重金属废物稳定化处理技术现状及发展

本文在综述重金属废物的处理技术现状的基础上 ,重点论述了重金属危险废物的药剂稳定化机理和方法 ,提出重金属螯合剂在重金属污染治理中将发挥重要作用。     

危险废物处置中心物化处理浅析

介绍了一套危险废物处置中心物化处理系统的工艺原理、工艺流程（废酸碱及重金属废液处理、废乳化液处理）,与国内类似企业物化工艺进行对比,分析了系统的优缺点。结合国内危险废物处置现状和运行管理经验,进行了优化完善,进一步提高系统的经济性和稳定可靠性,为同类企业提供参考和借鉴。     

危险废物焚烧飞灰固化处理技术应用探讨

危险废物焚烧处理过程产生的飞灰中含有重金属、二英等有害成分,必须进行处理。目前工程中常用的飞灰固化处理技术主要包括水泥固化、石灰固化、塑性材料固化、玻璃固化等。水泥固化是所有固化技术中应用最多的,但在工程应用中也存在自动化水平不高、成本高、占地面积大、对环境有潜在威胁等问题,需进一步克服。     

电化学技术在重金属废水处理中应用

电化学法处理重金属废水，就是在直流电作用下，利用电极反应和重金属离子在溶液中的迁移来实现对废水的净化。电化学处理技术能实现废水的处理和重金属的资源化，降低废水处理成本，在重金属废水处理中有着较好的应用前景。     

水泥窑协同处置危险废物中典型污染物迁移转化规律研究

水泥窑协同处置危险废物过程产生一系列的含Cr、Pb、Cl的危险废物。在实验室中,通过掺加不同Cr、Pb和Cl元素含量的典型危险废物,模拟煅烧熟料,研究Cr、Pb和Cl在水泥熟料中的固化率。结果表明:不挥发性重金属Cr在熟料中的固化率在50%以上,并随着生料中Cr掺加量的增加而增加;难挥发性重金属Pb元素在熟料中的固化率范围为19.69%~22.57%,在生料中Pb元素增加后,固化率则呈先增加后下降的趋势;非金属Cl元素在熟料中的固化率范围为3.30%~5.87%。Cl元素在熟料中的固化率在10%以下,并随着Cl元素掺加量的增加,Cl在熟料中的固化率减小。最后,对比《固体废物生产水泥污染控制标准》(征求意见稿)中水泥产品中Cr和Pb元素含量限值(0.1mg/L,0.05 mg/L),实验结果表明Cr和Pb的浸出含量都在限值范围内,满足标准的要求。     

重金属污染土壤修复淋洗剂研究进展

针对不同重金属淋洗特性存在差异的问题，综述了绿色、高效淋洗剂的最佳淋洗条件、淋洗机理、化学反应实质及环境风险，为修复污染土壤选用或复配淋洗剂提供参考。总的来说，有机酸绿色、无污染，重金属去除效果较好，其中柠檬酸重金属去除率最高，控制pH=1～4、浓度0.2～0.4mol/L、时间4～12h的淋洗条件，能达到较好淋洗效果；人工螯合剂重金属去除效果好，但或存在环境风险或价格昂贵，仅GLDA生物可降解且重金属鳌合能力强，经GLDA淋洗后的土壤，需搁置28d后再资源化利用；表面活性剂重金属去除效果一般，通常作为淋洗助剂效果更好。笔者认为，加强修复不同类型复合重金属污染土壤的复配淋洗剂研究，淋洗剂复配应考察去除率、环境友好、经济可行三者综合最优，残留淋洗剂及淋洗剂降解后产物对环境影响，是未来的研究重点。     

创新-构建绿色未来 访鑫联环保科技股份有限公司董事长马黎阳

有关数据显示,我国每年产生含有重金属的钢铁烟尘与有色金属冶炼渣等超过5000万吨,历史存量超过7亿吨。这些冶金固体危险废物成分复杂,如果不能做到良好的回收处理,就会造成严重的环境危害和资源浪费。而由于冶金固体危险废物资源化处置的脱氯除杂是世界性难题,很多企业因为无法突破此项技术,处置效果并不理想。在冶金固体危险废物处置行业中,鑫联环保股份有限公司(以下简称"鑫联环保")创立于2000年,致力于通过高科技手段对冶金、化工等行业产生的含重金属固体危废进行清洁利用和无害化处理,成功开创了以资源化利用方式从源头消除重金属污染的产业发展途径,是中国含重金属冶金固体危险废物资源化利用领域的技术先导和产业龙头,也是全球范围内钢铁烟尘处理规模大、技术先进、产业链完整的高科技环保企业。日前,本刊采访了鑫联环保董事长马黎阳先生。     

建立有效回收网络,防治危险废物污染环境

工业废弃物中，废酸碱、重金属、废矿物油等都属于危险废物，我们日常生活中的废电池、灯管、显像管、空调、冰箱等都含有大量成分的危险废物。开展危险废物的有效回收，建立有效回收网络，才能从根本上防治危险废物进入环境，防治危险废物给人类与环境造成严重灾难。     

生活垃圾焚烧中重金属行为的研究进展

垃圾中的金属以氧化物、氮化物、碳化物及其它形态转移到焚烧产物如烟气、飞灰和底灰中，需严格控制焚烧过程中重金属的排放，故清楚了解金属在焚烧中的行为是很必要的。经研究发现，飞灰中重金属含量远远大于底灰中的含量，因此以垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的稳定化处理为目标，分析了目前国内外处理垃圾焚烧飞灰的方法和重金属在各种影响因素下的行为，并进行了比较，为飞灰的无害化和资源化处理提供参考。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰处置与资源化利用研究进展

随着生活垃圾焚烧处理方式的不断推广，焚烧飞灰的产生量也不断增加。按照我国固体废物分类方法，焚烧飞灰属于危险废物，必须进一步处置才能进入填埋场或资源化利用。本文分析了飞灰物理化学特性，论述了常规处置技术（水泥固化、化学药剂稳定化、酸溶剂提取和熔融固化等）存在的问题。将原始飞灰直接应用于水泥、混凝土或路基材料，飞灰中高含量的重金属和盐类会产生新的环境问题。飞灰水洗可以高效去除其中的可溶性盐类，水洗飞灰在焙烧后重金属的浸出浓度远低于原始飞灰烧结后的相应浓度，飞灰水洗-焙烧技术具有很好的应用前景。     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.     

Bioremediation of Soils by Plant–Microbe Systems

Abstract

Sustainable ecosystems can be designed to eliminate environmental toxins and reduce pathogen loads through the direct and indirect consequences of plant and microbial activities. We present an approach to the bioremediation of disturbed environments, focusing on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. Treatment consists of incorporating a plant-based amendment to enhance ecosystem productivity and physiochemical degradation followed by the establishment of plants to serve as oxidizers and foundations for microbial communities. Promising amendments for widespread use are entire plants of the water fern Azolla and seed meal of Brassica napus (rapeseed). An inexpensive byproduct from the manufacture of biodiesel and lubricants, rapeseed meal is high in nitrogen (6% wt/wt), stimulates >100-fold increases in populations of resident Streptomyces species, and suppresses fungal infection of roots subsequently cultivated in the amended soil. Synergistic enzymatic and chemical activities of plant and microbial metabolism in root zones transform and degrade soil contaminants. Emphasis is given to mechanisms that enable PHC functionalization via reactive molecular species.     

Energetics and environmental costs of agriculture in a dry tropical region of India

The present article, based on a study of five village ecosystems, assesses the energy efficiency of rain-fed agriculture in a dry tropical environment and the impact of agricultural activity on the surrounding natural ecosystems. Agronomic yield is insufficient to meet the food requirement of the human population, hence 11.5%–49.7% of the required amount of food grains are imported from the market. Energy requirements of five studied agroecosystems are subsidized considerably by the surrounding forest in the form of fodder and firewood. Natural ecosystems supply about 80%–95% of fodder needs and 81%–100% of fuelwood needs. The output-input ratio of agriculture indicated that, on average, 4.1 units of energy are expended to obtain one unit of agronomic energy. Of this, 3.9 units are supplied by the natural ecosystem. In addition, 38% of the extracted firewood is marketed. The illegal felling and lopping of trees result in ever-increasing concentric circles of forest destruction around the villages and together with excessive grazing results in savannization. The forests can be conserved by encouraging fuelwood plantations (0.7 ha/ha cultivated land) and developing village pastures (1.6 ha/ha cultivated land) and reducing the livestock numbers. Agricultural production in the region can be stabilized by introducing improved dry farming techniques such as intercropping, planned rainwater management, and adequate use of fertilizers.     

National minerals policies and stakeholder participation for broad-based development in the southern African development community (SADC)

This paper explains how the well-accepted concept of improved stakeholder participation during mineral policy development leads to a national mineral policy that accommodates the diverging views and interests that allows wide acceptance of decisions, enhancing the success of implementation and, ultimately, national benefits. This process is based on lessons learnt during the South African experience and has been successfully applied in the development of the Namibian and Malawian national minerals policies. An effective policy in the SADC will engineer the delicate balance between poverty reduction and an internationally competitive minerals sector. This balance enhances the possibility of long-term economic growth and development in the SADC region. The overriding advantage of this strategy is that it generates ‘home-grown’ policy instruments and implementation of mineral law with which stakeholders can identify. This process presents a new challenge to traditional policy formulation strategies in emerging economies and the bottom-up approach, linked to wide political support, allows the potential realisation of national objectives.     

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “METROPOLITAN WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS?”1

ABSTRACT The term “institution” and several variants are used frequently in the literature on metropolitan water management. The state-of-the art investigation on which this paper is based revealed that 1) many uses of the term do not include careful definitions; 2) many users of the term seemed unaware of the general, theoretical literature on the subject of institutions; 3) there was little consistency among uses, either in the practical literature dealing with water or in the conceptual literature dealing with theories of institutions or institutionalization; 4) some usages were without significant meaning; 5) in many cases the term was used as a kind of “black box” to account for behavioral, societal, or managerial factors; 6) the term was often used as a synonym for “organization”. This latter use is frequently found in federal reports, including National Water Commission studies, and is most unfortunate because it tends to slight significant social-psychological factors. A suggested definition is: “An institution is the structured result or outcome of a process by which values are articulated, arranged, and communicated, having continuity over time, and influencing behavior of persons who did not necessarily participate in formulating those values (norms).”     

Waste minimisation in practice

One of the major hindrances to waste minimisation on a construction site is the difficulty in establishing a methodology and using this methodology to benchmark future construction projects. This paper introduces SMARTWaste, a software tool that has been used to audit, reduce and target waste arisings on a construction site. This tool tries to link the construction process and the waste hierarchy. That is reducing waste on a construction site rather than landfilling it. Three applications of the SMARTWaste software will be discussed using case studies from three different types of construction. An evaluation of these case studies shows that, by implementing a waste minimisation scheme on-site, you can improve material recovery for reuse. Also, by using the waste arisings as a benchmark you can reduce your waste arisings on future sites. Application of SMARTWaste or a similar waste minimisation tool on a wider basis could reduce waste arisings and could result in a built environment that consumed less natural resources and energy, and also produced less pollution and waste. Such a built environment would be environmentally and socially more responsive and responsible.