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1.
本文利用双回路立式热解焚烧炉对某地区的垃圾进行试验研究,通过调节过量空气系数,一、二次风机的风量等参数,研究双回路热解炉垃圾焚烧NOx排放特性.结果表明:焚烧炉的二燃室温度能够达到850℃,烟气停留时间超过2秒,燃烧灰的热灼减率小于3%.随着引风机风量系数的增加,烟气中NOx的含量先增加后减少;二燃室的温度先升高后降低.  相似文献   

2.
NOx是垃圾焚烧发电的主要大气污染物之一。影响NOx生成及排放的因素很多,主要是由于垃圾成分复杂、燃烧环境恶劣、选用的焚烧炉不同等;要有效的控制NOx的排放量,就必须对这些影响因素加以充分考虑,使这些影响因素降到最低。目前国内外专家,对垃圾焚烧发电NOx排放控制做了一些研究,主要是通过试验方法和模拟方法,为商业应用做基础性研究。  相似文献   

3.
油漆渣焚烧酸性气体的控制分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
焚烧法能快速去除工业危险废物中的有毒有害成分,但产生的酸性气体如不进行严格控制会引起较严重的二次污染。本文通过对油漆渣的焚烧处理,分别改变温度、过剩空气系数、转轴转速、进料率来调节焚烧炉的运行环境,研究单一工况条件的变化对酸性气体(主要是NOx、SO2)产生的影响,找出适合控制酸性气体(NOx、SO2)产生的最佳工况点。  相似文献   

4.
在我国用焚烧法处理生活垃圾逐渐成为主流,通过高效的燃烧技术提高燃烧效率以及降低运行成本成为研究的重点,目前富氧燃烧技术是一种较好的选择。以炉排炉中生活垃圾的燃烧过程为研究对象,通过理论计算分析了焚烧炉中的垃圾在富氧条件下的燃烧特性以及工艺参数的变化规律,结果显示:富氧条件下,焚烧炉中一次风和二次风量明显减少,烟气量也呈现下降趋势,焚烧炉出口温度明显增加,表明富氧条件促进了垃圾燃烧的强度。同时结合相关案例及对富氧燃烧技术在焚烧炉中应用的优劣情况进行了分析,提出了在特定区域和条件下应用富氧燃烧技术进行焚烧处理生活垃圾的可行性。  相似文献   

5.
基于搭建的热解实验平台开展相关实验研究,分别进行了加热温度与停留时间对含油钻屑热解产物的影响实验,总结了其影响规律。结果表明:随着加热温度升高、停留时间延长,均可使固相与液相产物的颜色加深;与此同时温度升高,H_2的产生率逐渐增加;CO_2的释放呈现单峰形式,随着反应的进行,释放速率先增大后减小;温度在350℃以下时,CO_2的产生量几乎为零,含油钻屑只发生初级的脱氢反应;当反应终温较低时,停留时间对H_2、CO_2的产率与固、液两相产物回收率的影响较小。  相似文献   

6.
由沈阳环境科学研究所开发、沈阳市环保局推荐的城市医疗垃圾热解焚烧技术适用于处理医疗垃圾。主要技术内容一、基本原理该项目采用热解 -氧化工艺 ,垃圾进入一段炉后 ,炉底点火形成一定的火层作为热源,通过控制燃烧速度使火层上部的垃圾在500℃下缺氧热解 ,热解气体进入二段炉在1000~1100℃下烟气停留时间达1 5~2s ,在过氧条件下充分燃烧净化 ,一段炉热解后的残渣在过氧条件下燃尽。二、技术关键1 焚烧工艺流程的优化 ;2 焚烧设备的指标化设计 ;3 自动控制系统的开发。主要技术指标1 一段炉温度 :500℃~800…  相似文献   

7.
为研究旋涡二次风对生活垃圾焚烧炉燃烧情况的影响,针对750t/d垃圾焚烧炉,采用CFD技术进行燃烧状态模拟,就上层旋涡二次风投入,下层二次风投入,上、下层二次风同时投入三种工况进行对比研究,模拟结果显示,下层二次风的投入对垃圾干燥作用显著,对炉膛上方烟气搅动作用有限;上层旋涡二次风使烟气呈螺旋上升形态,有效延长烟气停留时间;仅投入上层旋涡二次风,其呈现双旋涡形态,加入下层二次风后,转变为四旋涡形态。旋涡强化了该区域的燃烧。  相似文献   

8.
刘昕 《四川环境》2011,(4):144-148
通过对影响循环流化床(CFB)锅炉脱硫效率的因素进行分析,根据近年有关单位的研究和国内CFB电厂的生产实践,提出循环流化床锅炉通过采取合理控制燃烧温度、循环物料量和床层物料量的优化设计、气相停留时间及固相停留时间的优化设计、采用合理的石灰石粒度、采用带有外置床的CFB锅炉等措施,可在较低的钙硫比情况下使脱硫效率达到94%以上。  相似文献   

9.
通常的垃圾发电技术是将垃圾投入焚烧炉中燃烧,由垃圾燃烧产生的热制造蒸汽,驱动蒸汽轮机发电。垃圾中含有大量的盐分和氯乙烯等物质,燃烧后会产生一种含有氯元素的气体,这种气体在温度达到300℃时会严重腐蚀锅炉及管道,所以发电用蒸汽的温度只能控制在250℃左右。蒸汽的温度越低,发电效率就越低。通常的垃圾发电技术的发电效率只能达到10%-15%,普通火力发电的发电效率则在40%左右,因而这样的垃圾发电技术难以普及和实用化。日本的“超级垃圾发电技术”就是要提高蒸汽温度,提高发电效率。这项技术的特点是采用蒸汽轮机的同时,…  相似文献   

10.
文章分析了油基岩屑中岩屑与基础油的基本特性,系统探究了岩屑粒径、温度、压力、油基钻井液用乳化剂浓度和水含量对岩屑吸附基础油的影响。研究结果表明:随着岩屑粒径的减小,其对基础油的吸附量逐渐增大,吸附行为符合Freundlich模型,即岩屑对基础油的吸附主要为多分子层的物理吸附;低温下基础油吸附至岩屑是一种自发行为,但随着温度的上升,基础油吸附量呈现降低的趋势;随着压力的增大,基础油吸附量先略 增大后变化较小;随着含水量的增大,基础油吸附量呈现下降趋势,而随着乳化剂含量的增大,基础油吸附量先增大后下降。油基钻井液用基础油在岩屑表面的吸附行为研究对于油基岩屑进行脱油处理具有一定的指导意义。  相似文献   

11.
Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.  相似文献   

12.
In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.  相似文献   

13.
Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.  相似文献   

14.
ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m2) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft3/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m3/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.  相似文献   

15.
Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.  相似文献   

16.
Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.  相似文献   

17.
ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.  相似文献   

18.
Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.  相似文献   

19.
Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.  相似文献   


20.
All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.  相似文献   

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