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李佳奕 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2016,(4):19-22,64
根据技术统计,我国新能源纯电动汽车在生产与使用环节所排放的温室气体,均超过普通内燃机车辆的排放量。国内尚未对新能源汽车温室气体排放进行规制,导致了市场竞争恶化、新能源技术停滞、过度占用国家资源和温室气体排放加剧等问题。在新能源汽车排放问题上,美国、欧盟、新加坡等发达国家都率先尝试规制并起到一定成效,中国可以借鉴国际经验,对新能源汽车温室气体排放进行法律规制,并探索和碳排放交易的衔接制度,服务于气候变化、能源安全保障与经济全球化战略。 相似文献
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为建设绿色丝绸之路提供决策参考,基于IPCC法和中国《省级温室气体编制指南》,核算了四川、重庆、云南、广西四省区的温室气体排放清单,并进行了动态分析和排放等级评估。结果表明:2000~2013年四省区温室气体排放总量呈快速增长趋势,其中CO_2排放比例最高,其次是N_2O和CH_4。能源消费是温室气体排放的主要来源,其中又以煤炭贡献量最大。林业固碳的增长速度赶不上温室气体排放的增长速度,且林业固碳能力增长不明显。人均和单位面积温室气体排放量均呈不断增长趋势,且高于全球承担减排义务与应对气候变化的目标,减排任务仍然非常艰巨。四省区GHG排放指数均呈不断增长趋势,排放等级四川、云南和广西均由较低(Ⅰc)上升为中下(Ⅱa);重庆由中下(Ⅱa)上升为较高(Ⅲa)。 相似文献
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在国际气候变化谈判舞台上,印度是一个不容忽视的重要角色。在谈判中,印度硬中有软、粗中有细;在维护国家的基本发展权益方面,立场非常鲜明,态度非常坚决;在具体问题上并不乏灵活性,显示了丰富的国际谈判经验。中国与印度在气候变化问题上有许多共同的利益和相似的看法,如果能够密切合作,拧成一股绳,在国际谈判中就能使发达国家作出更多的实质性让步。但中印在温室气体人均排放上的差距呈现扩大的趋势,从而导致两国在谈判中的立场差异,中国应对此未雨绸缪。 相似文献
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在全球气候变暖和能源危机的背景下,农业是温室气体主要排放源之一,低碳农业作为应对气候变化的农业行动,越来越受到人们的重视。低碳农业的目标是减缓温室气体,实现高效率、低能耗、低排放、高碳汇的高效农业。在推动我国低碳农业发展的措施方面,总结起来主要包括减少碳排放、增加碳汇和采用其他相应的技术措施相结合。也就是通过一系列相应的技术措施和基础设施建设,减少温室气体总量排放的同时,增加耕地、草地和林地吸收二氧化碳的量,从而实现低碳农业的可持续发展。 相似文献
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低碳转型带有刚性约束,它并不完全等同于"两型社会"建设,但对于"两型社会"建设绝对有促进作用。哥本哈根大会给出的信号非常明确,全球要应对气候变化,减少温室气体排放,走低碳发展的道路。中国是温室气体排放大国,但中国还要增长、还要发展。在这样的形势下,我们要调整好心态,一方面维护自己的发展权益,另一方面做好低碳发展,在"两型社会"建设中纳入低碳内容。 相似文献
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Gabriele Villarini Enrico Scoccimarro Kathleen D. White Jeffrey R. Arnold Keith E. Schilling Joyee Ghosh 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2015,51(5):1361-1371
Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world. 相似文献
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Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas. 相似文献
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Brian W. Walker 《The Environmentalist》1986,6(1):9-13
Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170. 相似文献
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Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cherp A 《Journal of environmental management》2001,62(4):357-374
Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures. 相似文献
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Xinzhi Yu 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2019,62(6):939-959
The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA. 相似文献
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Yuriko Sakairi 《Natural resources forum》2000,24(4):313-323
This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa. 相似文献
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Zbigniew Bochniarz 《Natural resources forum》1992,16(1):55-63
Ambitious programmes of reform in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are threatened by a serious deterioration of the environment. Large-scale damage of the natural environment in many forms, including water pollution has created development barriers which adversely affect the living conditions of current and future generations. Despite similar patterns of environmental policy in the CEE countries compared with their Western counterparts, neither environmental legislation nor economic incentives have produced any significant improvement in water quality over the last 10–20 years. For that very reason in the transition period, it is necessary to identify existing deficiencies in the system and to build up a mixed system of new institutions of water management, more realistic legislation with a strong enforcement system, and market based incentives for water conservation and protection against pollution. 相似文献
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As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations. 相似文献