HPLC分析甘草中甘草酸和甘草苷含量

研究不同产地、不同生长期的野生与栽培甘草中甘草酸、甘草苷含量的变化,确定其最佳采收期。为了更好地开发利用甘草资源提供理论依据,建立了分析方法,为甘草的现代质量评价体系提供参考数据,扩大甘草药源。采用高效液相色谱测定不同产地、不同生长期野生与栽培甘草中甘草酸、甘草苷的含量。甘草酸在0.4—6μg范围内具有良好的线性关系,r=0.9999,平均回收率(n=3)为101.83%,RSD=0.74%;甘草苷在0.4—6μg范围内具有良好的线性关系,r=0.9998,平均回收率(n=3)为100.50%,RSD=0.22%。该方法确立了甘草的最佳采收期为9月中旬,种植基地的甘草可代替野生甘草使用,为甘草的药用资源和深入开发利用提供了基础依据。该方法简便、精密度高,结果准确可靠。     

甘草资源的开发利用价值及其保护

一、甘草资源概述甘草(Glycyrrhizu uralensis)又名甜草、蜜草、美草等,是豆科甘草属多年生灌木状草本植物。甘草适宜阳光充沛、日照长、气候温凉(年平均气温2.2～2.8℃,有霜期200天)干燥、土层深厚、排水良好、钙质土壤(pH8左右)等的生态环境,它广泛分布于北纬30°～55°,集中分布于北纬40°附近向阳干燥的草原钙质土以及河岸沙质土。我国的西北、华北、东北和欧洲地中海地区、苏联中亚西亚及西伯利亚等地区为其主要产区。在我国,以新疆产量为最多,近年     

建平县甘草资源开发利用现状及保护措施

1甘草的用途甘草为一种多年生草本植物，用途广泛，其应用历史已有4000多年：①医药上甘草为众药之王，具有补脾益气、清热解毒、祛痰止咳、缓急止痛、调和诸药的功效，我国南朝药物学家门宏景曾在其所辑（名医别录）中称它为“美草”。意大利、西班牙和西印度群岛部分地区的土著居民至今还保留着嚼甘草防疾病的习俗。②饮食上甘草的提取物可作为饮料、糖果、冰淇淋等食品生产的添加剂。如在巧克力糖中加人甘草甜素，可增加可可粉的香味，并减少25％的可可粉用量。③工业制品上甘草的应用前景日益广阔。甘草渣中含有大量纤维，可用于纺织、…     

超高效液相色谱法同时测定桦褐孔菌中三种主要化合物的含量

建立超高效液相色谱法(UPLC),测定桦褐孔菌中三种主要化合物原儿茶醛、丁香酸和(E)-4-(3,4-二羟基苯基)丁-3-烯-2-酮含量。采用UPLC法,色谱柱为CORTECS UPLC T3(2. 1mm×100mm,1. 6μm),流动相为乙腈—水(含0. 1%甲酸),柱温为40℃,流速为0. 4mL/min,进样量为1μL,检测波长为280nm。结果表明:原儿茶醛、丁香酸和(E)-4-(3,4-二羟基苯基)丁-3-烯-2-酮分别在0. 1953125—6. 25μg/m L(R2=1. 0000)、0. 1953125—6. 25μg/m L (R2=0.9998)、0. 1953125—6. 25μg/m L(R2=1. 0000)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率(n=9)分别为98. 150%(RSD=1. 924%)、95. 787%(RSD=2. 487%)、100. 324%(RSD=1. 541%)。不同产地间的桦褐孔菌含量测定结果表明,三种化合物含量的差异较大,吉林长白山最高,俄罗斯西伯利亚次之,黑龙江大兴安岭最低。该方法操作简便、结果准确可靠、重现性好,可为桦褐孔菌的定量分析和质量评价提供科学的依据。     

HPLC分析暴马丁香不同部位的紫丁香苷含量

分析研究了暴马丁香不同部位中的紫丁香苷含量,为可持续合理利用和保护暴马丁香资源提供依据。利用Alltech高效液相色谱仪对暴马丁香不同部位中的紫丁香苷含量进行了测定,色谱柱为ODS-C18(4.6mm×250mm,5um),测定紫丁香苷的流动相为乙腈∶水(12∶88),体积流量1ml/min,柱温为室温,检测波长265nm。结果表明,紫丁香苷在0.1—7.0μg与峰面积具有良好的线性关系,紫丁香苷含量为韧皮部3.593%枝皮1.174%干皮1.166%木栓层0.568%枝条0.509%根0.421%木质部0.104%。该方法简便可靠、快速、重现性好,适用于暴马丁香中紫丁香苷的含量测定。     

种植甘草,全身是宝

甘草 ,别名甜草、甜根子、甜甘草等 ,以根及根状茎入药 ,含甘草酸、甘草次酸、甘草内酯、黄酮类和香豆素类化合物。其味甘、性平、有补脾益气、止咳祛痰、清热解毒之功能 ,主治脾胃虚弱 ,咳嗽气喘 ,痈疽疮毒等症 ,在食品工业及轻工业上也有广泛的用途。甘草主产于内蒙古、吉林、新疆、甘肃、宁夏、河北等地 ,过去主要依赖野生。据有关资料介绍 ,我国是世界上唯一的甘草生产大国 ,出口三十多个国家和地区 ,仅日本年需求量就达 1万t之多。甘草是我国 2 0 0 0多种草药中用量最大的一味草药 ,素有“十方九草 ,无草不成方”之说。人工种植甘草主…     

川渝两地吴茱萸的有效成分测定分析

建立同时测定吴茱萸中吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱和柠檬苦素含量的高效液相色谱的新方法,以测定川渝两地吴茱萸有效成分的含量.采用色谱柱Zorbax Eclipse C<,18>(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-四氢呋喃-0.02%磷酸水溶液(22:13:65)1.0mL/min,检测波长220nm,柱温35℃进行测定.结果表明,吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱和柠檬苦素分别在0.051-0.518μg(r=0.9997)、0.021-0.212μg(r=0.9995)、0.085-0.427μg(r=0.9998)范围内呈良好的线形关系.川渝两地吴茱萸总碱的平均值为1.340%,柠檬苦素含量的平均值为0.4138%,吴茱萸、柠檬苦素含量不能达到药典要求.     

高效液相法测定牡丹皮药材中丹皮酚的含量

用高效液相色谱法测定5个产地丹皮药材的丹皮酚含量。色谱柱为菲罗门LunaC18柱(5μm,4.6mm×250mm),流动相为甲醇—水(45∶55),流速1mL/min,检测波长274nm,柱温25℃。结果表明,丹皮酚在0.432—4.32μg线性良好,相关系数r=0.9997,平均回收率为100.08%,RSD为2.85%(n=5)。丹皮酚含量按其平均值为安徽丹皮>陕西丹皮>山东丹皮>河南丹皮>重庆丹皮。该方法快速简便,结果准确可靠。     

宁夏乌拉尔甘草地上资源的开发利用

报道了系统提取、分离宁夏乌拉尔甘草地上部分的色素类和生物黄酮类等有效成分的工艺及产品开发前景展望.最佳工艺是:料叶用95%的乙醇浸泡后,将色素类和黄酮类用石油醚分离,色素类可以制成叶绿素铜钠盐及叶黄素等,黄酮通过柱层析法制得含量大于80%的甘草叶黄酮产品.该工艺操作简单、连续,可以实现工业化生产.     

宁夏甘草资源的保护及可持续利用对策

宁夏地道中药材甘草资源在"先开发后保护"的观念指导下造成了野生资源的极大破坏,成为制约甘草资源可持续利用的最主要障碍.阐述了宁夏甘草资源保护与可持续发展的指导思想及原则,提出了具有半干旱地区区域特点的资源保护和可持续利用对策.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.     

Bioremediation of Soils by Plant–Microbe Systems

Abstract

Sustainable ecosystems can be designed to eliminate environmental toxins and reduce pathogen loads through the direct and indirect consequences of plant and microbial activities. We present an approach to the bioremediation of disturbed environments, focusing on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. Treatment consists of incorporating a plant-based amendment to enhance ecosystem productivity and physiochemical degradation followed by the establishment of plants to serve as oxidizers and foundations for microbial communities. Promising amendments for widespread use are entire plants of the water fern Azolla and seed meal of Brassica napus (rapeseed). An inexpensive byproduct from the manufacture of biodiesel and lubricants, rapeseed meal is high in nitrogen (6% wt/wt), stimulates >100-fold increases in populations of resident Streptomyces species, and suppresses fungal infection of roots subsequently cultivated in the amended soil. Synergistic enzymatic and chemical activities of plant and microbial metabolism in root zones transform and degrade soil contaminants. Emphasis is given to mechanisms that enable PHC functionalization via reactive molecular species.     

Energetics and environmental costs of agriculture in a dry tropical region of India

The present article, based on a study of five village ecosystems, assesses the energy efficiency of rain-fed agriculture in a dry tropical environment and the impact of agricultural activity on the surrounding natural ecosystems. Agronomic yield is insufficient to meet the food requirement of the human population, hence 11.5%–49.7% of the required amount of food grains are imported from the market. Energy requirements of five studied agroecosystems are subsidized considerably by the surrounding forest in the form of fodder and firewood. Natural ecosystems supply about 80%–95% of fodder needs and 81%–100% of fuelwood needs. The output-input ratio of agriculture indicated that, on average, 4.1 units of energy are expended to obtain one unit of agronomic energy. Of this, 3.9 units are supplied by the natural ecosystem. In addition, 38% of the extracted firewood is marketed. The illegal felling and lopping of trees result in ever-increasing concentric circles of forest destruction around the villages and together with excessive grazing results in savannization. The forests can be conserved by encouraging fuelwood plantations (0.7 ha/ha cultivated land) and developing village pastures (1.6 ha/ha cultivated land) and reducing the livestock numbers. Agricultural production in the region can be stabilized by introducing improved dry farming techniques such as intercropping, planned rainwater management, and adequate use of fertilizers.     

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “METROPOLITAN WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS?”1

ABSTRACT The term “institution” and several variants are used frequently in the literature on metropolitan water management. The state-of-the art investigation on which this paper is based revealed that 1) many uses of the term do not include careful definitions; 2) many users of the term seemed unaware of the general, theoretical literature on the subject of institutions; 3) there was little consistency among uses, either in the practical literature dealing with water or in the conceptual literature dealing with theories of institutions or institutionalization; 4) some usages were without significant meaning; 5) in many cases the term was used as a kind of “black box” to account for behavioral, societal, or managerial factors; 6) the term was often used as a synonym for “organization”. This latter use is frequently found in federal reports, including National Water Commission studies, and is most unfortunate because it tends to slight significant social-psychological factors. A suggested definition is: “An institution is the structured result or outcome of a process by which values are articulated, arranged, and communicated, having continuity over time, and influencing behavior of persons who did not necessarily participate in formulating those values (norms).”     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.     

Waste minimisation in practice

One of the major hindrances to waste minimisation on a construction site is the difficulty in establishing a methodology and using this methodology to benchmark future construction projects. This paper introduces SMARTWaste, a software tool that has been used to audit, reduce and target waste arisings on a construction site. This tool tries to link the construction process and the waste hierarchy. That is reducing waste on a construction site rather than landfilling it. Three applications of the SMARTWaste software will be discussed using case studies from three different types of construction. An evaluation of these case studies shows that, by implementing a waste minimisation scheme on-site, you can improve material recovery for reuse. Also, by using the waste arisings as a benchmark you can reduce your waste arisings on future sites. Application of SMARTWaste or a similar waste minimisation tool on a wider basis could reduce waste arisings and could result in a built environment that consumed less natural resources and energy, and also produced less pollution and waste. Such a built environment would be environmentally and socially more responsive and responsible.     

COMPARISON OF TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUE OF COMMON CARP AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MONITORING1

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) collected from four sites in the Red River of the North in 1994 were analyzed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), selenium (So), and zinc (Zn). Concentrations differed among liver, muscle, and whole body. Generally, trace element concentrations were the greatest in livers while concentrations in whole bodies were greater than those in muscle for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and concentrations in muscle were similar to whole body for As and Se. Concentrations of Cr were lower in liver than either muscle or whole body. Correlations between liver and whole body concentrations were stronger than those between liver and muscle concentrations, but the strongest correlations were between muscle and whole body concentrations. Examination of tissue concentrations by collection sites suggested that, for a general survey, the whole body may be the most effective matrix to analyze.