营养吃法有科学

吃素未必能长寿据调查,长期吃素会造成蛋白质缺乏。当人体蛋白质供给不足时,会减轻体重,患贫血,感染疾病,创伤、骨折不易愈合;严重缺乏时,血浆蛋白降低,可引起浮肿。水果榨汁喝有缺陷只喝水果汁,减少了人体对纤维素的摄取。以果胶为代表的水溶性纤维有预防和减少糖尿病,心血管疾患的保健功效;而水不溶性纤     

超声波强化酶法提取污泥蛋白研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为试验对象,对超声波预处理强化中性蛋白酶提取污泥蛋白质的效果和工艺条件进行了研究。结果表明,经超声波预处理后,污泥酶解蛋白提取率可提高40%左右,污泥脱水性能也提高了80%以上。响应面分析表明,超声强化酶解污泥提取蛋白的优化工艺条件为:p H=7.4、酶加量4 500U/g、酶解时间4h、酶解温度48℃,此时最佳蛋白提取率可达35.9%。     

构树叶蛋白质的提取研究

构树在我国各地均有分布,具有易成活、繁殖快、适应环境能力强等特点。构树叶营养丰富,是潜在的优质蛋白质来源,经过提取提纯后能广泛用于食品加工行业,具有重大的经济价值。以构树叶粉为原料,研究了不同提取方法和参数下的粗叶蛋白含量和提取率,以粗蛋白提取率为指标,确定提取的最佳方式为酸热法提取叶蛋白,提取条件为pH值3、加热温度60℃、液料比30∶1。     

屯绿陈茶有效成分提取及茶多酚提纯工艺研究

探讨了从陈茶中提取有效成分和茶多酚的提纯工艺。采用不同物料比、浸提温度、浸提时间的正交实验，通过热水煮提从茶叶中获取水溶性物质。结果表明，当料液比为1：20、90℃、120min时，测得的水提取物固化物量最多可达31％；茶叶水提物固化物、水配比为13：400时与乙酸乙酯萃取茶多酚的得率达23％，茶多糖从总量中提取的得率达2．5％。屯绿陈茶有效成分保留效果良好，具有较好的综合利用价值。     

多花黄精总蛋白质提取工艺优化

对多花黄精主根与须根总蛋白质的提取工艺进行了研究.在对料液比、离心转速、NaCl溶液的浓度等进行单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了多花黄精主根与须根总蛋白质提取的最佳工艺条件,即对多花黄精主根蛋白质的提取最佳条件为料液比1:15、NaCl浓度0.10mol/L、转速为2500r/min;须根蛋白的提取最佳条件为料液比1:15、NaCl浓度0.20 mol/L、转速为4500r/min.在相同的提取条件下,多花黄精主根与须根的蛋白质得率差异显著.须根中蛋白质的含量与主根的差异性不显著,须根的利用价值也很高,有待于进一步开发利用.     

重视蚕蛹的开发利用

当今,世界各国都在寻求新的蛋白质资源,以满足人类需要。在蛋白质资源中,昆虫的蛋白质倍受人们青睐。据报导,昆虫蛋白质含量高达80％,营养价值高,蛋白纤维少,易为人体所吸收。在昆虫蛋白质点源中,蚕蛹蛋白质是其中的佼佼者,它含有8种人体必需的氨基酸,易为人体所吸收。据检测表明,蚕蛹     

甘肃党参中蛋白质的提取分析

实验采用盐溶法提取甘肃党参中蛋白质,用饱和(NH4) 2SO4溶液进行分级盐析、透析、浓缩后用SDS- PAGE分析,测定不同提取液中主要蛋白质的分子量.结果表明,用pH为6.0的PB缓冲液提取并用饱和度在60％以上的(NH4)2SO4溶液盐析时蛋白提取效果最好;经SDS- PAGE电泳后,初步鉴定出所提取党参蛋白质亚基中最大分子量为68885Da,最小分子量为15570Da.     

铅对人体和环境的影响

铅对人体的影响 铝对人的影响很大：人体通过呼吸、进食、皮肤吸收等都有可能吸收铝或其化合物。铅被人体器官摄取后，将抑制蛋白质的正常合成功能，危害人体中枢神经，造成精神混乱、呆滞、生殖功能障碍、贫血、高血压等慢性疾病。而铅对儿童的危害更大，会影响其智商和正常发育。     

油菜籽粕中蛋白质的提取与分离研究

油菜籽粕中含有丰富的蛋白质，提取的方法也多种多样。比较了不同萃取剂以及同一萃取剂在不同条件下对油菜籽粕中蛋白质萃取率的影响，得出其最佳提取条件是：pH值为11．5、料液比为1：30、温度45℃、提取时间为2h。     

几种核素在土壤—生物—人体间的积累和转移

本文对Ｕ，Ｋ，＾１３７Ｃｓ，＾９０Ｓｒ等几种核素在土壤－水稻，土壤－茶叶，土壤－蔬菜之间以及水－鱼间的转移情况进行了研究；并考虑到这些核素含量较高的食品（如茶叶、黄豆）不直接全部食入人体，因此，根据人们的饮茶习惯及豆制品（水豆腐）的加工过程进行模拟，对其向人体转移的参数进行了实验研究。由上述实验结果给出了转移参数及相关方程。     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.     

National minerals policies and stakeholder participation for broad-based development in the southern African development community (SADC)

This paper explains how the well-accepted concept of improved stakeholder participation during mineral policy development leads to a national mineral policy that accommodates the diverging views and interests that allows wide acceptance of decisions, enhancing the success of implementation and, ultimately, national benefits. This process is based on lessons learnt during the South African experience and has been successfully applied in the development of the Namibian and Malawian national minerals policies. An effective policy in the SADC will engineer the delicate balance between poverty reduction and an internationally competitive minerals sector. This balance enhances the possibility of long-term economic growth and development in the SADC region. The overriding advantage of this strategy is that it generates ‘home-grown’ policy instruments and implementation of mineral law with which stakeholders can identify. This process presents a new challenge to traditional policy formulation strategies in emerging economies and the bottom-up approach, linked to wide political support, allows the potential realisation of national objectives.     

A DISTRIBUTED DYNAMIC WATERSHED MODEL1

ABSTRACT: A distributed watershed model was developed to mathematically simulate overland and channel flow for a single-event storm. The modeled watersheds in the study were subdivided into rectangular grid elements. All hydrologically significant parameters, such as land slope, rainfall and precipitation excess, were assumed to be uniform within each element. The Green-Ampt method was adopted to generate precipitation excess for each element during the simulation period. A two-dimensional diffusion wave model was used for overland flow routing and an iterative Alternative Direction Implicit scheme was used to solve the simultaneous overland flow equations. Once the overland flow became inflow to the channel, a one-dimensional dynamic wave flood routing technique, based on a four-point, implicit, non-linear finite difference solution of the St. Venant equation of unsteady flow, was applied. A limited number of comparisons were made between simulated and observed hydrographs for areas of about one square mile. Given the appropriate parameters, the model was able to accurately simulate runoff for single-event storms. This paper describes a distributed watershed model developed to simulate overland and channel flow. Comparisons were made between simulated and observed hydrographs for three watersheds. The model was able to accurately simulate the runoff for single-event storms using 61-m by 61-m (200 ft by 200 ft) watershed grid elements.     

INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT WHO SHOULD LEAD,WHO SHOULD PAY?1

ABSTRACT: Improving water management to meet future global needs will certainly require technical advances, but the main challenge is to integrate the viewpoints of diverse societal interests into decisions about allocation of water resources. The integration cannot be done solely by the market because it requires a balancing among interests which do not respond well to market forces, nor by the state alone because of institutional problems. The concept of “integrated water resources management” has been developed to provide the framework for the required balancing of interests, and, like similar concepts in industries other than water, it has a dual purpose - to link stakeholders and apply best practices to management actions. To clarify the process of integrated water management, the paper focuses on two questions: who should lead integrated water resources management and who should pay for it? Several examples are given to illustrate a range of situations. The paper concludes with a call to improve paradigms of integrated water management, a proposition that water organizations should accept and budget for their external responsibilities as well as their direct missions, affirmation of the need for state and federal agencies to be involved with local interests, a call for better scientific and public information, and identification of the need for continued work to improve the process of integrated water management.     

Green Symbolism in the Genetic Modification Debate

The character of the current controversy over geneticallymodified (GM) agriculture, typified by protesters' use of emotivesymbolism, has been largely inspired by the Green movement'snon-governmental organizations and political parties. This articleexplores the deeper philosophical and spiritual motivations of the Greenmovement, to inquire why it is implacably opposed to GM agriculture. TheGreen movement's anti-capitalism, exemplified by the hate-symbol statusof Monsanto as the company pioneering GM crops, is viewed within thewider context of alienation in the modern era. A complex of meanings isseen in Frankenstein as the focal symbol of GM protests, includingperceptions of risk, fears of the remixing of living identities seen ingenetic engineering, and resentment at the spiritual nihilism of thereduction of life to the digital code of DNA. By contrast, RobertGoodin's Green Theory of Value, which postulates the deep psychologicalimportance of nature in locating the self in a meaningful context largerthan ourselves, can explain the power of the Green symbol of thethreatened environment, Gaia. The advent of GM agriculture seems toimply that capitalism and technology can now enframe nature itself,leaving a world devoid of natural myth or meaning, with no escape fromthe alienation and nihilism of modernity. The central question posed forprotagonists of the GM debate is whether their agenda is based on thesepowerful but mythical conceptions of the environment, or whetherpreservation of the real environment is their primary ethic.     

STATE VARIABLE MODEL FOR URBAN RAINFALL-RUNOFF PROCESS1

ABSTRACT: A nonlinear hydrologic system model has been developed for analyzing the urban rainfall-runoff process. The model is formulated as a state variable model consisting of several parameters. A search technique is employed to find the set of parameters for which the model's response best fits observed data. The model could be used in either a simulation or forecasting mode. The model is applied to observed data for the Waller Creek Watershed in Austin, Texas, to develop the model parameters for various levels of urbanization of the watershed. The trend of each parameter with respect to levels of urbanization is examined.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Formulation of resource depletion index

A resource depletion index can serve as a quantitative tool to evaluate the level of depletion for natural resources. This study introduces two types of resource depletion indices, the global resource depletion index and the local resource depletion index. Global resource depletion index mainly concerns global reserves and the annual consumption rate of these resources. The local resource depletion index not only considers global reserves and their annual consumption rate, but also considers the local factors such as local reserves, local recycling rates, and local resource import characteristics. This study considers the local resource characteristics of Taiwan and develops calculations for local resource depletion indexes for the resources of cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, aluminum, lead and zinc.     

Preliminary studies about effects of ELF and TAMMEF electromagnetic fields on human lymphomonocytes

In our paper we studied the effects of exposure to ELF (extremely low frequency) or musically generated TAMMEF (therapeutic application of musically modulated electromagnetic fields) electromagnetic fields on the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) release induced by a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from cultured human lymphomonocytes of peripheral blood. Lymphomonocytes, isolated from blood donors buffy-coat, were prepared using standard techniques in cell culture flasks, kept in CO₂ incubator, with controlled temperature and humidity for 5 days. Flasks were subjected to an ELF electromagnetic field (100 Hz sinusoidal) or to TAMMEF electromagnetic fields (with intensity, frequency, and wave shape randomly modified in time, so that all possible codes can occur during a single application). The TNF-α release was determined by ELISA test every 24 h for 92 h and the results were evaluated by a non-parametric test. LPS induces a stronger TNF-α release in cultures that were subjected to ELF when compared with cultures subjected to TAMMEF, at each time period of the experimental protocol. These results seem to indicate that TAMMEF is able to induce a complex modulation of LPS-induced TNF-α release, a cytokine with pro inflammatory property whose release during chronic or neoplastic inflammatory diseases has strong negative effects on several organ systems.     

Cadmium—Towards a rational use of a toxic element

Because of its toxicity, cadmium creates an environmental problem as well as a health hazard for exposed workers. Most cadmium emissions arise from the intentional use of the element. It is therefore mandatory to reduce cadmium consumption to the lowest possible level. Cadmium pigments, mainly used in plastic processing, can be replaced in all applications where the processing temperature does not exceed 300°C. Newly developed polyvinyl chloride stabilizers promise to be an excellent substitute for cadmium stabilizers in even the most demanding applications. Cadmium plating, still extensively used in the United States and the West Germany, has been virtually abandoned in Japan. Improved lead acid batteries are replacing vented nickel cadmium batteries because of their cost effectiveness. While in these applications cadmium use is declining, more and more cadmium is needed for the manufacturing of sealed nickel cadmium batteries. These relatively small electrochemical cells are used mainly by individual consumers. Here cadmium can only be replaced in some marginal applications. The high cadmium content of these batteries (up to 22%) makes them a good candidate for recycling of the heavy metal.