水资源管理的国际经验、挑战及对策

建议根据我国的基本国情和水情,借鉴国际经验从确定生态系统的水需求、水权制度建设、提高公众对决策制定过程的参与效果,激发河流流域组织的作用,以及健全水资源监管体系等方面科学实施最严格水资源管理制度。     

对我国水权交易基本制度的初步研究

我国的水权交易尚处于探索和起步阶段，建立健全水权交易基本制度对于完善和规范水权交易市场是十分必要的。对构建我国水权交易的基本制度进行了研究，提出了七项水权交易的基本制度保障。     

中国国际河流可持续利用战略探讨

由于世界性的水资源问题 ,国际河流以其独特的地缘关系及与国际政治、经济的密切联系而受到关注。根据中国边疆地区主要国际河流的基本情况 ,探讨可持续利用的战略性对策。     

治理跨界污染已是当务之争

一条较大河流多会流经多个行政区——市、省甚至跨国，上游地区工业或生活污水排放，使下游区域工农业生产遭受损失，造成上下游区域经济发展矛盾。虽经努力，但中国水环境形势不容乐观。中国目前较大河流几乎都存在跨区域河流污染问题，上游对下游区域污染事例随处可见，治理跨界污染已是当务之急。     

我国与周边国家水资源合作开发的法律制度研究

<正>进入本世纪以来,水资源之于各国的重要性日益凸显,国际河流作为各国水资源联系的重要纽带和载体,更是各国关注和争夺的重点。我国国际河流众多,再加之邻国众多,水资源的国际合作问题就显得更为纷繁复杂。国际河流是我国水资源的重要组成部分,加强各流域国之间的合作是充分有效利用国际河流水资源的唯一途径,然而目前我国与周边国家之间的合作现状不容乐观。要想取得我国与周边国家水资源合作的突破,必须建立和完善信息共享机制、以流域整体     

西北地区产业间水权交易的诱因与模式分析

提高水资源利用效率是破解我国西北地区水资源约束与经济发展困构逐渐升级的背景下存在自然、技术、经济与制度等诱因,促使建立规范化、模式化的产业间水权交易市场.因此,结合西北地区农业用水的实际情况,从成本、可操作性、偏好和实施难度等方面比较了可能存在的三种产业间水权交易模式,并提出了3种模式的适用范围.     

水权制度及其立法对策分析

无论是人 类文明的起源 和发展,还是 现代社会的安 定和进步,都 离不开水。水 的利用不仅关 系经济的发 展,而且影响 到人们的生 活,甚至引起 区域争端和国 际争端。水权 制度作为水资 源法律制度的 核心,其对水 资源归属的界 定,直接影响 水资源的利 用、流转和管 理。因此,世 界上大多数国 家对水权都有 明确的规定。 本文通过分析 我国水权制度 的现状和立法 的完善,探寻 有效的水资源 管理机制,以 期对我国的水 资源管理有所帮助。 一、水权制度的发展变迁 水权有公有制和私有制两种类型。英国长期实行沿岸权,规定水权属于沿…     

油气管道穿越水体工程环境影响及措施分析

文章分析了油气管道穿越敏感河流的主要方式及其环境影响。在此基础上,针对环境影响最大的大开挖方式,介绍了国内、国际主要环境保护措施。最后提出了改进我国管道穿越河流施工的若干建议。     

伪环保批判书之：“对河道广泛进行硬质护坡”之批判

河流是大地的血脉。大地因河流而灵动，城市因河流而兴起、而发展。看吧，从亚洲到欧洲，再到美洲、非洲、大洋洲，世界上每一座城市的身旁都有一条河流静静在流淌着。河流是有生命的。每一条河流都是一个丰富而又复杂的生态系统。在这个系统中，生存着许许多多的动物与植物。如果说树林、草地是“绿地”，那么，河流的水岸就是“蓝地”。“蓝地”是水生生态系统与陆生生态系统相互交织的水陆过渡地带，是河流生态系统中最丰富、最活跃、     

治理跨界污染已是当务之急

一条较大河流多会流经多个行政区--市、省甚至跨国,上游地区工业或生活污水排放,使下游区域工农业生产遭受损失,造成上下游区域经济发展矛盾.虽经努力,但中国水环境形势不容乐观.中国目前较大河流几乎都存在跨区域河流污染问题,上游对下游区域污染事例随处可见,治理跨界污染已是当务之急.     

Valuing Improvements in The Water Rights System in South Africa: A Contingent Ranking Approach1

Speelman, Stijn, Stefano Farolfi, Aymen Frija, and Guido Van Huylenbroeck, 2010. Valuing Improvements in the Water Rights System in South Africa: A Contingent Ranking Approach. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(6):1133–1144. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00480.x Abstract: In the context of increasing water scarcity, understanding is growing that irrigation water rights are important and that a lack of an effective water rights system constitutes a major reason for inefficient water management. This study carried out a contingent ranking experiment to study how smallholder irrigators in South Africa would value potential changes in water rights. Three specific dimensions of water rights, relevant for the South African case, are considered: duration, quality of title, and transferability. Results indicate that smallholder irrigators are prepared to pay considerably higher water prices if improvements are made in the water rights system. This implies that the proposed interventions in the water rights system would improve the efficiency and productivity of the small-scale irrigation sector. The increased willingness to pay could furthermore also assist the South African government to reach the objective of increased cost recovery.     

我国水资源管理的经济政策耦合效果仿真研究

水资源管理的经济政策效果模拟是从政策理论到政策实践的关键步骤，让决策者感知政策效果的方向和影响程度，才能更好地促进政策实践转化。本研究引入系统动力学方法，构建水资源经济政策耦合机制下水资源系统动力学（SD）模型，将我国划分为三种类型区域（干旱地区、丰水地区和过渡地区），进行三类四种水资源管理经济政策（水资源有偿使用，水价政策和水权政策；水污染收费，排污收费政策；水生态保护，水生态保护补偿政策）的耦合仿真实证研究。以我国水资源管理政策设计为目标，进行不同水管理政策耦合的生态经济效果仿真和效果定量评价，结果发现：干旱地区有偿使用的经济政策是目前经济水平下效果最好的；过渡地区有偿使用结合污水排放收费政策效果是最好的；而丰水地区必须同时实施水资源有偿使用和水污染收费两类经济政策。     

流域比较视角的钱塘江与黑河流域水资源问题及对策研究——基于水足迹核算分析

产品贸易及水权交易使得水资源问题"跨流域化",不再单纯是流域内部管理问题。本文从流域比较视角出发,在区分蓝、绿、灰三种水足迹的基础上,应用水足迹模型,测算了两流域典型地区的水足迹,进行流域水资源问题对比分析,并分析了经济发展模式对流域水资源可持续性的影响。结果发现,杭州市经济用水中灰色水足迹占总量的90%,而张掖市经济用水中绿色水足迹占总量的60.8%,说明钱塘江流域水资源问题在于质,而黑河流域水资源问题在于量;经济发展模式中的产业结构、水资源开发效率、工业化路径等影响流域水资源可持续利用,同时基于GDP导向的流域间的水资源逆向配置,更加剧了流域水资源矛盾。最后根据流域对比结果提出治理措施,从而形成流域间协作的良性循环。     

Buy Me a River: Purchasing Water Rights to Restore River Flows in the Western USA

In recent decades, public and private environmental entities have been purchasing or leasing water rights across the Western United States (U.S.) in efforts to restore river flows and aquatic ecosystems. The need to pay for flow restoration arises from the fact that state governments did not begin to reserve water for instream purposes until the 1970s, long after water rights had become over‐appropriated and flows were substantially depleted in most rivers. As a consequence, flow depletion has become the leading cause of fish endangerment in the U.S., including the imperilment of two‐thirds of all native fish species in the Colorado River system. This paper takes stock of the progress made in buying water for the environment, specifically by reviewing and analyzing more than 50 transactions executed by public and private entities and the sources of funding underpinning these transactions. We conclude that nongovernmental actors — such as environmental organizations and state water trusts — are integral to regional efforts to restore river flows; these nongovernmental actors executed more than two‐thirds of the transactions we documented. However, we also conclude that the long‐term success of these nongovernmental actors depends upon the availability of sustained public funding that enables them to build capacity and engage in the large number of transactions needed to restore flows across each state.     

二维水权分配公平性评估的双因素灰色关联分析方法

针对二维水权分配公平性评估的特点,对邓氏灰色关联度进行了拓展,提出了双因素灰色关联度概念,构建了系统比较序列为双因素序列组的灰色关联分析方法.将水量权和排污权的分配比例向量组作为双因素系统比较序列组,将水权理想公平分配比例向量作为系统主行为序列,基于两者之间的双因素灰色关联度,评估二维水权分配方案的公平性.双因素灰色关联分析方法可实现对水量权和排污权分配公平性的有机统一评估.以北江流域为例进行了分析.     

Water Transactions for Streamflow Restoration,Water Supply Reliability,and Rural Economic Vitality in the Western United States

Across the western United States, environmental water transaction programs (EWTPs) restore environmental flows by acquiring water rights and incentivizing changes in water management. These programs have evolved over several decades, expanding from relatively simple two‐party transactions to multiobjective deals that simultaneously benefit the environment and multiple water‐using sectors. Such programs now represent an important water management tool and provide an impetus for collaboration among stakeholders; yet, most evaluations of their effectiveness focus exclusively on environmental outcomes, without adequate attention to impacts on other water users or local economies. To understand how these programs affect stakeholders, a systematic, multiobjective evaluation framework is needed. To meet this need, we developed a suite of environmental and socioeconomic indicators that can guide the design and track the implementation of water transaction portfolios, and we applied them to existing EWTPs in Oregon and Nevada. Application of the indicators quantifies impacts and helps practitioners design water transaction portfolios that avoid unintended consequences and generate mutually beneficial outcomes among environmental, agricultural, and municipal interests.     

Conditional Water Rights in the Western United States: Introducing Uncertainty to Prior Appropriation?

In the prior‐appropriation water rights regimes that prevail in the arid western United States, claims to annually variable surface water flows are fulfilled based on the order of their establishment. The two‐step process used to establish an appropriative water right in all 17 conterminous western states creates a temporary phase, or conditional water right, which has a priority date but no actual water use. We provide a review of the legal basis for these conditional water rights and demonstrate the potential uncertainty they introduce to current water users. We then present a complete census of conditional water rights in Colorado, including their amounts, ages, and uses. At the end of 2012 there were a large number of conditional water rights in Colorado (some over 90 years old) equal to 61% of the perfected water rights. Many of the controversial conditional water rights in Colorado have been associated with unconventional oil production in the northwestern portion of the state; however, conditional water rights are ubiquitous across the state and across many use types. In several basins, their existence can introduce uncertainty to some of the most senior water rights holders. Nevertheless, in most of the state, the effects of conditional water rights are restricted to a relatively junior class of water users. This work quantifies for the first time the result, in one state, of a peculiar aspect of water law common across all western prior‐appropriation states.     

Barriers to Water Conservation in the Rio Grande Basin1

Abstract: The Rio Grande basin shares problems faced by many arid regions of the world: growing and competing demands for water and river flows and uses that are vulnerable to drought and climate change. In recent years legislation, administrative action, and other measures have emerged to encourage private investment in efficient agricultural water use. Nevertheless, several institutional barriers discourage irrigators from investing in water conservation measures. This article examines barriers to agricultural water conservation in the Rio Grande basin and identifies challenges and opportunities for promoting it. Several barriers to water conservation are identified: clouded titles, water transfer restrictions, illusory water savings, insecure rights to conserved water, shared carry‐over storage, interstate compacts, conservation attitudes, land tenure arrangements, and an uncertain duty of water. Based on data on water use and crop production costs, price is found to be a major factor influencing water conservation. A low water price discourages water conservation even if other institutions promote it. A high price of water encourages conservation even in the presence of other discouraging factors. In conclusion, water‐conserving policies can be more effectively implemented where water institutions and programs are designed to be compatible with water’s underlying economic scarcity.     

Institutions for Interstate Water Resources Management1

Abstract:  This paper evaluates alternative approaches to management of interstate water resources in the United States (U.S.), including interstate compacts, interstate associations, federal‐state partnerships, and federal‐interstate compacts. These governance structures provide alternatives to traditional federalism or U.S. Supreme Court litigation for addressing problems that transcend political boundaries and functional responsibilities. Interstate compacts can provide a forum for ongoing collaboration and are popular mechanisms for allocating water rights among the states. Federal‐interstate compacts, such as the Delaware River Basin Compact and federal‐state partnerships, such as the National Estuary Program, are also effective and complementary approaches to managing water resources. However, all of these approaches can only make modest improvements in managing water resources given the complicated and fragmented nature of our federalist system of government.     

我国水事纠纷解决机制探析

水事纠纷解决机制是一系列水事纠纷解决方式所组成的整体，该机制是民事主体或行政区域水资源权利受到侵害，以及遭受水污染侵权损害的重要救济途径。虽然我国相关法律对水事纠纷的解决方式已作出规定，但是这些法律规定较为分散、不系统，还没有形成一个有机的整体，造成运用该机制解决水事纠纷的效果较差。为了保障水事纠纷及时、有效地得以解决，完善我国的水事纠纷解决机制已迫在眉睫。