配置不同类型探测器的X射线荧光测厚仪对比研究

X射线荧光测厚法是对电子元器件金属镀层厚度进行测量的主要方法之一。本文对X射线荧光测厚仪的工作原理、结构进行了分析,对其核心组成部分探测器的三种类型的性能参数进行了对比,并选取相应型号的测厚仪进行了对比测试,对测量结果进行了分析。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤中微量元素铌

用粉未压片 X 射线荧光光谱的峰背比法,测定土壤中的微量元素铌,可基本消除基体影响,测定结果可满足一般土壤分析的要求,方法的变异系数为15.9％,检测限为5ppm,方法回收率91.5～108％。     

植物样品的X射线荧光光谱分析

本文是作者在曾经在《分析化学》和《境环化学》上发表过的《X射线荧光光谱分析中的基体稀释法及其在植物样品分析中的应用》和《桃叶(82—301)的X射线荧光光谱分析》两篇文章中所论述的:以纤维素粉稀释水系沉积物标样(GSD)制备标准工作曲线,采用粉末压片法,以散射线为内标,利用峰背比法校正基体效应测定     

X荧光光谱法测土壤参考样中的钛和铬

一、方法概述 X射线萤光光谱测定土壤中的许多微量元素具有方法简单、快速,无需破坏样品结构,无需进行化学前处理,且分析结果准确度较好的特点。使用峰背比法。即以散射辐射为内标校正土壤的基体效应,测定土壤中的微量元素     

X射线衍射法在有机药物研究中的运用

目前随着新药开发、研制过程中对测试方法要求的不断增高,X射线衍射法因其能快速准确地判断药物晶体而被广泛应用于有机药物研究的各个领域.通过对X射线衍射法中装样方法、θ角度和狭缝的选择等参数研究,以获得该方法测定有机药物成分的最佳工作条件,使该法能为有机药物测定提供满意的图谱和更准确的测定结果.     

波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定成都市春季大气PM10中的无机元素

采用波长色散X射线荧光光谱法对成都市春季大气PM中的25种无机元素进行测定,对其富集因子及来源进行了讨论,结果表明:成都市春季大气颗粒物中Si的浓度最高为13.22,其次是Ca浓度为11.93。从富集因子值得出Ca明显富集,人为污染较显著,Br、Se、As、Fe、Ti、K、Mg、Na这八种元素部分富集,主要来源为燃煤和汽车尾气等人为源。     

铁酸锰纳米材料的制备及其对直接黑38的类芬顿催化降解研究

通过水热法制备了类芬顿(Fenton)催化剂铁酸锰(Mn Fe2O4)纳米粒子。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)对材料进行了表征。研究了此类Fenton法对难降解偶氮染料直接黑38(DB-38)的降解效果,并对反应动力学及材料的稳定性进行了研究。分析了可能产生的活性物质和降解产物,推测了降解的机制和路径。结果表明,直接黑38(20mg/L)可以被快速、有效的降解,5min后可达到90%的降解率和62%的总有机碳(TOC)去除率。降解过程为一级反应动力学,速率常数为0.36 min-1。羟基自由基(·OH)是最主要的活性基团,偶氮键被·OH攻击后,中间产物逐渐分解,成为更易挥发的小分子物质。研究表明Mn Fe2O4是一种有效的类Fenton试剂,在废水处理中有广阔的应用前景。     

O3/H2O2协同催化处理煤化工高盐有机废水的研究

煤化工高盐废水中有机物的处理是废水零排放项目能否成功运行的关键性因素，制备了一种铁基活性炭催化剂，并采用O₃/H₂O₂协同催化技术处理煤化工高盐废水，可以显著提高废水中有机物的处理效果。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、穆斯堡尔谱、X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、X射线衍射(XRD)等手段对催化剂进行表征，考察处理工艺、氧化剂加入量和反应时间对废水中有机物去除效果的影响，评价催化剂的稳定性和催化性能。结果表明，本催化剂用于O₃/H₂O₂协同催化处理煤化工高盐有机废水时，TOC去除率提高至54.41%;连续稳定运行1800 h后催化剂的催化活性基本保持不变。提供的催化剂及O₃/H₂O₂协同催化工艺可以高效处理煤化工高盐废水中的有机物，解决废水零排放项目中的难点，具有广阔的市场应用前景。     

唐岛湾岔河入海口沉积物重金属污染研究

在唐岛湾岔河入海口三角洲采集表层沉积物,采用X射线荧光光谱仪分析法检测Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cr等共计7种重金属元素的含量。利用地累积指数法(J_(geo))及潜在生态危害系数法(ERI)对其重金属分布特征、潜在生态危害进行分析评价,结果表明:岔河入海口地区重金属污染整体较低,呈现出南北高中部低,且北部高于南部的分布特征,三角洲北部靠近人类活动密集区处于中等至较高重金属污染状态。     

环境天然辐射概况

一、辐射的种类和对人体的相对危害 (一)α射线(甲种粒子) α射线主要见于天然放射性元素(镭、钍、铀、钋等),α粒子的最重要性质之一是它的高的电离密度,与X射线、γ射线或β粒子相比较,α粒子的生物效应最强。表     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.     

National minerals policies and stakeholder participation for broad-based development in the southern African development community (SADC)

This paper explains how the well-accepted concept of improved stakeholder participation during mineral policy development leads to a national mineral policy that accommodates the diverging views and interests that allows wide acceptance of decisions, enhancing the success of implementation and, ultimately, national benefits. This process is based on lessons learnt during the South African experience and has been successfully applied in the development of the Namibian and Malawian national minerals policies. An effective policy in the SADC will engineer the delicate balance between poverty reduction and an internationally competitive minerals sector. This balance enhances the possibility of long-term economic growth and development in the SADC region. The overriding advantage of this strategy is that it generates ‘home-grown’ policy instruments and implementation of mineral law with which stakeholders can identify. This process presents a new challenge to traditional policy formulation strategies in emerging economies and the bottom-up approach, linked to wide political support, allows the potential realisation of national objectives.     

A DISTRIBUTED DYNAMIC WATERSHED MODEL1

ABSTRACT: A distributed watershed model was developed to mathematically simulate overland and channel flow for a single-event storm. The modeled watersheds in the study were subdivided into rectangular grid elements. All hydrologically significant parameters, such as land slope, rainfall and precipitation excess, were assumed to be uniform within each element. The Green-Ampt method was adopted to generate precipitation excess for each element during the simulation period. A two-dimensional diffusion wave model was used for overland flow routing and an iterative Alternative Direction Implicit scheme was used to solve the simultaneous overland flow equations. Once the overland flow became inflow to the channel, a one-dimensional dynamic wave flood routing technique, based on a four-point, implicit, non-linear finite difference solution of the St. Venant equation of unsteady flow, was applied. A limited number of comparisons were made between simulated and observed hydrographs for areas of about one square mile. Given the appropriate parameters, the model was able to accurately simulate runoff for single-event storms. This paper describes a distributed watershed model developed to simulate overland and channel flow. Comparisons were made between simulated and observed hydrographs for three watersheds. The model was able to accurately simulate the runoff for single-event storms using 61-m by 61-m (200 ft by 200 ft) watershed grid elements.     

INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT WHO SHOULD LEAD,WHO SHOULD PAY?1

ABSTRACT: Improving water management to meet future global needs will certainly require technical advances, but the main challenge is to integrate the viewpoints of diverse societal interests into decisions about allocation of water resources. The integration cannot be done solely by the market because it requires a balancing among interests which do not respond well to market forces, nor by the state alone because of institutional problems. The concept of “integrated water resources management” has been developed to provide the framework for the required balancing of interests, and, like similar concepts in industries other than water, it has a dual purpose - to link stakeholders and apply best practices to management actions. To clarify the process of integrated water management, the paper focuses on two questions: who should lead integrated water resources management and who should pay for it? Several examples are given to illustrate a range of situations. The paper concludes with a call to improve paradigms of integrated water management, a proposition that water organizations should accept and budget for their external responsibilities as well as their direct missions, affirmation of the need for state and federal agencies to be involved with local interests, a call for better scientific and public information, and identification of the need for continued work to improve the process of integrated water management.     

Green Symbolism in the Genetic Modification Debate

The character of the current controversy over geneticallymodified (GM) agriculture, typified by protesters' use of emotivesymbolism, has been largely inspired by the Green movement'snon-governmental organizations and political parties. This articleexplores the deeper philosophical and spiritual motivations of the Greenmovement, to inquire why it is implacably opposed to GM agriculture. TheGreen movement's anti-capitalism, exemplified by the hate-symbol statusof Monsanto as the company pioneering GM crops, is viewed within thewider context of alienation in the modern era. A complex of meanings isseen in Frankenstein as the focal symbol of GM protests, includingperceptions of risk, fears of the remixing of living identities seen ingenetic engineering, and resentment at the spiritual nihilism of thereduction of life to the digital code of DNA. By contrast, RobertGoodin's Green Theory of Value, which postulates the deep psychologicalimportance of nature in locating the self in a meaningful context largerthan ourselves, can explain the power of the Green symbol of thethreatened environment, Gaia. The advent of GM agriculture seems toimply that capitalism and technology can now enframe nature itself,leaving a world devoid of natural myth or meaning, with no escape fromthe alienation and nihilism of modernity. The central question posed forprotagonists of the GM debate is whether their agenda is based on thesepowerful but mythical conceptions of the environment, or whetherpreservation of the real environment is their primary ethic.     

STATE VARIABLE MODEL FOR URBAN RAINFALL-RUNOFF PROCESS1

ABSTRACT: A nonlinear hydrologic system model has been developed for analyzing the urban rainfall-runoff process. The model is formulated as a state variable model consisting of several parameters. A search technique is employed to find the set of parameters for which the model's response best fits observed data. The model could be used in either a simulation or forecasting mode. The model is applied to observed data for the Waller Creek Watershed in Austin, Texas, to develop the model parameters for various levels of urbanization of the watershed. The trend of each parameter with respect to levels of urbanization is examined.     

Preliminary studies about effects of ELF and TAMMEF electromagnetic fields on human lymphomonocytes

In our paper we studied the effects of exposure to ELF (extremely low frequency) or musically generated TAMMEF (therapeutic application of musically modulated electromagnetic fields) electromagnetic fields on the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) release induced by a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from cultured human lymphomonocytes of peripheral blood. Lymphomonocytes, isolated from blood donors buffy-coat, were prepared using standard techniques in cell culture flasks, kept in CO₂ incubator, with controlled temperature and humidity for 5 days. Flasks were subjected to an ELF electromagnetic field (100 Hz sinusoidal) or to TAMMEF electromagnetic fields (with intensity, frequency, and wave shape randomly modified in time, so that all possible codes can occur during a single application). The TNF-α release was determined by ELISA test every 24 h for 92 h and the results were evaluated by a non-parametric test. LPS induces a stronger TNF-α release in cultures that were subjected to ELF when compared with cultures subjected to TAMMEF, at each time period of the experimental protocol. These results seem to indicate that TAMMEF is able to induce a complex modulation of LPS-induced TNF-α release, a cytokine with pro inflammatory property whose release during chronic or neoplastic inflammatory diseases has strong negative effects on several organ systems.     

Cadmium—Towards a rational use of a toxic element

Because of its toxicity, cadmium creates an environmental problem as well as a health hazard for exposed workers. Most cadmium emissions arise from the intentional use of the element. It is therefore mandatory to reduce cadmium consumption to the lowest possible level. Cadmium pigments, mainly used in plastic processing, can be replaced in all applications where the processing temperature does not exceed 300°C. Newly developed polyvinyl chloride stabilizers promise to be an excellent substitute for cadmium stabilizers in even the most demanding applications. Cadmium plating, still extensively used in the United States and the West Germany, has been virtually abandoned in Japan. Improved lead acid batteries are replacing vented nickel cadmium batteries because of their cost effectiveness. While in these applications cadmium use is declining, more and more cadmium is needed for the manufacturing of sealed nickel cadmium batteries. These relatively small electrochemical cells are used mainly by individual consumers. Here cadmium can only be replaced in some marginal applications. The high cadmium content of these batteries (up to 22%) makes them a good candidate for recycling of the heavy metal.     

Formulation of resource depletion index

A resource depletion index can serve as a quantitative tool to evaluate the level of depletion for natural resources. This study introduces two types of resource depletion indices, the global resource depletion index and the local resource depletion index. Global resource depletion index mainly concerns global reserves and the annual consumption rate of these resources. The local resource depletion index not only considers global reserves and their annual consumption rate, but also considers the local factors such as local reserves, local recycling rates, and local resource import characteristics. This study considers the local resource characteristics of Taiwan and develops calculations for local resource depletion indexes for the resources of cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, aluminum, lead and zinc.     

LONG-TERM EQUILIBRIUM PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATIONS IN THE EVERGLADES AS PREDICTED BY A VOLLENWEIDER-TYPE MODEL1

ABSTRACT: Anthropogenic phosphorus loading, mainly from the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA), is believed to be the primary cause of eutrophication in the Everglades. The state of Florida has adopted a plan for addressing Everglades eutrophication problems by reducing anthropogenic phosphorus loads through the implementation of Best Management Practices (BMPs) in agricultural watersheds and the construction of stormwater treatment areas (STAs). Optimizing the effectiveness of these STAs for reducing phosphorus concentrations from agricultural runoff is a critical component of the District's comprehensive Everglades protection effort. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a simple tool that can be used to estimate STAs’performance and evaluate management alternatives considered in the Everglades restoration efforts. The model was tested at two south Florida wetland sites and then was used to simulate several management alternatives and predict ecosystem responses to reduced external phosphorus (P) loadings. Good agreement between model predictions at the two wetland sites and actual observations indicated that the model can be used as a management tool to predict wetlands’response to reductions in external phosphorus load and long-term P levels in aquatic ecosystems. Model results showed that lowering P content of the Everglades Protection Area (EPA) depends on reducing P loads originating from EAA discharges, not from rainfall. Assuming no action is taken (e.g., no BMPs or STAs implemented), the steady state model predicted that the average concentration within the modeled area of the marsh would reach 20 μg L^?1 within five years. With an 85 percent reduction in P loading, the steady-state model predicted that Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA-2A) P concentration will equilibrate at approximately 10 μ L^?1, while elimination of all loadings is projected to further reduce marsh P to values less than 10 μg L^?1.