially atmospheric reactivity. The present research study identifies and quantifies the VOCs emitted from various silages and other feedstuffs. Experiments were conducted in an environmental chamber under controlled conditions. Almost 80 VOCs were identified and quantified from corn (Zea mays L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.),and cereal (wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] and oat [Avena sativava L.] grains) silages, total mixed ration (TMR), almond (Amygdalus communis L.) shells and hulls using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. The results revealed high concentrations of emitted alcohols and other oxygenated species. Lower concentrations of highly reactive alkenes and aldehydes were also detected. Additional quantitation and monitoring of these emissions are essential for assessment of and response to the specific needs of the regional air quality in the SJV.     

Evaluation of zeolite for control of odorants emissions from simulated poultry manure storage

Poultry operations are associated with emissions of aerial ammonia (NH3), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and odor, and the magnitude of emissions is influenced by manure management practices. As a manure treatment additive, zeolites have been shown to have the potential to control NH3. Because of their properties it is also expected that zeolites could effectively adsorb VOCs and odor. The effectiveness of zeolite in controlling odor and VOCs was qualitatively evaluated in this controlled laboratory study involving simulated poultry manure storage. In the first two trials, zeolite was topically applied on nearly fresh laying hen manure at the rates of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10% (by weight). In the third trial, zeolite was topically applied at 5% with each addition of fresh manure into the storage vessel. Headspace samples from the emission vessels were collected with solid phase microextraction (SPME) and analyzed on a multidimensional-gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (MDGC-MS-O) system for identification and prioritization of poultry manure odorants. Acetic acid, butanoic acid, isovaleric acid, indole, and skatole were consistently controlled in the headspace, with the reduction rate being proportional to the zeolite application rate. Dimethyl trisulfide and phenol were consistently generated, and with a few exceptions, the rate of generation was proportional to the application rate. Average reduction of the odor caused by all odorants evaluated with SPME-GC-O was 67% (+/-12%) and 51% (+/-26%) for the two topical applications, respectively, while no significant reduction of VOCs and odor was detected for the layered application.     

Analysis of volatile and semivolatile hydrocarbons recovered from steam-classified municipal solid waste

Hazardous household wastes comprise a significant proportion of municipal solid waste (MSW), and therefore serve as the source of many toxic or carcinogenic organic chemicals that are released in the environment through landfill gases or leachates. In the present study, we demonstrate the utility of the steam classification process in removing hazardous semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from MSW. Steam classification is a patented technology that involves the treatment of MSW with steam under pressure to yield a cellulosic biomass product that can be used as a fuel or in building materials. The SVOCs and VOCs from the waste off-gases are collected in the steam condensate and in an effluent charcoal filter. The results of this study show that at least two SVOCs and at least 17 VOCs can be removed from the waste. The most commonly identified compounds were diethylphthalate, styrene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, and toluene in the condensates, and styrene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and toluene in the charcoal filters. On a weight basis, aromatic hydrocarbons were primarily recovered in the condensates, while the chloroaliphatic hydrocarbons were recovered almost exclusively from the charcoal filters. 1,3-Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, and chloroform together comprised nearly 50% of the 4470 micrograms kg(-1) average mass of SVOCs and VOCs recovered from about 454 kg of MSW in these experiments. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) analyses showed that steam classification recovered at least 75 to 91% of tested analytes. Overall, these results suggest that steam classification represents an effective technology for a significant reduction or the removal of hazardous organics from the waste stream, and, consequently, in reducing the extent of environmental contamination associated with landfill leachates and gases.     

挥发性有机废气净化技术研究进展

本文对生物净化技术、等离子体净化技术、吸附和催化氧化技术在控制废气中挥发性有机物的研究进展及应用进行了综述。气体生物净化技术在VOCs混合物和改进设备工艺方面开展的研究工作较多,等离子体净化技术与催化技术的组合越来越受到关注。吸附和催化氧化方面则着重在吸附剂（活性炭和沸石）吸附性能的进一步研究和新型催化剂的研制。     

工业源VOCs防治技术浅析

工业源是城市大气环境中VOCs的一项重要来源。从源头控制、过程控制、末端治理和精细管控4个方面介绍了工业源VOCs的防治方法,以期为VOCs的污染防治提供科学依据。     

ENHANCEMENTS OF NONPOINT SOURCE MONITORING OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN GROUND WATER1

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has compiled a national retrospective data set of analyses of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ground water of the United States. The data are from Federal, State, and local nonpoint‐source monitoring programs, collected between 1985–95. This data set is being used to augment data collected by the USGS National Water‐Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program to ascertain the occurrence of VOCs in ground water nationwide. Eleven attributes of the retrospective data set were evaluated to determine the suitability of the data to augment NAWQA data in answering occurrence questions of varying complexity. These 11 attributes are the VOC analyte list and the associated reporting levels for each VOC, well type, well‐casing material, type of openings in the interval (screened interval or open hole), well depth, depth to the top and bottom of the open interval(s), depth to water level in the well, aquifer type (confined or unconfined), and aquifer lithology. VOCs frequently analyzed included solvents, industrial reagents, and refrigerants, but other VOCs of current interest were not frequently analyzed. About 70 percent of the sampled wells have the type of well documented in the data set, and about 74 percent have well depth documented. However, the data set generally lacks documentation of other characteristics, such as well‐casing material, information about the screened or open interval(s), depth to water level in the well, and aquifer type and lithology. For example, only about 20 percent of the wells include information on depth to water level in the well and only about 14 percent of the wells include information about aquifer type. The three most important enhancements to VOC data collected in nonpoint‐source monitoring programs for use in a national assessment of VOC occurrence in ground water would be an expanded VOC analyte list, recording the reporting level for each analyte for every analysis, and recording key ancillary information about each well. These enhancements would greatly increase the usefulness of VOC data in addressing complex occurrence questions, such as those that seek to explain the reasons for VOC occurrence and nonoccurrence in ground water of the United States.