饮用水中消毒副产物-卤化酮的生成特性与控制研究进展

卤化酮（haloketones）具有较强的致癌、致畸和致突变性,是饮用水处理领域颇为关注的一类卤代消毒副产物。这类物质可广泛存在于经消毒后的出厂水中,其含量仅次于三卤甲烷、卤乙酸和卤代腈,浓度一般在ng/L与μg/L的水平。鉴于卤化酮具有较强的致癌、致畸和致突变性,是饮用水处理领域颇为关注的一类卤代消毒副产物,本文对其分类特性、检测方法、生成机理、遗传毒性和致癌性、控制方法等进行了综述,这对于国内开展该方向的研究具有参考价值。     

零价金属还原降解水中污染物的应用研究综述

介绍了零价金属在处理环境污染物中的具体应用，包括卤代有机物、重金属、硝基芳香族化合物、偶氮染料、高氯酸盐以及硝酸盐等，指出零价金属可以通过还原和混凝吸附等作用有效地治理环境污染物，并分析了零价金属处理污染物的特点和应用前景。     

青海省盐湖卤虫资源的开发与保护--以尕海湖为例

通过在青海省的实地考察和对尕海湖周边植被的调查，总结出造成青海省尕海湖卤虫产量减少的影响因素，得出防治对策，并对若干卤虫开发利用的问题进行了讨论，为青海省卤虫资源的保护与开发提供参考。     

有害废物和垃圾类别

有害废物和垃圾类别一、含氰废物二、含多氯联苯废物三、废杀虫剂、除草剂、杀菌剂四、含有铍、六价铬、砷、硒、镉、锑、碲、汞、铊、铅及其化合物的废物，含铜、锌化合物的废物五、石棉废物六、废酚和酚化合物七、醚类废物八、废有机卤代化合物九、废无机氟化合物十、废...     

井矿盐开发所致的辐射水平

本文报道了自贡市井矿盐开发所致的辐射水平。井矿盐开发的主要废弃物－卤泥中＾２３８Ｕ，＾２２６Ｒａ，＾２３２Ｔｈ的天然放射性核素比活度比四川省土壤中相应核素平均值高１－２个数量级，且造成卤泥堆积场和局部生产环境陆地γ辐射剂量率高出自贡市环境陆地γ辐射平均值的２．０－４８．３倍，最主超过１６５倍。部份卤泥和盐厂附近江河排放口底泥中天然放射性废物标准。     

焦化厂排水中微量有机污染物分析

本文采用XAD-2树脂／色谱／质谱(GC／MS)技术分析鉴定某焦化厂排水中的微量有机物。结果表明：焦化厂达标排放的废水中仍然含有芳香族及稠环类化合物如二苯乙醇酮、3，4-二氯-异氧杂萘邻酮、1，8-萘二甲酸酐，约占废水总有机碳含量的19．02％。特别是经氯氧化剂处理后生成许多卤代化合物，约占总有机碳含量的57．81％；其中包括毒性很大的二溴-氯甲烷、1-氯．1，2-二溴乙烷等，约占总有机物的7．54％。     

尕海湖卤虫的饵料生物及其食性的调查

尕海湖是青海省盐湖中卤虫蕴藏量最大的湖泊。作者于1993年4月至1994年8月对湖泊的饵料生物进行调查,共发现浮游植物28种,浮游动物2种,底栖动物4种。浮游植物年平均生物量为2.45mg/L,饵料生物的优势种为硅藻和绿藻。作者分析了两湖的饵料生物和卤虫的食性,提出了湖泊卤虫饵料基础与卤虫资源的关系。     

尕海湖卤虫资源调查及开发利用意见

1993至1994年,作者在青海省海西州德令哈市的尕海湖,对其自然环境、卤虫生物学基础和卤虫资源进行了调查,估计出全湖卤虫成体的现存量为900-1000吨,冬卵产量为30—50吨.提出了严禁捕捞开春卵、夏卵,合理开发冬卵,适当开发成虫和加强管理等意见.冬卵的采捕量以不超过20—40吨为宜.     

西北地区大气环流,气候和气象产量的关系及其农业年景的预测

影响西北陕、甘、宁、青卤省区粮食产量的主要气候因子是干旱。文中分析了各省区粮食产量之 和水特别是春季降水与气象产量的关系以及春季多雨年和少雨年大气环流及其主要特征量的差异，并建立了气象产量的大气环流预测模型。     

尕海盐湖卤虫不同发育期的形态结构

采海盐湖卤虫属于孤雌生殖类型，卵径为237.1±13．6μm,自卵内孵出无节幼体至长成性成熟成体共脱皮14次，即共有15个龄期。本文对15个龄期卤虫形态进行了描述。成虫体长10．0～10．5mm，一生约产卵10～15次。     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.     

Bioremediation of Soils by Plant–Microbe Systems

Abstract

Sustainable ecosystems can be designed to eliminate environmental toxins and reduce pathogen loads through the direct and indirect consequences of plant and microbial activities. We present an approach to the bioremediation of disturbed environments, focusing on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. Treatment consists of incorporating a plant-based amendment to enhance ecosystem productivity and physiochemical degradation followed by the establishment of plants to serve as oxidizers and foundations for microbial communities. Promising amendments for widespread use are entire plants of the water fern Azolla and seed meal of Brassica napus (rapeseed). An inexpensive byproduct from the manufacture of biodiesel and lubricants, rapeseed meal is high in nitrogen (6% wt/wt), stimulates >100-fold increases in populations of resident Streptomyces species, and suppresses fungal infection of roots subsequently cultivated in the amended soil. Synergistic enzymatic and chemical activities of plant and microbial metabolism in root zones transform and degrade soil contaminants. Emphasis is given to mechanisms that enable PHC functionalization via reactive molecular species.     

National minerals policies and stakeholder participation for broad-based development in the southern African development community (SADC)

This paper explains how the well-accepted concept of improved stakeholder participation during mineral policy development leads to a national mineral policy that accommodates the diverging views and interests that allows wide acceptance of decisions, enhancing the success of implementation and, ultimately, national benefits. This process is based on lessons learnt during the South African experience and has been successfully applied in the development of the Namibian and Malawian national minerals policies. An effective policy in the SADC will engineer the delicate balance between poverty reduction and an internationally competitive minerals sector. This balance enhances the possibility of long-term economic growth and development in the SADC region. The overriding advantage of this strategy is that it generates ‘home-grown’ policy instruments and implementation of mineral law with which stakeholders can identify. This process presents a new challenge to traditional policy formulation strategies in emerging economies and the bottom-up approach, linked to wide political support, allows the potential realisation of national objectives.     

Energetics and environmental costs of agriculture in a dry tropical region of India

The present article, based on a study of five village ecosystems, assesses the energy efficiency of rain-fed agriculture in a dry tropical environment and the impact of agricultural activity on the surrounding natural ecosystems. Agronomic yield is insufficient to meet the food requirement of the human population, hence 11.5%–49.7% of the required amount of food grains are imported from the market. Energy requirements of five studied agroecosystems are subsidized considerably by the surrounding forest in the form of fodder and firewood. Natural ecosystems supply about 80%–95% of fodder needs and 81%–100% of fuelwood needs. The output-input ratio of agriculture indicated that, on average, 4.1 units of energy are expended to obtain one unit of agronomic energy. Of this, 3.9 units are supplied by the natural ecosystem. In addition, 38% of the extracted firewood is marketed. The illegal felling and lopping of trees result in ever-increasing concentric circles of forest destruction around the villages and together with excessive grazing results in savannization. The forests can be conserved by encouraging fuelwood plantations (0.7 ha/ha cultivated land) and developing village pastures (1.6 ha/ha cultivated land) and reducing the livestock numbers. Agricultural production in the region can be stabilized by introducing improved dry farming techniques such as intercropping, planned rainwater management, and adequate use of fertilizers.     

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “METROPOLITAN WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS?”1

ABSTRACT The term “institution” and several variants are used frequently in the literature on metropolitan water management. The state-of-the art investigation on which this paper is based revealed that 1) many uses of the term do not include careful definitions; 2) many users of the term seemed unaware of the general, theoretical literature on the subject of institutions; 3) there was little consistency among uses, either in the practical literature dealing with water or in the conceptual literature dealing with theories of institutions or institutionalization; 4) some usages were without significant meaning; 5) in many cases the term was used as a kind of “black box” to account for behavioral, societal, or managerial factors; 6) the term was often used as a synonym for “organization”. This latter use is frequently found in federal reports, including National Water Commission studies, and is most unfortunate because it tends to slight significant social-psychological factors. A suggested definition is: “An institution is the structured result or outcome of a process by which values are articulated, arranged, and communicated, having continuity over time, and influencing behavior of persons who did not necessarily participate in formulating those values (norms).”     

Waste minimisation in practice

One of the major hindrances to waste minimisation on a construction site is the difficulty in establishing a methodology and using this methodology to benchmark future construction projects. This paper introduces SMARTWaste, a software tool that has been used to audit, reduce and target waste arisings on a construction site. This tool tries to link the construction process and the waste hierarchy. That is reducing waste on a construction site rather than landfilling it. Three applications of the SMARTWaste software will be discussed using case studies from three different types of construction. An evaluation of these case studies shows that, by implementing a waste minimisation scheme on-site, you can improve material recovery for reuse. Also, by using the waste arisings as a benchmark you can reduce your waste arisings on future sites. Application of SMARTWaste or a similar waste minimisation tool on a wider basis could reduce waste arisings and could result in a built environment that consumed less natural resources and energy, and also produced less pollution and waste. Such a built environment would be environmentally and socially more responsive and responsible.