应急供水规划调控方案优化模型的研究

目前应急供水方案通常是根据经验进行确定,缺乏对于各种方案及其成本的比较。本文以水源突发性事件造成的供水短缺为前提,将应急供水系统的方案分成备用水源供水、污染水的应急处理、水量的压缩3个方面,建立了符合实际的应急供水系统方案优化模型。运用遗传算法,得到新建应急供水系统的成本并求得其最优值。将该模型用于东莞市应急供水规划调控方案,可以为实际应急供水方案提供依据和指导。     

地下水应急水源地建设工程设计实例

为降低单一水源城市面临水源地水质下降和突发污染等风险,诸多城市已开展应急供水水源的规划与建设。以南通市某区地下水应急水源地建设工程为例,介绍水源地建设规模和铁超标地下水水源的处理工艺及设计。经过运行实践证明,在工程设计时采取适当的工程措施,在运行管理中对深水井进行定期抽水及维护保养,对深井潜水泵进行保养,可以有效保证应急水源地处于常备用状态。所总结提炼的相关经验可供相似城市地下水应急水源地建设参考借鉴。     

兢兢业业勤值守 危难时刻显身手——记环境保护部环境应急与事故调查中心应急值守处

近年来，在部党组的坚强领导下，环境应急与事故调查中心应急值守处认真履行职责，在任务重、要求高、人员少的情况下，坚守岗位，及时接报和调度事故信息，保障信息畅通，最大程度地预防、最大限度地减轻了事故危害。2004年至2008年年底，应急值守处直接调度处理的突发环境事件共544起，2008年接报135起，妥善指导处理卜批严重危害群众健康的突发环境事件。     

中国石油突发事件应急体系及运行特征

分析了中国石油天然气集团公司(简称中国石油)大陆业务面临的安全环保突发事故风险,介绍了中国石油应急体系的应急组织、应急救援队伍、应急预案体系、应急物资保障、应急技术支持情况。阐述了中国石油在井控、管道应急抢维修、消防、海上(溢油)方面的应急队伍组织结构及突发事故发生后的应急体系运行机制。通过采取自主型突发事件应急体系,主要依靠自有力量完成事故应急工作。     

突发性环境污染事故应急管理系统研究进展

随着社会经济的发展，突发性环境污染事故频繁发生。为有效预防和控制突发性环境污染事故，各国开发了相应的应急管理系统，为污染事故处置提供应对技术和决策支持。本文综合论述了国内外突发环境污染事故应急管理系统的开发和应用情况、服务内容及特点，并对我国应急管理的发展提出建议。     

一队多用 联动救援 探索环境应急新机制

近年来，危险化学品泄露、环境污染突发事故频繁发生，受到世界舆论的普遍关注，引起国家对突发环境污染事件特别是危险化学品安全管理的高度重视。因此，为控制突发环境污染事故发生的危害，减少人民群众生命和财产的损失，建立起突发环境污染事故应急救援体系，成立突发环境应急救援队伍已刻不容缓。     

基于人工神经网络的突发环境事故应急系统

突发环境事故现场具有形势紧迫、信息获取困难等特点,引入人工神经网络技术(Artificial Neural Networks,ANN)设计开发的突发环境事故应急决策支持系统(ANN-EEDSS),能够完成现场应急指挥调度的定量化决策支持。关键技术包括突发环境事故神经网络构建方法,事故信息与应急措施的数字化方法,决策信息的翻译表示,事故影响因素的权重分析。最后阐述了系统现场运行和工作的流程。     

油田企业环境应急监测体系

为了更好地适应新形势的需要,充分发挥环境监测机构的作用,针对油田企业突发事件的特点,结合环境监测的基本要求,简要介绍了油田企业环境应急监测体系的组织管理、应急方案、装备要求、应急体系维护及完善等方面的基本要求。科学、规范地实施环境应急监测体系,将有助于提高企业技术服务机构的竞争力,大大降低各类突发事故的损失率。     

化工园区突发环境事件应急预案编制的研究

我国的化工园区为促进经济和社会发展做出了重要贡献。由于化工园区内危险化学品种类多、有毒有害物质数量大、环境风险等级高,存在着发生重特大事故的现实性和可能性。但是,我国至今尚未制定化工园区突发环境事件应急预案编制技术规范,相关研究也未见报道。在当前化工园区安全生产事件高发并严重影响周边环境的情况下,研究化工园区突发环境事件应急预案编制方法,提高应对安全生产事故以及次生突发环境事件的能力尤为重要。通过分析化工园区环境风险物质、环境风险工艺和环境风险受体三个方面的环境风险的特性,初步拟定了化工园区突发环境事件应急预案编制调查评估、建章立制、预案编写三个阶段的技术路线,明确了开展环境风险评估、加强应急能力建设、完善环境风险防范措施和环境应急处置措施的四项编制要点,在此基础上提出了化工园区突发环境事件应急预案由综合预案、现场处置预案、专项预案、环境风险评估报告、环境应急资源调查报告六部分组成的结构框架。     

突发环境事件应急演练场景设计探索

以安全生产事故次生引发突发环境事件为设计背景,结合国家相关法律、法规、技术规范以及环境应急资源现状,从应急响应流程、信息报送、应急监测、现场处置、信息公开及舆情应对等方面,提出了突发环境事件应急演练应以分场景-多任务的思路构建及开展,并成功应用于广东省第二届突发环境事件应急演练大比武,为各级生态环境管理部门和企业环境管理人员开展科学合理的突发环境事件应急演练提供参考。     

中小企业环境污染事故防范应急对策探讨

中小企业总体上表现为数量众多，技术水平千差万别，涉及使用或生产的化学品种类繁杂，因此在化学品储运，废液、污水的处理上容易引发事故，是环境污染事故多发的主体。结合基层工作实践，认为国家应严格对中小企业的环境管理，为其污染事故处理提供广泛的技术支撑，编制各级应急预案。     

原油在盐水中的溶解度研究

为了弄清污染事故的污染程度及影响因素,对原油在盐水中的溶解度进行了研究;采用正交实验方法,选定四个主要影响因素：水温、水深度、放置时间及油膜厚度,每个因素取三个水平。实验结果表明：影响水中油浓度最显著的因素是油膜厚度,显著因素是温度和水深度,次要因素是放置时间;研究结果可为污染事故的应急水处理提供依据。     

我国突发环境事件应急法制法律原则的探析

法律原则对法律制度的建立、发展和完善起着尤为重要的指导作用。我国突发环境事件应急法制还处于起步阶段，相关法律研究也存在欠缺和不深入的问题。本文在比较几种相关概念的法律原则的基础上，总结环境应急法制法律原则的特征，试提出我国环境应急法制所要遵循的几条法律原则。     

城市供水管网地理信息系统的建立与应用

本文根据供水管网日常管理的实际需求，建立了供水管网地理信息系统，并详细介绍了系统建立的进程、技术解决方案、主要功能设计及其系统完善。该系统于2002年投入使用，并在使用过程中始终保持良好的现势性。     

REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY PLANNING STUDY FOR NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS1

ABSTRACT: The development of a regional water supply system for the six-county area of Northeastern Illinois is presented in this paper, including: 1) the establishment of regional water supply technical planning policies; 2) the development and utilization of a regional water supply computer model to identify the principal and secondary sources of water supply for each entity in the study area, based on an apparent cost-effective source analysis; and 3) utilization of the study results to develop for the year 2010 a suggested preliminary regional water supply system. Using the findings from task 2 above, a proposed plan for overall Lake Michigan water use through the year 2010 was also developed. The effects of the proposed regional water supply system on future water levels in the deep aquifer were also discussed.     

The Role of the Private Sector in Providing Water in Developing Countries

The purpose of this article is to describe the role of the private sector in the supply of water in developing countries. In addition to citing some of the advantages to private supply, the paper discusses some of the objections to private provision, namely 'Natural Monopoly', 'Externalities', and the alleged inability to charge for water. It is concluded that the main obstacles to the private supply of water services are political rather than technical or financial, and that the French Affermage system (or variations thereon) seems to be suitable for many developing countries. There also appears to be considerable scope, in both towns and villages, for consumer co-operatives, and for the enhancement of water vending.     

MULTICRITERIA PROGRAMMING OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR RURAL AREAS1

ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to present a multicriteria methodology for decision aid at the stage of programming a water supply system (WSS) for a rural area. The programming stage is an intermediate one between planning and designing water supply facilities, and can be decomposed into two problems: (a) setting up a priority order of water users, taking into account socio-economic criteria; and (b) choosing the best technical variant of the WSS. Among the criteria considered for the latter problem, there is a criterion of distance between the socio-economic priorities of users and the precedence orders of users according to the technical programming, which plays a coordinating role between problems (a) and (b). All steps of the presented methodology are illustrated by a real case study.     

HYDROLOGIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR URBAN STORMWATER RUNOFF1

ABSTRACT: The successful design of constructed wetlands requires a continuous supply of water or vegetation that can withstand drought conditions. Having a constant water source is the best alternative to insure species diversity throughout the season. Consequently, detention structure designs should be based on times between events as well as on hydrologic return periods, since between events is when most evaporation and infiltration losses are likely to occur. In arid or semi-arid environments, this is a difficult process because of long interevent times and seasonal changes in precipitation patterns. This discussion is predicated on the assumption that phytoplankton, epiphytic algae, and emergent vegetation require moist conditions to be effective at removing nutrients, metals and other pollutants. There are drought tolerant species of vegetation that can be used in constructed wetlands but it may take several days to re-establish the attached bacteria communities necessary for optimum pollutant removal. This paper examines a stochastic framework to examine the probability of extended dry periods based on historic rainfall data. The number of consecutive dry days is selected for a specified level of assurance. By multiplying this value by the sum of daily system losses, an overall pond volume can be determined that ensures a minimum depth of water. To illustrate the utility of the approach, the method is applied to a site in Spokane, Washington.     

城市用水量需求调查、预测及节水对策

目前在各地供水规划工作中，首先需要预测确定供水总量，并且根据供水规划中确定的供水总量决定供水设施规模和建设投资总额，合理地安排供水系统设计工作，同时规划节水的对策与措施。本文针对我国现行的城市供水规划工程规范的使用情况，进行国内外城市供水量现状比较，并结合秦皇岛市的城市供水及城市节水各项措施运用的实际情况，对预测确定供水总量及节水问题，提出讨论和商榷。     

Seasonal water demand in Benin's agriculture

This paper describes and analyzes agricultural water demands for Benin, West Africa. Official statistical data regarding water quantities as well as knowledge on factors influencing the demand for water are extremely rare and often reveal national trends without considering regional or local differences. Thus policy makers usually work with this estimated and aggregated data, which make it very difficult to adequately address regional and local development goals. In the framework of an interdisciplinary analysis the following paper provides insight into water quantification and detects water problems under seasonal aspects for agriculture according to regional differences. Following the definition of the Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO, 1995. Water Report 7. Irrigation in Africa in Figures. Rome] agriculture is divided into irrigation and livestock watering, which were analyzed using different field methods. The study reveals that although water supply in absolute terms seems to be sufficient in Benin, seasonal water problems occur both in irrigation and in livestock management. Thus arising seasonal water problems are not the consequence of general water scarcity but more linked to three major problems. These problems emerge from difficulties in technical equipment and financial means of farmers, from the specific local conditions influencing the access to water sources and the extraction of groundwater, and third from the overall low organizational structure of water management. Therefore regional differences as well as a general improvement of knowledge on better management structures, technical know how, and access to credits for farmers need to be considered in national strategies in order to improve the agricultural water usage in Benin.