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染料废水物理化学处理技术的现状与进展 总被引:13,自引:3,他引:13
本文按吸附、膜滤、混凝、氧化刑、离子交换、Fenton试剂、光催化氧化、湿式氧化、电化学等方法分别论述了染料废水物理化学处理技术的现状和发展趋势。 相似文献
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制革废水含有高浓度有机物和大量有毒有害物质,单一的物化或生化处理技术都难以实现达标排放。本文着重介绍了制革的生产工艺、废水组成与清洁生产措施,并总结了其废水治理技术的现状与国内成功应用的实例。 相似文献
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郭爽 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2013,(2):66-68
啤酒废水具有水量大、污染物浓度高、易生物降解的特点。介绍了当前厌氧一好氧的组合工艺中UASB—SBR工艺、UASB—CASS工艺、EGSB一接触氧化工艺、USFB—AODT工艺、水解酸化-UASB—A/O工艺等主流工艺的原理和研究现状,以及射流曝气MBR5-艺、双极室联合工艺、光合细菌治理工艺等将来啤酒废水治理热点技术,并对啤酒废水治理技术的未来发展趋势进行了展望。 相似文献
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畜禽废水处理技术及其应用进展 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
针对我国养殖业废水污染日益严重的现状,介绍了畜禽废水还田利用、自然处理以及工业化处理的优缺点、国内外应用现状以及研究的重点,并结合我国的实际情况,提出现阶段我国养殖业废水应重点发展还田利用技术与自然处理技术,并及时建立畜禽废水处理设计数据库以及编写设计规范。 相似文献
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分析了苯胺废水的水质、来源及危害,简述了国内外苯胺废水处理方法及其优缺点,指出了化学、物理和生物技术处理苯胺废水过程中存在苯胺去除不彻底的问题,详述了电催化氧化技术与其他技术协同处理苯胺废水的可行性,展望了未来苯胺废水处理技术的发展方向。苯胺废水处理工艺未来应该以“低碳、 清洁、 高效”为处理原则, 通过清洁能源(太阳能、风能等)提供电能、光能和热能,利用“电催化氧化技术氧化降毒生物法彻底处理”的协同处理 技术,以“减量化、资源化、无害化”为目标,苯胺废水可以达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准。 相似文献
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Carl J. Sindermann 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(5):931-939
ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities. 相似文献
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Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences
in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental
classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic
regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages,
water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by
analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables
and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a
given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a
posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions.
The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly
better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using
different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and
that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained
variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental
classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations. 相似文献
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All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by
outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various
media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few
studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural
journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover
agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial
copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being
in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy.
Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work,
and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who
cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel
study. 相似文献
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Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.
This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal. 相似文献
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Paul M. Bradley Jeffrey H. Writer 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2014,50(2):334-342
Biodegradation of [A‐ring 14C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to 14CO2 was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for 14C‐E2. Net mineralization of 14C‐E1 and 14C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of 14CO2 accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of 14CO2 accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, 14CO2 accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation. 相似文献
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《International Journal of Green Energy》2013,10(3):301-312
Abstract Sustainable ecosystems can be designed to eliminate environmental toxins and reduce pathogen loads through the direct and indirect consequences of plant and microbial activities. We present an approach to the bioremediation of disturbed environments, focusing on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. Treatment consists of incorporating a plant-based amendment to enhance ecosystem productivity and physiochemical degradation followed by the establishment of plants to serve as oxidizers and foundations for microbial communities. Promising amendments for widespread use are entire plants of the water fern Azolla and seed meal of Brassica napus (rapeseed). An inexpensive byproduct from the manufacture of biodiesel and lubricants, rapeseed meal is high in nitrogen (6% wt/wt), stimulates >100-fold increases in populations of resident Streptomyces species, and suppresses fungal infection of roots subsequently cultivated in the amended soil. Synergistic enzymatic and chemical activities of plant and microbial metabolism in root zones transform and degrade soil contaminants. Emphasis is given to mechanisms that enable PHC functionalization via reactive molecular species. 相似文献
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This paper explains how the well-accepted concept of improved stakeholder participation during mineral policy development leads to a national mineral policy that accommodates the diverging views and interests that allows wide acceptance of decisions, enhancing the success of implementation and, ultimately, national benefits. This process is based on lessons learnt during the South African experience and has been successfully applied in the development of the Namibian and Malawian national minerals policies. An effective policy in the SADC will engineer the delicate balance between poverty reduction and an internationally competitive minerals sector. This balance enhances the possibility of long-term economic growth and development in the SADC region. The overriding advantage of this strategy is that it generates ‘home-grown’ policy instruments and implementation of mineral law with which stakeholders can identify. This process presents a new challenge to traditional policy formulation strategies in emerging economies and the bottom-up approach, linked to wide political support, allows the potential realisation of national objectives. 相似文献
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The present article, based on a study of five village ecosystems, assesses the energy efficiency of rain-fed agriculture in
a dry tropical environment and the impact of agricultural activity on the surrounding natural ecosystems. Agronomic yield
is insufficient to meet the food requirement of the human population, hence 11.5%–49.7% of the required amount of food grains
are imported from the market. Energy requirements of five studied agroecosystems are subsidized considerably by the surrounding
forest in the form of fodder and firewood. Natural ecosystems supply about 80%–95% of fodder needs and 81%–100% of fuelwood
needs. The output-input ratio of agriculture indicated that, on average, 4.1 units of energy are expended to obtain one unit
of agronomic energy. Of this, 3.9 units are supplied by the natural ecosystem. In addition, 38% of the extracted firewood
is marketed. The illegal felling and lopping of trees result in ever-increasing concentric circles of forest destruction around
the villages and together with excessive grazing results in savannization. The forests can be conserved by encouraging fuelwood
plantations (0.7 ha/ha cultivated land) and developing village pastures (1.6 ha/ha cultivated land) and reducing the livestock
numbers. Agricultural production in the region can be stabilized by introducing improved dry farming techniques such as intercropping,
planned rainwater management, and adequate use of fertilizers. 相似文献
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Norman Wengert 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1973,9(3):512-521
ABSTRACT The term “institution” and several variants are used frequently in the literature on metropolitan water management. The state-of-the art investigation on which this paper is based revealed that 1) many uses of the term do not include careful definitions; 2) many users of the term seemed unaware of the general, theoretical literature on the subject of institutions; 3) there was little consistency among uses, either in the practical literature dealing with water or in the conceptual literature dealing with theories of institutions or institutionalization; 4) some usages were without significant meaning; 5) in many cases the term was used as a kind of “black box” to account for behavioral, societal, or managerial factors; 6) the term was often used as a synonym for “organization”. This latter use is frequently found in federal reports, including National Water Commission studies, and is most unfortunate because it tends to slight significant social-psychological factors. A suggested definition is: “An institution is the structured result or outcome of a process by which values are articulated, arranged, and communicated, having continuity over time, and influencing behavior of persons who did not necessarily participate in formulating those values (norms).” 相似文献
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One of the major hindrances to waste minimisation on a construction site is the difficulty in establishing a methodology and using this methodology to benchmark future construction projects. This paper introduces SMARTWaste, a software tool that has been used to audit, reduce and target waste arisings on a construction site. This tool tries to link the construction process and the waste hierarchy. That is reducing waste on a construction site rather than landfilling it. Three applications of the SMARTWaste software will be discussed using case studies from three different types of construction. An evaluation of these case studies shows that, by implementing a waste minimisation scheme on-site, you can improve material recovery for reuse. Also, by using the waste arisings as a benchmark you can reduce your waste arisings on future sites. Application of SMARTWaste or a similar waste minimisation tool on a wider basis could reduce waste arisings and could result in a built environment that consumed less natural resources and energy, and also produced less pollution and waste. Such a built environment would be environmentally and socially more responsive and responsible. 相似文献