镇江市新区第二污水厂水质水量平衡分析研究

本文针对厂外泵站和厂区进水水质水量不一致现象以及污水厂出水NH3-N指标较高的问题,进行了污水厂外泵站和厂区进水水质水量平衡与污水厂内氮平衡的分析研究.根据研究结果,通过改进泵站取样方式,对SS较高的脱水机冲洗水进行沉淀处理以及加强对排水用户的监管后,目前该污水厂运行稳定,水质水量能够保证平衡,出水NH3-N能够稳定达标.     

旱三熟带状轮作小春预留行栽油菜技术

本文根据南充地区冬春气候特点,并针对旱地实行的中厢分带间套种植小春预留行未充分利用的状况,从1984年开始在预留行进行了栽油菜研究。结果表明,一般亩增菜籽30～40kg,增加产值34～45元,纯收入21～32元,并找出了适于预留行栽植的油菜品种和配套栽培技术。     

珠江三角洲经济区污水系统设计原则

分析了珠江三角洲经济区水环境现状；阐述了城市污水分散处理与集中处理的利弊；指出污水深度处理与回用是形成良性水循环的有效途径，更是经济可持续发展的必然要求；通过对已建排水系统存在问题的分析，探讨了珠江三角洲经济开发区污水系统的设计原则，认为污水系统规划要改变传统设计方法，应方便再生水回用，由经济、技术、地理等综合因素确定排水分区、污水厂厂址与数量，选择适合各排水区域水质水量的工艺流程，预留污水厂与再生水回用管线分期发展的空间，应优先选用国产污水处理设备，尽可能维持城市河涌自然生态。     

再生水补给城市河道的生态服务价值预测

为了充分认识再生水用于城市河道补水后的潜在正面环境价值,构建了案例区规划水系的水量水质模型,并筛选了7项景观生态河流的生态服务价值指标,对案例区的河流生态服务价值进行了评估。以规划补水量为基础条件,规划水系的潜在服务价值总量约为1.995亿元,每增加1倍补水量可增加约0.4~0.5亿元的服务价值。气候调节、洪水调蓄和水量存贮是总量中占比最高的前三位指标,在规划情景下分别占总量的43.2%、41.6%、15.0%。生态服务价值总量和前三位指标的计算结果均能与再生水补水量拟合形成较好的响应关系,因此研究结果可以为预测评估不同补水量条件下的潜在河流生态服务价值提供一定的依据。     

居住区生活污水资源化的探讨

城镇居住区的生活污水资源化越来越受到关注,掌握其水质水量变化趋势对收集、处理和资源化利用十分必要。分别以北方某城市、南方某城市、东部某城市的典型居住区为例,开展了水质水量调查。研究表明,居住区的水量变化规律有很强的地区差异性,且与当地的生活习惯有很大关系。北方地区的污水各项污染物浓度平均比南方地区高10%。主要污染物的浓度与用水量有一定相关性,除去夜间的洗浴时间,在用水高峰期尤其是清晨期间浓度较高。     

二维水权分配公平性评估的双因素灰色关联分析方法

针对二维水权分配公平性评估的特点,对邓氏灰色关联度进行了拓展,提出了双因素灰色关联度概念,构建了系统比较序列为双因素序列组的灰色关联分析方法.将水量权和排污权的分配比例向量组作为双因素系统比较序列组,将水权理想公平分配比例向量作为系统主行为序列,基于两者之间的双因素灰色关联度,评估二维水权分配方案的公平性.双因素灰色关联分析方法可实现对水量权和排污权分配公平性的有机统一评估.以北江流域为例进行了分析.     

引江济太入湖污染物通量及其对太湖水质贡献

引江济太工程是旨在改善太湖水质的重要工程举措,弄清调水过程中输入太湖的污染物负荷量是研究调水效果的重要方面。本研究根据2003年~2008年调水量和望亭立交闸下的水质监测数据,定量地计算了调水的入湖水量和污染物通量。同时根据2000年~2005年环湖30条河道每月一次的水文及水质监测数据,计算每年环湖河道的入湖水量及污染物通量。通过比较结果表明平均每年调水的入湖污染物通量约占总入湖污染物通量的10%,定量地给出了调水对太湖水质的贡献。     

国际动态

正渔业补贴加剧过度捕捞全球海洋委员会日前发现,18个国家正在通过提供给渔业公司的补贴,间接支持掠夺公海渔业资源的行为。由此,渔业公司的船队可以进入公海捕获金枪鱼以及其他鱼类资源,这给全球食品安全带来威胁。各国政府应逐步停止补贴行为,让鱼类资源能有时间得到恢复。此外,各国还要减少塑料的使用比例,降低对海洋的污染。北美地壳发现大量地下水美国科学家近日在北美地壳数百公里之下发现了隐藏的水源,这一水源可能是迄今发现的最大地下水源,其水量可能比全世界海洋海水的水量更多。     

化工企业初期雨水污染防治

化工企业厂区初期雨水径流含有各种跑、冒、滴、漏的化学品或油品,为有效防止其对周围土壤和水体污染,本文根据化工项目初期雨水的水质、水量特点,提出了相应的收集和处理办法.     

对当前污水处理行业政府监管规制建设的思考与建议

污水处理行业的技术经济特性决定了污水处理行业政府规制的必要性.明确的规制目标是建立污水处理行业政府规制体制的基本前提.在详细分析了污水行业技术经济特性的基础上,提出了当前污水处理行业政府规制目标,并结合当前污水处理行业政府规制现状,做了相关政策的分析研究,为政府监管规制建设做了有益的探索.     

INFLUENCE OF WELL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY ON SAMPLING DECISIONS AND MONITORING1

ABSTRACT: Local governmental agencies responsible for decisions in ground water quality management need not only data on ground water quality but they also must understand the relationship of accuracies and risks associated with this data as related to the number of wells to sample. In this report we address this problem by using the philosophical doctrines of probabilism and relativism with simple statistical procedures. This requires a reasonable estimate of the population variance in a quality parameter for a given management-unit area, and requires that the decisionmaker formulate constraints with an acceptable standard error of the sample mean and be willing to accept some level of probability of being Wrong. This technique is illustrated using a 21-year data base of well water chemical data in a 653 km² ground water quality study area in the San Joaquin Valley of California.     

河网水质模型研究进展

纵观水质模型的研究、应用及相关科学的发展，本文针对现有的水质模型做了分析评价，简要介绍了河网水质模型的未来研究趋势，并提出了几点建议。     

QUANTIFICATION OF INSTREAM FLOW NEEDS OF A WILD AND SCENIC RIVER FOR WATER RIGHTS LITIGATION1

ABSTRACT: The lower 4 miles of the Red River, a tributary of the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico, was designated as one of the “instant” components of the National Wild and Scenic River System in 1968. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), as the managing agency of the wild and scenic river, was a participant in a general water rights adjudication of the Red River stream system. The BLM sought a federal reserved water right and asserted a claim to the instream flows necessary to protect and maintain the values of the river. Instream flows are not recognized under New Mexico water law. Instream flow requirements were determined by several methods to quantify the claims made by the United States for a federal reserved water right under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. The scenic (aesthetic), recreational, and fish and wildlife values are the purposes for which instream flow requirements were claimed. Since water quality is related to these values, instream flows for waste transport and protection of water quality were also included in the claim. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Instream Flow Incremental Methodology was used to quantify the relationship between various flow regimes and fish habitat. Experience in this litigation indicates the importance of using state-of-the-art methodologies in quantifying instream flow claims. The incremental methodology held up well under technical and legal scrutiny and is an example of the latest methodology that was applied successfully in an adjudication. On February 23, 1984, the parties involved in the adjudication entered a precedential stipulation recognizing a federal reserved right to instream flows for the Red River component of the National Wild and Scenic River System.     

TEACHING WATER RESOURCES POLICY TO UNWERSITY SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING STUDENTS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES1

ABSTRACT: Effectively teaching water resources policy to university science and engineering students is both important and difficult. Most careers in the water resources field require an understanding of the comprehensive governmental regulatory structure affecting water use. Also, few science and engineering curricula encourage their students to take policy courses. Successful approaches to teaching water resources policy might include epistemological comparisons, case studies, issue maps, and interactive simulations. Obstacles to the effective teaching of this subject include students' insufficient preparation and student disdain and cynicism. These obstacles may be mitigated by requiring a prerequisite, developing a glossary of policy-related terms, and introducing the course through lectures emphasizing realistic views of the water resources management field and the nature of the American political system.     

MONTANA'S EXPERIENCE IN RESERVING YELLOWSTONE RIVER WATER FOR INSTREAM BENEFICIAL USES - THE RESERVATION DECISION1

ABSTRACT: The Yellowstone River in Montana produces an abundant supply of high quality water, but in the early 1970's, the specter of mushrooming energy development in the drainage with its attendant demands for large volumes of water prompted this state to initiate steps to protect existing users and to control future water uses. A Water Use Act was passed in 1973, and a moratorium was subsequently placed on the granting of new permits for major diversion. During this moratorium, various governmental entities were given the opportunity to request the reservation of water for future beneficial uses, including instream purposes. An earlier paper described the reservation applications that were received by the state, and it also summarized the legal framework of the reservation process in Montana. Since that time, the responsible state agency has had the opportunity to review the reservation requests, and its final decision in this regard was announced in December of 1978. This paper describes the details of this decision. Basically, an attempt was made to preserve the integrity of the stream while also strengthening its agricultural uses. In addition, a portion of the flow was not earmarked which will provide some flexibility in reacting to future demands.     

BRUSHLAND MANAGEMENT FOR INCREASED WATER YIELD IN TEXAS1

ABSTRACT: Policies to encourage brush management are under consideration as a means to address the water scarcity issue in Texas. Additional water can be generated by treating some of the 100-million-plus acres of brush-infested rangelands in Texas. Evidence of water yield benefits are, however, tentative at this time. Economic investigations based on available data show the potential desirability of brush management but also show benefits to be critically dependent on added water yield, value, and cost-sharing policy. Wildlife, water rights, and environmental issues are also important considerations. The lack of research information on likely impacts makes it difficult to choose among alternative policies for encouraging brush management. More research on this potential opportunity is needed.     

BUILDING THE AGENDA FOR INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH IN WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: This paper pursues more specifically the recommendations of a recent National Research Council report recommending greater attention to research on institutions in the field of water resource management. The important challenge for the future in institutional research lies in going beyond the observation that institutions are important and in explaining instead how institutions actually affect management options and outcomes. It is possible to illuminate the relationships between institutional features and water management through comparative institutional research. This paper offers recommendations for studying water institutions in a comparative context, including methodological recommendations concerning approaches to comparative institutional research, and topics for comparative institutional research that appear especially fruitful at this time. The example of conjunctive management is used to illustrate the importance of institutional factors in water management, drawing to some extent on the authors’ recent experience with a comparative study of conjunctive management institutions.     

Exploring the current status of water governance and outcomes of community-based monitoring across the Oak Ridges Moraine,Southern Ontario,Canada

ABSTRACT

Community-based monitoring (CBM) activities are becoming increasingly prevalent in response to multiple factors, including reduced governmental capacity and increased public interest in environmental management. This research aims to explore how CBM has evolved in the Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM), southern Ontario, including an examination of strengths and challenges. Interviews with CBM stakeholders, provincial government staff, and conservation authority staff were combined with document analysis to explore the evolution and outcomes of ORM CBM activities. Results indicate that there is active CBM on the ORM and conservation authorities play a role in the shaping of CBM activities, although significant barriers remain to civil society participation in water governance. The case study results from the ORM were also considered in light of research emerging from the Nova Scotia experience of numerous civil society organisations involved in CBM.     

AN ECONOMIC OVERVIEW OF HAWAII'S WATER INSTITUTIONS1

ABSTRACT: The problem of allocating scarce water resources among competing uses and users over time in Hawaii is addressed within the context of analytical institutional economics. The nature of this problem has been, in recent years, highly complicated by important institutional changes that control operating decisions for water supply and water pollution. Whereas the imbalance in governmental initiatives regarding changes in the system of water rights (predominantly state) and environmental laws (predominantly federal) are based on U.S. constitutional provisions, the more fundamental roots of the crucial legal doctrines involved have been traced back to the common property concept. This suggests that the more promising opportunities for meeting the water policy challenges of the state are to be found in the historical common property system (ahupua'a) of Hawaii.