Analysis on the performance of a high efficiency administrative building in Spain

A building is an element that consumes great quantities of primary energy both during construction and operating life. Buildings are reported to consume 40% of total primary energy in Europe. Efficiency and saving policies in this sector should be priority to reduce the European energetic dependence on third countries as well as to diminish greenhouse emissions.

The present work is aimed at review the results obtained during the first operating year of a public building with high energetic qualification in Mérida (Spain), which develops novel techniques on efficiency, energy saving and integration of renewable energies applied to the building sector. The building was constructed according to the climatic characteristics of Mérida. Diverse techniques regarding passive solar collection and thermal isolation, window and roofing shadowing and natural lighting were accounted for.

The results showed that it is possible to air-condition public buildings in extreme weather regions by applying specific measures to minimize energy consumption with the use of renewable energy sources (solar energy and biomass). Based on the actual energetic results, the economic, energetic, and environmental feasibility of this kind of building is also analyzed.     

Automated energy management in distributed electricity systems: An EEPOS approach

The increasing capacity of distributed electricity generation brings new challenges in maintaining a high security and quality of electricity supply. New techniques are required for grid support and power balance. The highest potential for these techniques is to be found on the part of the electricity distribution grid.

This article addresses this potential and presents the EEPOS project’s approach to the automated management of flexible electrical loads in neighborhoods. The management goals are (i) maximum utilization of distributed generation in the local grid, (ii) peak load shaving/congestion management, and (iii) reduction of electricity distribution losses. Contribution to the power balance is considered by applying two-tariff pricing for electricity.

The presented approach to energy management is tested in a hypothetical sensitivity analysis of a distribution feeder with 10 households and 10 photovoltaic (PV) plants with an average daily consumption of electricity of 4.54 kWh per household and a peak PV panel output of 0.38 kW per plant. Energy management shows efficient performance at relatively low capacities of flexible load. At a flexible load capacity of 2.5% (of the average daily electricity consumption), PV generation surplus is compensated by 34–100% depending on solar irradiance. Peak load is reduced by 30% on average. The article also presents the load shifting effect on electricity distribution losses and electricity costs for the grid user.     

Sustainability in the USA and New Zealand: explaining and addressing the implementation gap in local government

This paper describes the frustrating reality of sustainability implementation in the USA and New Zealand (NZ), an early adopter of sustainability mandates. Local government has a key role in implementation, but has been slow to uptake sustainable practices. We surveyed senior planners in small to medium-sized local government agencies in both countries to identify which features of local government support (or hinder) sustainability in practice.

Environmentally sustainable practices are not well entrenched in either country. In the USA, the framing of sustainability and public support are significant predictors of implementation. However, sustainability is rarely a priority. In NZ, local government capacity is the main driver of implementation. We recommend that planners promote sustainability values, reconcile economic development goals with sustainability (e.g., green economy model), and translate public support for sustainability into institutional priorities. NZ localities also need increased capacity and US localities need continued Federal and State support.     

On causes of illegal waste dumping in Slovakia

This paper examines the determinants of illegal waste dumping at the county level in Slovakia (in 77 of 79 counties), using a truncated regression model. It analyzes a unique data-set composed of illegal dumping data provided by the TrashOut platform and sociodemographic data from the national statistical authority.

This study shows that a higher level of expected overall waste production results in a higher rate of illegally dumped waste and a higher number of illegal dumping sites. More precisely, income has a positive impact on the rate of illegal waste dumping, poverty influences the rate of illegal dumping negatively and a higher level of education does not result in more responsible waste management. On the contrary, higher education has a positive influence on the rate of dumping. A negative relationship between costs of illegal waste disposal and dumping rate, as well as a positive relationship between costs of legal waste disposal and dumping rate has been revealed.     

Book reviews

“Water Planning and the Regions”

Edited by P. J. Purdy, R. S. A.

Discussion Paper No. 9, 1977, £1.50.

Tenant participation in council housing management; Housing Development.

Directorate Occasional Paper 2/77, DoE London, 1977.

Getting tenants involved: a handbook on systems of tenant participation in housing management; DoE London, 1977.

La politica dei servizi tra razionalizzazione e rinnovamento

Alberto L'Abate (1978)

Marsilio Editori, Padova, pp. 316

Handbook for Environmental Planning: the social consequences of environmental change.

J. McEnvoy & T. Dietz (1977)

New York, J. Wiley, pp. 323. Price £15.50

Planning and Urbanism in China

Progress in Planning Vol. 8, Part 2, Fo. 1 N. Jeffrey and M. Caldwell, pp. 97–182, 1977

Pergamen, £4.00

The European Community's Regional Fund

Ross B. Talbot

Progress in Planning, Vol. 8, Part 3, pp. 183–281

Pergamon Press, 1977

Providing the Posh Words

W. Hampton, DoE

1978. £1.50. 60pp.

Four Titles on Conservation

A Critical Bibliography of Building Conservation. John F. Smith. Mansell, London 1978. 207 pages including index. Hard back, £12.90.

Conservation and Planning. Alan Doby. Hutchinson — The Built Environment. 1978. 173 pages. Some illustrations. Paper back, £3.25.

A Study in Conservation. Winston Barnett and Cyril Winskell. Oriel Press, 1977. 45 pages, in English, French and German. Illustrated. Paper back, £3.75.

Interpreting the Conserved Environment. Working Paper No. 29. Brian Goodey. Oxford Polytechnic Department of Town and Country Planning, 1977. 65 pages. Paper back, not priced.

“Belgium”, R. Riley, £3.25, 205 pp.

“The Netherlands”, D. Pinder, £3.25, 194 pp.

“The USSR”, J. C. Dewdney, £3.25, 262 pp.

Development Strategy of Bangladesh

Nurul Islam

Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1978, 109 pp.     

Book reviews

Traffic Mix Model

(TRRU Research Report No. 30).

A Methodology for Estimating Recreation Traffic Flows.

August 1977, University of Edinburgh. 144 pps.

“Recreation in the Highlands and Islands”

Tourism and Recreation Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, December 1976.

Research Report No. 22, 411pp with tables and diagrame; Research Report No. 31, 145 with tables and diagrams.

Tourism and Recreation in the Chichester Area: a basis for planning

Tourism and Recreation Research Unit, Research Report No. 35, University of Edinburgh.

The Real Wealth of Nations

S. R. Eyre

Arnold, London, 1978. £7.95.

Landscape Construction

M. F. Downing

E. & F. N. Spon, London, 1977

Planning and Organizing for Social Change. Action Principles from Social Science Research.

Jack Rothman

Columbia University Press. 628 p.p.

Models and Cities and Regions

A. G. Wilson, P. H. Rees, C. M. Leigh (editors) 1977

Wiley, £12.75.

Ecology and Ekistics

C. A. Doxiadis Edited by Gerald Dix

Paul Elek, London 1977. Environmental Studies Series. 91 p.p. Paperback. £3.75.

Tackling Urban Deprivation : The Contribution of Area‐Based Management

T. Mason, K. Spencer, C. Vielba and B. Webster

Institute of Local Government Studies, University of Birmingham, Dec. 1977. 93p.p. No price stated.

Marketing Geography : with special reference to retailing

R. L. Davies

Methuen, 1976. £3.45.

“Public Participation in Planning”

Edited by W. R. D. Sewell and J. T. Coppock

J. Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, 1977. 208 p.p. £9.00.

“The Individual Citizen and Public Participation”

William Hampton and Raymond Walker

Linked Research Project into Structure Planning, Interim Research Paper. 13, 1978. 24 p.p. £1.00.

A Future for Planning Science Fiction Cities

Town Planning discussion paper No. 27. Stephen Wood

U.C.L. 1977.

“The Bicycle Planning Book “

Mike Hudson (editor)

Open Books Publishing Ltd. and Friends of the Earth, 1978. Paperback, £1.95.

Residential Location and Urban Housing Markets

G. K. Ingram (1977) (ed.)

Cambridge, Mass : Ballinger Publishing Co., for the National Bureau of Economic Research.     

Book reviews

Saving the Coast: California's Experiment in Intergovernmental Land Use Control

Melvin B. Mogoluf

D. D. Heath and Co., Lexington, Mass. 1975, xiii + 136 pp., ISBN 0–669–97394–7

The Planning and Design of Rural Roads: The Implications of Landscape & Recreation

David N. Skinner

Scottish Tourist Board/Countryside Commission for Scotland. Price: £4.00

Comparative Land Use Planning and Regulation

Urban Planning Development Series No. 12, University of Washington, Seattle, 1975, 120pp.

’Modern Political Geography‘

R. Muir

Macmillan, 1975, 262pp., Paper cover £2.95; Hard cover £6.95.

Discussion Paper No. 10: “The Layfield Report and Local Government Finance"

G. C. Cameron (ed)

Discussion Papers in Planning, University of Glasgow

Assessment of Major Industrial Applications

Department of the Environment (1976) Research Report 13, H.M.S.O., £2

The Economic Impact of Tourism: a case study in Greater Tayside

D. M. Henderson (1975)

University of Edinburgh: Tourism and Recreation Research Unit

’Urban modelling: algorithms, calibrations, and predictions‘

M. Batty

Cambridge University Press, London, 1976, 381 pages, £17.50

’Urban fields‘

S. Angel and G. M. Hyman

Academic Press, London, 178pp., 1976, £5

Rural Planning Problems

Gordon E. Cherry (Ed.)

Leonard Hill, London, 1976, £6.95

’Living in Cities‘

Charles Mercer

Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 240pp.

Shopping Centres—Planning, Development and Administration

Edgar Lion

Wiley: 1977, 198pp., £9.00.

The Home of Man

Barbara Ward

Penguin Books (Paperback) and Andre Deutsch (Hardback), June 1976, 294 pp., Indexed, 18 photographs, Paperback £1, Hardback £3.75

Runcorn New Town. Master Plan Amendment No. 2

Runcorn Development Corporation, 1975

Available from The Development Corporation, Runcorn New Town, Runcorn, Cheshire, WA7 5AR, 26 pp., Maps and Plans, Illustrated     

Book reviews

PIONEERS IN BRITISH PLANNING

Gordon Cherry (Ed.)

The Architectural Press, London, 1981. 232 pp with index and illustrations.

Price £8.95 paperback.

PLANNING PROCEDURES

John Stephenson

Northwood Books, 1982

Price £9.95 hardback, 192 pages

INDUSTRIAL LOCATION POLICY FOR ECONOMIC REVITALISATION

Morris L. Sweet

Praeger, 1981

THE POLITICS OF TOWN PLANNING

Gordon Cherry

Longmans, 1982. 165 pp.

THE POLITICS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

Alan Alexander

Longman, 1982, 143 pp. Price £3.95 paperback

LAND USE AND LIVING SPACE

Robin Best

Methuen U.P., 1981

URBAN PROJECTS MANUAL

A guide to preparing upgrading and new development projects accessable to low income groups.

Forbes Davidson and Geoff Payne (Eds)

University Press 1983 Price £7.50

LONDON'S GREEN BELT: CONTAINMENT IN PRACTICE

Richard Munton

George Allen & Unwin, 1983

OUTDOOR RECREATION AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

John Pigram

Croom Helm, 1983

THE IDEAL CITY — ITS ARCHITECTURAL EVOLUTION IN EUROPE

Rosenau, H.

Methuen & Co. Ltd., London & New York. Third Edition 1983. 195 pages illustrated. Hardback.

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS IN THE BRITISH ISLES

A. H. Perry

George Allen and Unwin, 1981

RECREATION AND RESOURCES: LEISURE PATTERNS AND LEISURE PLACES

J. Allan Patmore

Blackwell, 1983     

Application of environmental risk assessment for strategic decision-making in coastal areas: case studies in China

Environmental risk assessment (ERA) is a powerful technical tool for analyzing potential and extreme adverse environmental impacts, and has found wide application in supporting decision-making processes over the last two decades. However, to date there has been no interrelated application of ERA to support the processes of strategic decision-making (SDM), especially in coastal areas.

In this paper, we attempt to verify the feasibility of the proposed integrated ERA–SDM approach and its methodology by applying it to two case studies (in Xiamen Bay and Luoyuan Bay) of the principal coastal functional zoning (PCFZ, a kind of SDM and similar to the coastal and marine spatial planning in western). The results show that the integrated ERA–SDM approach could integrate ERA into the entire SDM process, directly support the PCFZ, and avoid or mitigate dire environmental risk that can be introduced by SDM processes.     

Reviews

THE COASTLINE OF ENGLAND AND WALES. 2nd Edition: 1965.

by J. A. Steers

Published by Cambridge University Press. Price: £5. 5s.

TOWN CENTRE MAPS—a guide to their preparation in Kent.

Prepared by the County Planning Officer. Price: 7/6.

DANISH PLANNING LEGISLATION: A SURVEY

Ministry of Housing, Copenhagen, October 1963

ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE PITTSBURGH REGION

Vol. 1. Region in Transition.

Vol. 2. Portrait of a Region.

Vol. 3. Region with a Future.

University of Pittsburgh Press. Price: $8.

TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING IN ENGLAND AND WALES

by J. B. Cullingworth.

Published by George Allen and Unwin Ltd. 1964. Price: £1. 16s.

POPULATION PATTERNS—THEIR IMPACT ON REGIONAL PLANNING

by David Grove.

Published by the Building Research Group, Kumasi

University of Science and Technology. Price not given.

THE NEW TOWNS OF BRITAIN

Published by H.M.S.O. 1964. Price: 2/9.

REGIONAL SHOPPING CENTRES

A Planning Report on North‐West England; by the Department of Town and Country Planning, University of Manchester. Published by the Department. Price not given.

THE TOWNS OF GHANA—THE ROLE OF SERVICE CENTRES IN REGIONAL PLANNING.

by David Grove and Laszlo Huszar.

Ghana Universities Press 1964. Price: £1. 6s.

CITY OF LIVERPOOL; REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT PLAN

City Planning Policy Report, Part 1.

Analysis and Preliminary Conclusions. September 1964.

DERELICT LAND

Civic Trust, London. Price: 7/6.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION—A Select List of Books and Periodicals Published for The British Council by Longmans Green & Co. Ltd. Price: 5/‐.

PARKING SPACE FOR CARS, ASSESSING THE DEMAND

by G. J. Roth

University of Cambridge, Department of Applied Economics, Occasional

Papers 5. 1965. Price: 10/6d.     

Book reviews

The World Bank, 1991: Urban Policy and Economic Development, an agenda for the 1990s

The World Bank, Washington DC, 87 pp.

Global Cities: Post‐Imperialism and the Internationalization of London

Anthony D. King Routledge, London, 1990.

Planning, Politics and the State: Political Foundations of Planning Thought

Nicholas Low

Unwin Hyman, London, 1991, 313 pp.

Britain's Changing Environment — from the Air

Tim Baylis Smith and Susan Owens (Eds)

Cambridge University Press. Price £25.

ISBN 0521 327121

Envisioning Information

Edward R. Tufte

Graphic Press, UK PO Box 8, Godalming, Surrey GU7 3HB.

Price £30. 126 pages.

A Dictionary of Landscape

G. A. Gaulty

Avebury Technical, Aldershot, 1991. 309 pp.

ISBN 185 6282 147.

Planning Law Practice and Precedents

Stephen Tromans and Robert Turrall‐Clark

Sweet & Maxwell, 1991; loose leaf. £135. 1006 pages.     

Higher-efficiency for combined photovoltaic-thermoelectric solar power generation

Solar energy application in a large spectrum has the potential for high-efficiency energy conversion. Though, solar cells can only absorb photon energy of the solar spectrum near their band-gap energy, and the remaining energy will be converted into thermal energy. The use of the thermoelectric generator becomes a necessity for convert this thermal energy dissipated so as to increase efficiency conversion.

This paper analyses the feasibility of photovoltaic-thermoelectric hybrid system and reviews their performance in order to optimize harvested energy. Regarding the thermoelectric effect, a new method of the ambient energy harvesting is presented. This method combines thermoelectric generators and the effects of heat sensitive materials associated to photovoltaic cells in phase change for generating both energy day and night. Experimental measures have been conducted primarily in laboratory conditions for a greater understanding of hybridization phenomena under real conditions and to test the actual performance of devices made. Results show that the hybrid system can generate more power than the simple PV and TEG in environmental conditions. This hybrid technology will highlight the use of renewable energies in the service of the energy production.     

Book reviews

LANDSCAPE PLANNING

Tom Turner

(The Built Environment Series: Hutchinson)

No price given.

TREE FORM, SIZE AND COLOUR

A Guide to Selection, Planting and Design

Bodfan Gruffydd

E. & F. N. Spon, London 1987. £26.50.

SPON'S LANDSCAPE HANDBOOK

Edited by Derek Lovejoy & Partners

E. & F. N. Spon Ltd., London.

Third Edition, 1986.     

Environmental capital: an information core to public participation in strategic and operational decisions—the example of river ‘Best Practice’ projects

Sustainable development and solutions to existing environmental problems depend heavily on information and its translation into usable knowledge. Increasingly, affected communities are being drawn into environmental decision‐making, both in the development of strategy (plans) and in the delivery of plans through management and operations. Variants of the ‘natural capital’ theme are popular amongst those who see an effective dialogue between the sciences of ecology and economics as the most promising interdisciplinary context for environmental decision making by empowered communities. A decision‐making framework is vital in practical, community‐based schemes (wider than ‘stakeholder platforms’) which have become popular for promoting ‘best practice’ in managing river basin units. The EU Water Framework Directive renders use of interdisciplinary techniques within a participatory framework a statutory requirement. A final practical need for communities and professionals involved with such schemes is the creation of a system of adaptive (rather than reactive) management, supported by ongoing research and monitoring to detect, and adjust to, ever‐changing physical and social contexts for both strategies and operations.

This paper describes the authors' experience in applying the ‘Environmental Capital’ (also known as ‘Quality of Life Capital’ (QoLC)) approach to information management in two headwater catchments in northern England: the Wharfe and the Coquet. In the case of the Upper Wharfedale Best Practice Project (UWBPP) the components of basic environmental survey, consultation, strategy formulation and the use of the strategy are illustrated to guide immediate and longer‐term actions. In contrast, the Coquet application of the technique, whilst socially more pervasive, was less successful for a number of reasons: geographical, institutional, project and participatory.

As a proposed development of the methodology based on the authors' experiences, extending public participation through monitoring activity, together with formal application of environmental economics to the perceived elements of ‘natural’ and ‘human’ capital in the two catchments would appear desirable. Conclusions are also drawn regarding the demands of the EU Water Framework Directive for ecological, economic and participatory approaches to river basin planning and management.     

Book reviews

Land and Leisure — Concepts and Methods in Outdoor Recreation

Second Edition — edited by C. S. Von Doren, G. B. Priddle and J. E. Lewis.

Methuen & Co., £5.95. 1979.

Countryside Planning — The First Three Decades, 1945–76

Andrew W. Gilg.

Methuen & Co. £3.50. 1979.

Social Problems and the City

D. T. Herbert and D. M. Smith

Oxford University Press. £8.50. 271 pp.

Slum Housing and Residential Renewal — The Case of Urban Britain

D. A. Kirby

Topics in Applied Geography Series. Longmans. £2.95. 1979.

From Blacksmiths to White Elephants: Benwell's Changing Shops

Benwell Community Project Final Report, Series No. 7, Newcastle upon Tyne 1979. 72 pp. 80p.

The Debate on Urban Policy — Decentralisation versus Improvement

Robert Coursey

Retailing and Planning Associates 1977. 93 pp.

Urban Deprivation and Government Initiatives

Paul Lawless

Faber. £8.95 (hard‐back), 251 pp.

A Guide to Historic Buildings Law Fourth Edition

Peace, D., and Purdy, I. M.

Cambridgeshire County Council, County Planning Department, 1979.

98 pp. (paperback), £5.35 post paid.

Research and Intelligence

Papers delivered at the Annual Conference 1978, Inlogov University of Birmingham Edited by E. M. Davies

£4.30. 257 pp.

Geography and the Urban Environment : Progress in Research and Applications

Vol. II. Edited by D. T. Herbert, R. J. Johnston.

Wiley, London. 308 pp.

Facts about the New Towns : A Socio‐Economic Digest

A. G. Champion, K. Clegg and R. L. Davies

R.P.A., Corbridge, 1978.

Physical Planning in the Member States of the E.E.C.

C. Wood and N. Lee, Occasional Paper No. 2.

Department of Town and Country Planning, University of Manchester, 1978. 59pp.     

Reviews

Planning theory

Andreas Faludi

Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. Hard cover £4.75, flexi‐cover £3.

PLANNING AND THE INNOVATION PROCESS (Progress in Planning, Vol. 1, Part 3)

Ray Jefferson

Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973

THRESHOLD ANALYSIS MANUAL

Scottish Development Department H.M.S.O., London, 1973. £6

THE PLANNER IN SOCIETY: THE CHANGING ROLE OF A PROFESSION

David Eversley

Faber and Faber, London, 1973. £4.75.

SUB‐REGIONAL PLANNING STUDIES: AN EVALUATION

T. M. Cowling and G. C. Steeley

Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. £3.80

SKETCHBOOKS OF PAOLO SOLERI

Paolo Soleri.

M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1971.

ARCOLOGY: THE CITY IN THE IMAGE OF MAN.

Paolo Soleri.

M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1969.

FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED AND THE AMERICAN ENVIRONMENTAL TRADITION

Albert Fein

George Braziller, New York. $10.00 cloth. $3.95 paper.

ECOLOGY AND RECLAMATION OF DEVASTED LAND (2 vols.) ed. Russel Hutnick and Grant Davis

Gordon and Breach, New York, 1973. £25.00.

MAN MADE THE LAND: Essays in English Historical Geography

Ed. Alan R. H. Baker and J. B. Harley.

David and Charles, Newton Abbot, 1973. £5.25.

THE UNKNOWN URBAN REALM (Vol. 2, Europe 2,000, Project 3, Urbanization, Planning Human Environment in Europe)

U. Neveling, R. Sulzer, W. Ubbens, G. Wersig.

Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1973.     

Book reviews

Local Politics and Participation in Britain and France

Albert Mabileau, George Moyser, Gerraint Parry, Patrick Quantin. 1989. 281 pp. Price £30.00.

ISBN: 0 521 34576 6.

The Rural State?: Limits to Planning in Rural Society

Paul Cloke and Jo Little. 1990, Oxford University Press. 287 pp.

Price £30.00.

ISBN: 0 19 823287 X

Urbanisation in History: A Process of Dynamic Interactions. International Studies in Demography.

Edited by Ad van der Woude, Jan de Vries, and Akira Hayami. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1990. 371 pp. Price £40.00.

Housing and Social Inequality

Jenny Morris and Martin Winn

Integrated Land‐Use and Transport Modelling — Decision Chains and Hierarchies

Tomas de la Barra

Beyond Green Belts — Managing Urban Growth in 21st Century

Regional Studies Association (1990). 64 pp. Price £9.95.

Learning from Rotterdam

M. J. Vroom and J. H. A. Meeus.

173 pp. Nichols, New York. Price £25.

Reviewing the Quality of Environmental Statements

N. Lee and R. Colley

EIA Centre, University of Manchester, 1990.

Occasional Paper 25, 46 pp. Price: £3.00.

Knowledge and Public Policy: the search for meaningful indicators

Judith Innes. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick. 352 pp. Price: £16.95.

Urban Problems: An Applied Urban Analysis

Michael Pacione. Routledge, 1990.

Living with Inner City Policies: Two Essays on Inner City Life and Inner City Policies

Meryl Aldridge and John Edwards, Department of Social Policy, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College. Social Policy Papers No. 2, 1989.

Information Technology in Geography and Planning: including principles of GIS

Bracken and Webster, Routledge, London 1990. 444 pp.

Housing and Social Change in Europe and the USA

Michael Ball, Michael Harloe and Maartje Martens. Routledge, 222 pp. Price: £10.99.

Land and Property Development: Changing Context

Edited by Healey and Nabarro. 212 pp. Price: £39.50.     

Modelling built-up land take in Europe to 2020: an assessment of the Resource Efficiency Roadmap measure on land

Land taken by artificial surfaces has an impact on the quality of life and ecosystems. To reduce possible negative impacts of land take, the European Commission proposed setting a milestone objective for 2020 in terms of future rates of land take.

This paper describes a methodology to model the impacts of the 2020 land-take milestone proposed in the RERM in the European Union 27 MS. An integrated modelling framework was configured to assess the spatial impact of two land-take scenarios: a ‘Reference’ scenario, which is driven by demographic and economic trends, and a ‘Target 0’ scenario that follows the 2020 land-take milestone proposed in the RERM. We conclude that the implementation of the 2020 land-take milestone, by reducing future land take in Europe, will foster more efficient use of land (less land taken for the same activity levels) and minimise negative impacts on non-artificial land uses.     

Book reviews

URBANIZATION AND COMMUNITY BUILDING IN MODERN NORWAY

J. S. Tortenson, M. F. Metcalfe, T. F. Rasmussen

Urbana Press, Oslo 1985. 312 pp., figs and tables.

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY

R. Riddell

Gower, 1985. £18.50

REVIEW OF SERVICE INDUSTRIES: A GEOGRAPHICAL APPRAISAL

P. W. Daniels

Methuen, 1985. £27.50.

ARABIC‐ISLAMIC CITIES: BUILDING AND PLANNING PRINCIPLES

Besim Selim Hakim

KPI Ltd., London, 1986. pp. 192. £46 (h/b)

FIFTY YEARS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN

Sheila Harvey and Stephen Rettig

The Landscape Press, 1985. £12.50

CAPABILITY BROWN AND THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ENGLISH LANDSCAPE

Roger Turner

Weidenfeld & Nicholson. £16.95.