荷兰废水厌氧处理技术与科研进展考察

本文在简要地报道了赴西欧荷兰考察废水厌氧处理技术和科研进展概况后,重点介绍高效厌氧工艺UASB(上流式厌氧污泥床)的设计特点、研究进展和在(?)水厌氧处理中生产规模虚用情况与UASB反应器相匹配的关键生物枝术—高活性厌氧污泥颗粒化研究应用进展,有关颗粒污泥形状、类型、微生物组成、形成机理及厌氧活性污泥颗粒化的主要影响因素等,希望能借鉴国外先进厌氧工艺UASB及其厌氧颗粒化污泥培养技术应用于我国废水厌氧处理中,为提高我国废水厌氧消化技术水平提供参考。     

高浓度石油化工废水处理现状分析

石油化工废水水量大,成分复杂,废水中含有大量难降解有机物和有毒有害物质,国内外学者对常用的厌氧生物处理法、好氧生物处理法以及好氧-厌氧组合处理法进行了研究并取得了很多成果,通过比较发现其中效果好、成本低的是生物处理方法。     

我国啤酒废水处理工艺进展

分析啤酒生产中废水产生的环节、污染物及主要污染来源，并从好氧、厌氧生物处理两方面介绍了目前我国啤酒废水的主要处理技术及应用效果。     

CAO啤酒废水处理技术

由大连东达环境工程有限公司开发、大连市环保局推荐的CAO技术适用于啤酒废水处理。主要技术内容混凝沉淀采用网格反应斜板沉淀去除废水中的酒糟悬浮物;兼氧处理采用兼氧曝气减少污泥量,提高可生化性;好氧处理维持溶解氧2～4mg/l,出水清澈透明。好氧曝气产生的剩余污泥全部循环进入兼氧水解池,经兼氧微生物和水解细菌作用降解,提高废水的可生化性,减少污泥的外排量67%,处理效率提高28%。典型规模:4200m3/d。主要技术指标及条件要求一、主要技术指标废水水质:COD2500mg/l、BOD1500mg/l、SS438mg/l、pH6.4。1.处理后的水质应达到《污水综…     

高含盐废水生物处理技术研究进展与展望

煤化工、油气田和石化行业均会产生大量高含盐废水。文章介绍了高含盐废水的生物法深度处 理工艺及方法,包括曝气生物滤池（BAF）、序批式活性污泥法（SBR）、生物接触氧化（BCO）、膜生物反应器（MBR）、流式厌氧污泥床反应器（UASB）、厌氧膜生物反应器（AnMBR）、厌氧好氧工艺（An/O）及其变型工艺 等,阐述了驯化后的嗜盐菌和耐盐菌的使用效果,并对高含盐废水生物处理研究的前景进行展望,提出：微生物 处理高含盐废水具有成本低、几乎无二次污染的优点,能实现高含盐废水有机物组分的有效降解,提高“近零排 放”产品盐纯度,但还需在耐盐、嗜盐微生物的筛选和挖掘方面进行技术攻关,这将是生物法处理高含盐废水的 重要研究方向。     

微生物菌剂在酿酒废水处理中的应用研究

采用厌氧－好氧工艺,结合微生物菌剂对酿酒废水进行了处理研究。进水CODCr浓度可达到8,456.3-22,442.0mg/L,BOD55,040.0-9.557.1mg/L,pH3-4,可不调pH,采用微生物菌剂接种可启动厌氧反应器,COD有机负荷最高达到10.2gCOD/Ld,COD去除率稳定在91－95％,BOD去除率90－94％,出水pH6.6-7.1,出水CODCr在2,000mg/L以下,BOD5800mg/L以下。厌氧污泥可全部颗粒化。好氧处理系统中接种微生物菌剂,曝气10－12小时,可保证出水中CODCr在230mg/L以下,甚至直接达到国家一级排放标准。微生物菌剂的应用是取得该处理效果的关键。     

新型厌氧处理反应器的发展及应用

厌氧反应器是应用于污水处理的一种生物处理系统。因其运行费用低，能耗少且可产生有用副产物等优点在世界范围内得到了广泛的研究与应用。本文对厌氧反应器的由来，发展与应用进行了较系统的论述，重点介绍了新型厌氧反应器的研究与应用前景；认为目前应用的是以高速厌氧反应器为代表的工艺，但必须提高系统的稳定性，缩短系统的启动周期；同时应完善适宜于处理需高温厌氧处理的废水，低浓度有机废水以及高浓度有毒物质废水的反应器。新方法或新材料如膜技术的应用以及分级“多相”厌氧反应器可能在将来的废水处理中发挥作用。此外厌氧反应器与其他废水处理系统组成的厌氧－好氧系统，厌氧－湿地系统等综合处理系统更拓展了其应用范围。在我国这样能源短缺，资金不足的发展中, 有效又价廉的厌氧处理反应器特别适合我国国情。     

我国肉联屠宰废水生物处理工艺与效果

本文总结了我国近10年来生物法处理肉联屠宰废水的主要工艺与运行效果。实践证明,生物法以工艺成熟,处理效果好,运行费用低而得到广泛的应用。厌氧(兼性)——好氧联合工艺在生产上的应用证明,它又具有省能和剩余污泥量少等优点,为生物法处理屠宰废水开辟了更加广阔的前景。     

生化技术在采油废水治理中的应用

利用生化技术处理冀东油田的采油废水,在处理工艺流程中采用了悬浮、附着厌氧-好氧氧化池。与其他污水生化处理工艺相比,其不同之处是在池中同时存在悬浮污泥和固着生物膜,保持了很高的生物量,增强了设施耐冲击负荷的性能和处理能力。同时,池中还设置了可自由摆动的中密度弹性立体填料,池底设置了可变微孔曝气管。在曝气过程中,弹性立体填料对气泡有多层次的切割能力,可以提高充氧效率,污染物去除效果明显,对难降解的有机废水也有很好的处理效果。石油类去除率达到83%,COD去除率达到80%,出水水质达到了国家污水综合排放一级标准。     

解偶联技术在污泥减量化过程中的影响研究

针对污泥处理处置过程中的环境问题和经济问题,将传统的活性污泥工艺(CAS)与好氧—沉淀—厌氧工艺(OSA)对比,研究了两种工艺对污泥减量化的影响,分析了两种工艺对废水中COD浓度、COD去除效率、氨氮浓度及SVI值的影响,并指出OSA工艺运行稳定,抗冲击能力强,其引起的解偶联代谢能促进污泥产率下降。     

Performance of sequential anaerobic/aerobic digestion applied to municipal sewage sludge

A promising alternative to conventional single phase processing, the use of sequential anaerobic-aerobic digestion, was extensively investigated on municipal sewage sludge from a full scale wastewater treatment plant. The objective of the work was to evaluate sequential digestion performance by testing the characteristics of the digested sludge in terms of volatile solids (VS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and nitrogen reduction, biogas production, dewaterability and the content of proteins and polysaccharides. VS removal efficiencies of 32% in the anaerobic phase and 17% in the aerobic one were obtained, and similar COD removal efficiencies (29% anaerobic and 21% aerobic) were also observed. The aerobic stage was also efficient in nitrogen removal providing a decrease of the nitrogen content in the supernatant attributable to nitrification and simultaneous denitrification. Moreover, in the aerobic phase an additional marked removal of proteins and polysaccharides produced in the anaerobic phase was achieved. The sludge dewaterability was evaluated by determining the Optimal Polymer Dose (OPD) and the Capillary Suction Time (CST) and a significant positive effect due to the aerobic stage was observed. Biogas production was close to the upper limit of the range of values reported in the literature in spite of the low anaerobic sludge retention time of 15 days. From a preliminary analysis it was found that the energy demand of the aerobic phase was significantly lower than the recovered energy in the anaerobic phase and the associated additional cost was negligible in comparison to the saving derived from the reduced amount of sludge to be disposed.     

污泥厌氧消化预处理技术综述

全球环境问题已成为国际社会关注的焦点,围绕全球气候变化,降低温室气体排放,寻求再生能源,节能减排已成为目前国际科技发展的方向。通过"十一五"污水处理厂的建设,每年污泥产量已接近3000万吨(含水率80%脱水污泥计)以上,且以每年10%的速度递增。其处理与处置是制约社会经济发展的重要问题。但是,城市污泥蕴含有大量生物质能,通过借鉴国外先进技术与经验,开发城市污泥生物质能提取和利用技术,对我国节能减排具有重要战略意义。由于细胞壁的存在,使得污泥水解成为限制厌氧消化效率的重要瓶颈,而污泥强化预处理可有效提高污泥细胞壁的破坏,溶出胞内有机物,最大化回收剩余污泥中的有机能源。目前,预处理技术较多,如超声波预处理、热处理、微波预处理、碱解处理、臭氧预处理等,本文从物理、化学等角度分析了不同预处理对厌氧消化技术的影响。     

深度处理生活污水以供采暖锅炉回用

针对我国水资源缺乏，作者设想“生活污水深度处理后供采暖锅炉回用”，并结合现场实际成功地进行了探索性试验─—用“缺氧水解－好氧处理”工艺深度处理生活污水。详述了工艺过程的机理及优于传统的活性污泥法之处。强调了深度处理工艺中的几个关键所在，如：好氧接触氧化法、Ａ／Ｏ生物处理系统的技术要点、氮氯基本原理及其特点等。该技术在温度较低的北方也有实用价值。生产性试验表明，应注意的问题是：冬季应采取保温措施；好氧混合液的回流量控制；水解池的使用潜力等。在辽宁盘锦地区采用的缺氧水解－好氧工艺生物处理法处理城市低浓度有机废水的生产性试验表明，它可为高效、低能耗、低成本处理城市污水提供新的途径。     

Precipitation assessment in wastewater treatment plants operated for biological nutrient removal: a case study in Murcia, Spain

The Murcia Este Wastewater Treatment Plant is the largest wastewater treatment plant in Murcia (Spain). The plant operators have continuously found pipe blockage and accumulation of solids on equipment surfaces during the anaerobic digestion and post-digestion processes. This work studies the precipitation problems in the Murcia Este Wastewater Treatment Plant in order to locate the sources of precipitation and its causes from an exhaustive mass balance analysis. The DAF thickener and anaerobic digester mass balances suggest that most of the polyphosphate is released during excess sludge thickening. Despite the high concentrations achieved in the thickened sludge, precipitation does not occur at this point due to the low pH. The increases in ammonium and pH during anaerobic digestion cause precipitation to take place mainly inside the digesters and in downstream processes. This study shows that 50.7% of the available phosphate is fixed in the digester of which 52.0% precipitates as ammonium struvite, 39.2% precipitates as hydroxyapatite and the remaining 8.8% is adsorbed on the surface of the solids. Thermodynamic calculations confirm the precipitation of struvite and hydroxyapatite and also confirm that potassium struvite does not precipitate in the anaerobic digesters.     

Sustainable options of post treatment of UASB effluent treating sewage: A review

The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process is reported to be a sustainable technology for domestic wastewaters treatment in developing countries and for small communities. However, the inability of UASB process to meet the desired disposal standards has given enough impetus for subsequent post treatment. In order to upgrade the UASB based sewage treatment plants (STPs) to achieve desired effluent quality for disposal or for reuse, various technological options are available and broadly differentiated as primary post-treatment for the removal of organic and inorganic compounds and suspended matter; secondary post-treatment for the removal of hardly degradable soluble matter, colloidal and nutrients; and polishing systems for removals of pathogens. Hence, this paper discusses the different systems for the treatment of UASB reactor effluent treating sewage. Additionally, a comparative review, an economic evaluation of some of the emerging options was conducted and based on the extensive review of different integrated combination, i.e. UASB-different aerobic systems, a treatment concept based on natural biological mineralization route recognized as an advanced technology to meet all practical aspects to make it a sustainable for environmental protection, resource preservation and recovering maximum resources.     

联合生物法处理炼油厂含油污泥的研究

大港石化公司采用联合生物法处理含油污泥,对使用好氧、厌氧工艺处理含油污泥的结果进行了探讨。实验结果表明:先进行好氧处理然后脱水再进行厌氧堆肥工艺处理含油污泥,除油率达到97.6%,除磷、钾的指标低于《城镇垃圾农用控制标准》(GB8172-87)的要求外,其他指标均符合该标准要求,且避免了二次污染。     

Anaerobic-aerobic treatment of purified terephthalic acid (PTA) effluent; a techno-economic alternative to two-stage aerobic process

This paper addresses the treatment of purified terephthalic acid (PTA) effluent using anaerobic and aerobic processes. Laboratory studies were carried out on flow proportionate composite wastewater generated from the manufacturing of PTA. An activated sludge process (ASP-two stage and single stage) and an upflow anaerobic fixed film fixed bed reactor (AFFFBR) were used, individually and in combination. The performance of a full-scale ETP under existing operating conditions was also studied. Full scale ETP studies revealed that the treatment of PTA effluent using a two-stage ASP alone does not meet treated effluent quality within the prescribed Indian Standards. The biomass produced in the two stage ASP was very viscous and fluffy and the sludge volume index (SVI) was very high (200-450 ml/g). However, pretreatment of PTA effluent using an upflow AFFFBR ensured substantial reduction in BOD (63%) and COD (62%) with recovery of biogas at 1.8-1.96 l/l effluent treated at a volumetric loading rate (VLR) 4-5 kg COD/m(3) d. The methane content in the biogas varied between 55% and 60%. The pretreated effluent from the upflow AFFFBR was then treated through a single stage ASP. The biomass produced in the ASP after anaerobic treatment had very good settlability (SVI: 75-90 ml/g) as compared to the two stage ASP and the treated effluent quality with respect to BOD, COD and SS was within the prescribed Indian Standards. The alternative treatment process comprising an upflow AFFFBR and a single stage ASP ensured net power saving of 257 kW and in addition generated 442 kW of power through the AFFFBR.     

复合式厌氧污泥床反应器处理城市生活污水的研究

复合式厌氧污泥床反应器是一种改进的厌氧处理工艺，可有效去除城市生活污水中的污染物，并提高了污水的可生化性，是一种较为理想的城市污水强化一级处理工艺。本文对该工艺，装置的特点和效果进行分析,并展望其应用前景。     

溶解氧对好氧颗粒污泥影响的研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥技术是一种新颖废水处理技术。溶解氧(DO)是好氧颗粒污泥形成和稳定运行的一个重要参数。好氧颗粒污泥需要的曝气量大,能耗高。高曝气量带来的高DO浓度不利于氨氮通过SND去除。当DO扩散在颗粒内部受到限制时,颗粒中心形成的厌氧层不利于颗粒污泥的长期稳定运行。本文系统分析了DO浓度对好氧颗粒污泥影响的国内外研究现状,对好氧颗粒污泥中DO浓度这一重要参数的研究进行了总结。研究在低DO浓度下保持好氧颗粒污泥的稳定性有利于降低运行成本,采取合适的方法降低颗粒内部的扩散限制有利于增强颗粒的稳定性能。     

化学机械浆废水处理技术探讨

简要分析了化学机械法制浆废水的特点，对适用于处理化学机械法制浆废水的常用处理方法，如好氧、厌氧生物处理法、特定微生物处理技术、臭氧氧化法以及膜分离技术等在国内外的应用研究情况做了比较分析。