基于可持续发展视阈下城市生态规划的途径探析

随着经济全球化、城市化进程的加剧,城市生态的规划建设对社会经济发展起着至关重要的作用。从可持续发展视域探讨当前城市规划建设中存在的由规划滞后、规划重复、规划片面、执法不严等造成的城市规划环境污染、资源浪费和生态破坏的问题,提出构建城市生态规划的现实必然性和基本原则,从强化机制、转变观念、以人为本、健全法制、合理规划等角度探讨可持续发展视阈下城市生态规划的途径。     

城市景观生态规划:内涵分析与研究展望

从城市景观生态规划的概念和内容出发,论述了规划应遵循的主要原则,分析了目前我国城市景观生态规划存在的诸多问题,简要指出了今后研究的重点方向。展望了城市景观生态规划的未来走向,提出加强景观预测预报功能,发展定量模拟,适应低碳经济模式的城市景观格局研究将成为未来城市景观生态规划的主要趋势。     

规划环境影响评价:我国城市生态建设的新卫士

在全球应对气候变化的今天,建设生态城市已成为我国很多城市发展的必然。作为一个战略目标,建设生态城市主要通过编制城市生态规划,设定合理的城市阶段发展目标以及制订相应的管理制度和措施来实现。城市生态规划是城市生态建设的指导性文件,起着保护环境与优化经济的重要作用。从我国的城市生态规划实施的实际情况来看,存在着规划对环境保护考虑不足、规划与实际执行脱节、环保法律监督机制不完备等问题,影响了我国城市生态建设的顺利进行。因此,如何保证城市生态规划的实施与环境保护相协调,就成为了城市生态建设面临的一个严峻课题。随着《规划环境影响评价条例》的出台,这一课题有望得到妥善的解决,因为规划环境影响评价对于城市规划有着重大的指导和约束作用,使得环境保护真正的从法律层面上约束着城市规划的编制及实施。     

城市环境总体规划中的布局问题研究——以北京市丰台区为例

城市环境总体规划是对城市中长期环境管理的综合安排,是环境保护基础性的规划,其核心问题在于规模、结构和布局,即从城市环境、资源与生态约束角度为社会经济发展规划、城市总体规划与土地利用规划提出限制(环境、资源与生态红线),从环境承载力与发展生态适宜性分区角度为城市发展规划提出发展适度规模、结构与布局。在城市"多规融合"的实践过程中,城市环境总体规划,作为政府综合决策的重要支撑之一,可以为其他的规划编制提供约束条件以及土地供给能力测算值,使得各规划间能够相互支撑、相互融合,因此有必要先行。本文以北京市丰台区环境总体规划为例,从布局角度出发,基于区域土地资源供给能力对丰台区进行土地生态适宜性评价,并得到土地生态适宜性区划图,从而提出丰台区城市总体规划与土地利用规划的限制条件,为城市环境总体规划先行提供科学依据。     

从“邻避”“邻亲”到“邻利”——探访佛山市南海固废处理环保产业园

<正>瀚蓝环境股份有限公司以环境服务业务为平台,秉承社会责任理念,躬耕践行,创造良好的环境效益和社会效益,让城市更舒适健康,令行业更稳健成长,使社区更融洽和谐。随着经济快速发展和城市人口不断增长,垃圾围城已成为当下社会的一大痛点。垃圾焚烧发电以其处理量大、处理速度快、能源利用广等优势,被认为是目前实现垃圾无害化、减量化、资源化"三化"的有效方式,被纳入国家"十三五"规划中。     

以学校为中心的环保主题社区教育初探——以成都市实验小学文苑分校生态环境教育实践活动为例

<正>成都市实验小学文苑分校积极开展生态环境教育实践活动,积极参与到社区教育中,发挥其引领和辐射作用,为社区生态环境教育服务。城市建设高速发展,信息技术、互联网发达,教育、文化、经济、技术欣欣向荣,人口流入空前巨大,这造成了城市社区成员年龄、学历、能力、素养、需求参差不齐,社区资源分布不均衡的局面。这些因素在给社区教育带来挑战的同时也带来了创新和改革的机遇。城市建设和可持续发展以及居民的全面发展、生活质量的提高都离不开生态环境教育,而学校作为社区教育的重要力量理应发挥其教育优势,为社区生态环境教育服务。     

政府环境责任视角下青海省新型农村社区建设初探

新型农村社区是一种全新的农村居住形态,介于传统村落和城市社区之间,是我国新型城镇化建设的重要形式之一。在生态第一、环保优先发展的战略指导下,青海省新型农村社区示范点建设必须做好社区生态环境保护。因此,文章从政府环境责任视角下探讨青海省新型农村社区建设,分析社区建设中生态环境保护面临的压力,进而从政府环境责任的角度提出社区建设的对策和实现路径,从而丰富青海省新型农村社区建设的理论支撑。     

民族地区城市文化生态资源的保护利用模式

民族地区城市文化生态资源的保护利用主要有政府和城市社区两大主体。构建出四象限式保护利用模型,包括政府宰制型、政府主导—社区参与型、社区自主型、放任型4种模式,指出民族地区城市应根据不同阶段、不同状况采取相应的保护利用模式,提出政府首先应进行资源细分与区域规划,并从机制建设、法制完善、政策扶持等三个层面展开具体工作,以达到在保护中进行合理利用的目的。     

基于城乡统筹旅游服务型新型农村社区建设的研究

新型农村社区建设是改善农民的生产和生活环境,推进城乡关系良性互动与城乡一体化的有效途径。经实地调研考察确定规划区范围内共有旅游资源7大类、17个亚类、35个基本类型,结合秦皇岛柳河圈新农村建设规划的实践,提出应把新社区空间规划建设与旅游景区建设融于一体,将葡萄酒休闲旅游产业融合社区发展,新型社区住宅建设要彰显地方特色建设,社区产业规划、新社区文化规划应彰显旅游文化特色等具有本地区特色的新型农村社区的建设路径,以期促进秦皇岛农村社会经济的发展。     

低碳旅游社区构建探析——以株洲仙庾岭景区为例

我国低碳旅游社区的建设刚刚起步,政府管理层对低碳旅游社区建设的关注和引导还远远不够;在旅游社区中,低碳饮食文化、低碳住宿、低碳交通、低碳购物、低碳旅游活动和娱乐活动、社区能源利用和垃圾处理低碳化等方面还存在诸多问题.为了构建我国低碳旅游社区,政府应加强引导,科学合理地规划旅游社区的低碳发展;旅游社区必须加强对社区公众低碳意识的宣传和教育,合理开发低碳旅游活动项目,倡导低碳交通方式,积极开展低碳娱乐活动,提供低碳饮食条件和大力推广低碳住宿,加大对社区垃圾的处治力度,实现社区资源利用低碳化和能源利用的多元化;旅游者须树立低碳生活和低碳消费观念,进一步规范自己的旅游行为,维护旅游社区的低碳环境.     

LANDCARE AND COMMUNITY-LED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN VICTORIA,AUSTRALIA1

ABSTRACT: Australia's ‘Landcare’ program is a community-based participatory program established by government to tackle the problem of land degradation. Landcare involves thousands of Australians working together in locally based groups, tackling problems of common concern. Government and community are now looking to ‘scale up’ the Landcare idea to a regional level. State and territory governments have moved to create regional (often watershed-based) frameworks for land management planning and resource conservation, in accordance with the concept of integrated watershed management. Growing out of the success of community involvement in Landcare, many of these approaches involve the community. However scaling up of the Landcare idea introduces problems of both time and space. There have been a number of problems experienced in the implementation of Landcare and integrated watershed management. These problems include the equitable delineation of membership on decision-making bodies; the raising of sufficient funds for program implementation; and the coordination of a diversity of governmental layers, planning processes and management programs. This paper reviews how the State of Victoria has responded to these challenges and suggests what challenges remain.     

Sustainable Management for the Eastern Mediterranean Coast of Turkey

The objective of this article is to propose a program for the integrated coastal zone management that is required to stimulate and guide sustainable development of the Mediterranean coastal zone of Turkey. Improved data collection, quality control, analysis, and data management will provide a firm basis for future scientific understanding of the East Mediterranean coast of Turkey and will support long-term management. Various innovative procedures were proposed for a promising ecosystem-based approach to manage coastal wetlands in the Mediterranean: remote data acquisition with new technologies; environmental quality monitoring program that will provide a baseline for monitoring; linking a Geographic Information System (GIS) with natural resource management decision routines in the context of operational wetlands, fisheries, tourism management system; environmental sensitivity analysis to ensure that permitted developments are environmentally sustainable; and use of natural species to restore the wetlands and coastal dunes and sustain the system processes. The proposed management scheme will benefit the scientific community in the Mediterranean and the management/planning community in Eastern Turkey.     

Integrated Resource Management: Moving from Rhetoric to Practice in Australian Agriculture

/ Implementing the concept of sustainability through integrated approaches to natural resource management poses enormous challenges for both the rural communities and government agencies concerned. This paper reviews the underlying rhetoric of sustainable agricultural systems and the integrated resource management paradigm and identifies some of the challenges being experienced in translating this rhetoric into practice. A relatively recently implemented community-based integrated catchment management (ICM) process in a rural community in northeast Australia is examined in terms of some of the lessons learned that may be relevant to other similar integrated resource management (IRM) processes. It reveals a pragmatic, opportunistic, and evolving implementation process based on adaptive learning rather than a more traditional "rational" planning approach. Some essential characteristics of a community-based IRM process are identified, including fostering communication; providing a structure that fosters cooperation and facilities coordination among community, industry, and government agencies; the integration of IRM principles into local government planning schemes; and an emergent strategic approach to IRM program implementation. We conclude by identifying some essential characteristics of an IRM process that can assist a community to adapt to, and manage change for, sustainable resource use.     

The role of agency goals and local context in Great Lakes water resources public involvement programs

As complex social phenomena, public involvement processes are influenced by contextual factors. This study examined agency goals for public involvement and assessed the importance of local context in remedial action planning, a community-based water resources program aimed at the cleanup of the 42 most polluted locations in the Great Lakes Basin. Agency goals for public involvement in remedial action plans (RAPs) were agency-oriented and focused on public acceptance of the plan, support for implementation, and positive agency-public relations. Corresponding to these goals, citizen advisory committees were created in 75% of the RAP sites as a primary means for public input into the planning process. Factors that influenced the implementation of public involvement programs in remedial action planning included public orientation toward the remediation issue, local economic conditions, the interaction of diverse interests in the process, agency and process credibility, experience of local leadership, and jurisdictional complexity. A formative assessment of “community readiness” appeared critical to appropriate public involvement program design. Careful program design may also include citizen education and training components, thoughtful management of ongoing agency-public relations and conflict among disparate interests in the process, overcoming logistical difficulties that threaten program continuity, using local expertise and communication channels, and circumventing interjurisdictional complexities.     

Tracking collaboration: forest planning and local participation on the San Juan National Forest,Colorado

The proliferation of community-based collaborative approaches to public land management and planning has spawned many questions regarding issues of community representation and the effects of participation for local residents. This paper presents a longitudinal assessment of local resident participation in collaborative forest planning on local community–forest relations in southwestern Colorado. Using survey data of participants involved in the San Juan National Forest's forest plan revision community study groups from 1998 to 2003, we assess participation in terms of community representation and the effects of community-based collaboration upon individuals' forest uses, forest values, and the level and form of involvement in forest management and planning activities. Results show that community representation remains slanted towards existing active stakeholders, and that while forest values, uses, and frequencies of involvement change little, participants cite positive effects in terms of the development of new knowledge, personal relationships, and greater confidence to engage in forest management affairs.     

我国城市生活垃圾焚烧处理发展分析

城市生活垃圾焚烧处理的减量化、资源化效果显著,近年来,在我国得到快速发展,逐步成为城市垃圾处理的重要手段。结合当前我国城市生活垃圾焚烧处理现状,分析了城市生活垃圾焚烧处理的环境防护、国家的政策与规划和技术发展方向。     

Creating and sustaining community capacity for ecosystem-based management: Is local government the key?

Recently, collaborative approaches to natural resource management have been widely promoted as ways to broaden participation and community involvement in furthering the goals of ecosystem management. The language of collaboration has even been incorporated into controversial legislation, such as the US Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003. This research examines collaboration and sharing management responsibility for federal public land with local communities through a case study of the Ashland Municipal Watershed in southern Oregon. A policy sciences approach is used to analyze community participation and institutional relationships between the US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and local city government in the planning processes of five land management actions occurring over a 7-year period. The knowledge gained from examining differing approaches to planning and decision making in the Ashland watershed is used to suggest future planning processes to develop and sustain the community capacity necessary to support implementation of community-based ecosystem management.     

STATE WATER QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM IN ARIZONA1

ABSTRACT: Arizona's water pollution control program is based on authorties of Arizona Revised Statutes and Public Law 92–500, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. The primary areas of this program are monitoring, facility inspections, plan review, planning, discharge permits and grants for the construction of publicly-owned waste water treatment facilities. The discharge permit program deals with control of point-source discharges and is administered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The planning and construction grants programs are administered by the State Water Quality Control Council and are implemented by the Bureau of Water Quality Control, which serves as staff to the Council. There are several challenges that face the State in this program. First is the adaptation of the “eastern law” to deal with Arizona's water quality problems. Second is to address problems caused by a long history of “laissez-faire” environmental quality management. Third is a mutual cooperation and coordination among the many entities involved in water resources management. Areas of particular interest in the State's program is the process setting water quality standards and the involvement of people of diversified backgrounds in the field of areawide planning under Section 208 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, which is primarily concerned with non-point sources of water pollution.     

THE LOCAL-STATE-FEDERAL TEAM APPROACH TO FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT1

Results of the establishment of a Local Flood Relations program in 1953 by TVA are discussed. In 16 years TVA has produced local floodplain information reports for 126 communities. As of September 1, 1969, 66 valley communities had adopted floodplain provisions in their zoning ordinances or subdivision regulations, or both. The local-state-Federal team approach to floodplain management is viable and any other appears to be doomed to failure. A floodplain management program can be expected to succeed as a collaborative effort at all levels of government, each playing the part and assuming the responsibilities best fitted to it. Most of us now accept that our flood problems will not be solved by engineering works alone or even in combination with upstream land management. The solution requires a linking of broad community planning with traditional engineering works. This means that the local, state, and Federal objectives and policies must be effectively coordinated. This method has been developed and satisfactorily applied in the Tennessee Valley during the past decade. The need for more effective means for coping with mounting local flood losses was recognized by the Tennessee Valley Authority and led to the establishment of its Local Flood Relations program in 1953. Since a working relationship with the people of the Valley and their state and local institutions had been carefully nurtured by TVA for over twenty years, it was only natural that the new program would also be a cooperative one.     

INTEGRATING SERVICE‐LEARNING INTO WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES1

ABSTRACT: The objective of this article is to open a dialogue on integrating service‐learning into community based watershed management programs and to discuss opportunities and challenges that a service‐learning program presents to universities and communities. The article presents the concept and definition of service‐learning, and arguments concerning why institutions of higher education and university faculty and students should be involved with community based watershed management programs. The article describes a case study for developing a service‐learning program for watershed management at Virginia Tech and discusses lessons learned from the case study. The paper concluded that to make a service‐learning program sustainable, there should be a long term plan, regular and effective communication with the stakeholders, and some incentives for faculty and students for long term commitment to the community based watershed management programs.