层次分析法在环境保护中的应用

层次分析法已在许多领域广泛采用，并取得了成功，在环境保护目标管理、环境管理指标体系的建立、环境工程技术方案的选择等方面近年来也开展了层次分析法的尝试和应用的研究。本文通过电镀废水处理方案的选择，概略地介绍了层次分析法的实际应用。     

建设项目环境影响评价因子的筛选

建设项目环境影响评价因子应从污染物的等标污染负荷、影响的范围、影响可恢复性、环境质量现状和社会关注度等5个方面综合考虑，采用层次分析法确定这5个因素的权重，对各污染因子进行分级定量打分，综合得分高低进行环境影响评价因子筛选。     

层次分析法在黑泉水库环境影响综合评价中的应用

层次分析法的基本原理与计算方法《水利水电环境影响评价规范》SDJ—88中推荐的主观概率累和模型的计算公式为:     

规划环境影响评价中替代方案的确定、筛选和分析方法探讨

替代方案的筛选是环境影响评价工作中的重要内容。在国内外环境影响评价理论研究和实践经验的基础上。就替代方案的涵义，规划环境影响评价中替代方案的确定、筛选和分析方法，以及公众参与在替代方案确定和筛选过程中的作用等内容进行了探讨。     

公路工程环境影响重大变动与变更环评要点分析

公路工程属易产生重大不良环境影响、易发生重大变动的建设项目，但由于重大变动判定标准不清晰、重新报批环评的时间节点不统一、变更环评文件形式和内容不规范等问题，导致环评违法违规现象频发，变更环评制度管理效能难以有效发挥。根据公路建设项目重大变动有关定义，结合环境影响评价技术导则、环境影响评价审批原则、公路建设项目工程特性，及调查和分析四川省公路建设项目环境影响重大变动重新报批情况，对公路建设项目环境影响重大变动环评要点进行归纳和总结，在一定程度上有利于环境影响评价制度的完善，可为公路建设项目重大变动环境影响评价文件的编制和审批提供思路。     

规划环境影响评价(PEIA)技术框架与指标体系构建初探

对实施规划环境影响评价的原则进行了分析;重点探讨了实施规划环境影响评价的技术框架和规划环境影响评价指标体系的构建,指出在形成规划方案时,是规划环境影响评价介入的最佳时间,提出建立规划环境影响评价指标体系的两种模式--＂生态-环境-资源与能源利用-社会-经济＂模式和基于DPSIR框架的指标模式,讨论了运用层次分析法（AHP）确定指标权重的过程.     

要闻

两部委出通知加强交通运输规划环评工作 环境保护部、交通运输部日前联合发布《关于进一步加强公路水路交通运输规划环境影响评价工作的通知》（以下简称《通知》）。《通知》强调,落实规划环评和项目环评的联动机制,环境保护行政主管部门要加强对公路水路交通运输规划环境影响评价工作的指导,要求交通运输行政主管部门在组织编制公路水路交通运输规划时,应严格执行规划环境影响评价制度,同步组织开展规划环境影响评价工作。     

土地利用规划环境影响评价的技术方法

评价方法的选择是实现土地利用规划环境影响评价的重点。借鉴项目环评和规划环评的某些方法，根据土地利用规划的层次、类型和阶段的特点，给出一个土地利用规划环评的方法集，并对几种主要方法的适用范围、优缺点进行分析，最后指出方法选择应注意的事项。     

加强和改进环境影响评价工作 为云南经济社会平稳较快发展服好务把好关

环境影响评价作为国家环保政策的重要制度、市场准入的重要门槛、宏观调控的重要抓手，在促进经济社会全面、协调、可持续的科学发展中具有举足轻重的作用。环境影响评价要在更高的层次、更广的范围、更深的领域为全省经济社会发展服务做出新的贡献，必须加强和改进以下工作。     

可持续性环境评价指标体系方法分析

可持续性环境影响评价针对政策、规划和计划方案进行评价，同时包括对计划和规划本身的评价。文章结合建设项目环境影响评价，提出可持续性环境影响评价的必要性、思路和评价技术方法的基本构想，针对如何建立可持续性环境影响评价的指标体系及其运用综合指标评价系统的可持续性等进行了初步探讨。     

A Two-Stage Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for MPPT of Partially Shaded PV Arrays

The power-voltage (P-V) characteristic curves of a PV array are nonlinear and have multiple peaks under partially shaded conditions (PSCs). This paper proposes a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method for a PV system with reduced steady-state oscillation based on a two-stage particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The grouping method of the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) is incorporated in the basic PSO algorithm (PSO-SFLA), ensuring fast and accurate searching of the global extremum. An adaptive speed factor is also introduced into the improved PSO to further enhance its convergence speed. Test results show that the proposed method converges in less than half the time taken by the conventional PSO method, and the power is improved by 33% under the worst PSCs, which confirms the superiority of the proposed method over the standard PSO algorithm in terms of tracking speed and steady-state oscillations under different PSCs.     

Determining the robust optimal set of BMPs for urban runoff management in data-poor catchments

Mismanagement of urban runoff can result in inundation which causes serious problems in providing urban services. Best management practices (BMPs) are used for urban runoff management. In this study, a method is proposed to determine the robust optimal set of BMPs for runoff management in data-poor catchments in urban areas. This method includes five main steps: (1) Sensitivity analysis to determine effective parameters in rainfall-runoff simulation model, (2) Calibration of the rainfall-runoff model based on selected effective parameters, (3) Developing a multi-objective optimization model to obtain the optimal sets of BMPs, (4) Selecting the final solutions using the Nash approach for ranking, (5) Evaluation of the robustness of the selected solution using the Management Option Rank Equivalence method. The proposed method is examined in an urban basin located in the north of Tehran, Iran. The results show that the proposed approach provides reliable results for urban runoff management in data-poor areas.     

Measuring sorption of hydrophilic organic compounds in soils by an unsaturated transient flow method

Determination of sorption of hydrophilic, weakly sorbing organic compounds in soil by conventional batch methods using a slurried suspension is often prone to considerable errors because small changes in the solution concentration on equilibration must be accurately determined. This difficulty is exacerbated for compounds susceptible to degradation, which also decreases the solution concentration. The objective of this study was to determine sorption of hydrophilic pesticides by applying an unsaturated transient flow method, which enables determination of sorption at sufficiently small solution to soil ratios. The method makes use of piston-like displacement of the antecedent solution in equilibrium with sorbed phase when pesticide-free water is infiltrated into a soil column spiked with a pesticide. Pesticide sorption and the solution concentration are inferred from a plot of total pesticide content per unit mass of soil vs. water content in a region where the antecedent solution is accumulated. Thus, extraction of solution from relative dry soil is unnecessary. We tested this method for two hydrophilic pesticides, monocrotophos [dimethyl (E)-1-methyl-2-(methyl-carbamoyl) vinyl phosphate] and dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate). The sorption coefficient, K(d), obtained for monocrotophos was slightly lower than that by batch method (K(d) = 0.10 vs. 0.19 L kg(-1)), whereas for dichlorvos, a compound highly susceptible to degradation, the unsaturated flow method yielded a much smaller K(d) (0.19 vs. 3.22 L kg(-1)). The K(d) values for both compounds were consistent with the observed retardation in the pesticide displacement in the columns. The proposed method is more representative of field conditions and particularly suitable for weakly sorbing organic compounds in soils.     

REGION OF INFLUENCE REGRESSION FOR ESTIMATING THE 50-YEAR FLOOD AT UNGAGED SITES1

ABSTRACT: Five methods of developing regional regression models to estimate flood characteristics at ungaged sites in Arkansas are examined. The methods differ in the manner in which the State is divided into subregions. Each successive method (A to E) is computationally more complex than the previous method. Method A makes no subdivision. Methods B and C define two and four geographic subregions, respectively. Method D uses cluster/discriminant analysis to define subregions on the basis of similarities in watershed characteristics. Method E, the new region of influence method, defines a unique subregion for each ungaged site. Split-sample results indicate that, in terms of root-mean-square error, method E (38 percent error) is best. Methods C and D (42 and 41 percent error) were in a virtual tie for second, and methods B (44 percent error) and A (49 percent error) were fourth and fifth best.     

水质的生化需氧量(BOD5)稀释与接种法测定结果不确定度评定

在实际工作中，运用测量过程的合并样本标准差来评定A类不确定度比较客观。本文根据JJF1059—1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》，通过实例，阐述了用稀释接种法测定水中生化需氧量不确定度的评定方法。     

STOCHASTIC WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS USING RELIABILITY METHOD1

ABSTRACT: This study developed a QUAL2E‐Reliability Analysis (QUAL2E‐RA) model for the stochastic water quality analysis of the downstream reach of the main Han River in Korea. The proposed model is based on the QUAL2E model and incorporates the Advanced First‐Order Second‐Moment (AFOSM) and Mean‐Value First‐Order Second‐Moment (MFOSM) methods. After the hydraulic characteristics from standard step method are identified, the optimal reaction coefficients are then estimated using the Broyden‐Fletcher‐Goldfarb‐Shanno (BFGS) method. Considering variations in river discharges, pollutant loads from tributaries, and reaction coefficients, the violation probabilities of existing water quality standards at several locations in the river were computed from the AFOSM and MFOSM methods, and the results were compared with those from the Monte Carlo method. The statistics of the three uncertainty analysis methods show that the outputs from the AFOSM and MFOSM methods are similar to those from the Monte Carlo method. From a practical model selection perspective, the MFOSM method is more attractive in terms of its computational simplicity and execution time.     

A method for measuring low-weight carboxylic acids from biosolid compost

Concentration of low-weight carboxylic acids (LWCA) is one of the important parameters that should be taken into consideration when compost is applied as soil improver for plant cultivation, because high amounts of LWCA can be toxic to plants. The present work describes a method for analysis of LWCA in compost as a useful tool for monitoring compost quality and safety. The method was tested on compost samples of two different ages: 3 (immature) and 6 (mature) months old. Acids from compost samples were extracted at high pH, filtered, and freeze-dried. The dried sodium salts were derivatized with a sulfuric acid-methanol mixture and concentrations of 11 low-weight fatty acids (C1-C10) were analyzed using headspace gas chromatography. The material was analyzed with two analytical techniques: the external calibration method (tested on 11 LWCA) and the standard addition method (tested only on formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, and iso-butyric acids). The two techniques were compared for efficiency of acids quantification. The method allowed good separation and quantification of a wide range of individual acids with high sensitivity at low concentrations. Detection limit for propionic, butyric, caproic, caprylic, and capric acids was 1 mg kg(-1) compost; for formic, acetic, valeric, enanthoic and pelargonic acids it was 5 mg kg(-1) compost; and for iso-butyric acid it was 10 mg kg(-1) compost. Recovery rates of LWCA were higher in 3-mo-old compost (57-99%) than in 6-mo-old compost (29-45%). In comparison with the external calibration technique the standard addition technique proved to be three to four times more precise for older compost and two times for younger compost. Disadvantages of the standard addition technique are that it is more time demanding and laborious.     

Eco-Compensation in Multi-District River Networks in North Jiangsu, China

Eco-compensation is a multi-disciplinary topic. There is no consensus on the issue of river eco-compensation across districts. Although policies regarding river eco-compensation have been issued in China since 2008, due to the high cost, eco-compensation has not been well implemented in the Taihu pilot region. Therefore, a simplified method based solely on water quality (both water quality and water volume included in the Taihu method) was proposed for North Jiangsu province (NJP). However, the formula was flawed and it led to payments being too low. Three problems need to be solved: (1) how to specify the eco-compensation areas; (2) how to test a reasonable eco-compensation model and (3) how to determine the compensation criterion. Solving these issues is already a priority. In this paper, three potential solutions surrounding eco-compensation are discussed: (1) three principles for selecting the representative eco-compensation areas are suggested; (2) the compensation calculation method based on contaminant flux above the ultra standard is revised and (3) a compensation criterion model based on the treatment costs of sewage is proposed. In the NJP case in 2009, the average eco-compensation criterion for chemical oxygen demand (COD) is 2,000 Chinese Yuan (CNY) per ton and ammonia nitrogen (NH₄–N) and total phosphorus (TP) are 8,000 CNY and 80,000 CNY per ton, respectively. Five districts needed to be compensated. The payments in the revised scheme were 4.15–586 million CNY, which were 16–48 times greater than that in the draft method. The new method can provide an important template for managers when drafting river eco-compensation schemes.     

SPATIAL MODELLING WITH GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR DETERMINATION OF WATER RESOURCES VULNERABILITY APPLICATION TO AN AREA IN MASSIF CENTRAL (FRANCE)1

ABSTRACT: A method for water resources protection based on spatial variability of vulnerability is proposed. The vulnerability of a water resource is defined as the risk that the resource will become contaminated if a pollutant is placed on the surface at one point as compared to another. A spatial modelling method is defined in this paper to estimate a travel time between any point of a catchment and a resource (river or well). This method is based on spatial analysis tools integrated in Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The method is illustrated by an application to an area of Massif Central (France) where three different types of flow appear: surface flow, shallow subsurface flow, and permanent ground water flow (baseflow). The proposed method gives results similar to classical methods of estimation of travel time. The contribution of GIS is to improve the mapping of vulnerability by taking the spatial variability of physical phenomena into account.     

‘Learning by doing’: adaptive planning as a strategy to address uncertainty in planning

Adaptive management, an established method in natural resource and ecosystem management, has not been widely applied to landscape planning due to the lack of an operational method that addresses the role of uncertainty and standardized monitoring protocols and methods. A review of adaptive management literature and practices reveals several key concepts and principles for adaptive planning: (1) management actions are best understood and practiced as experiments; (2) several plans/experiments can be implemented simultaneously; (3) monitoring of management actions are key; and (4) adaptive management can be understood as ‘learning by doing’. The paper identifies various uncertainties in landscape planning as the major obstacles for the adoption of an adaptive approach. To address the uncertainty in landscape planning, an adaptive planning method is proposed where monitoring plays an integral role to reduce uncertainty. The proposed method is then applied to a conceptual test in water resource planning addressing abiotic-biotic-cultural resources. To operationalize adaptive planning, it is argued that professionals, stakeholders and researchers need to function in a genuinely transdisciplinary mode where all contribute to, and benefit from, decision making and the continuous generation of new knowledge.