中国挥发性有机物污染防治政策及对监测技术的管理需求

本文通过梳理现行的挥发性有机物污染防治政策法规和方法标准,结合国外经验,提出了现阶段挥发性有机物污染防治政策体系。尽管起步较晚,但陆续实施的挥发性有机物排污收费和总量控制机制,已经对污染物监测提出了明确的管理需求。虽然离线检测技术具有良好的灵敏度和响应度,但使用FID和NDIR法的在线和便携仪器响应时间短、数据连续,可以实现对挥发性有机物污染的实时追踪,更好地满足污染预警、应急执法等环境管理新需求。     

水环境中挥发性有机物的监测方法

挥发性有机物具有种类多、含量少以及毒性大等特点,已成为我国水质监测优先控制污染物。本文叙述了近年来水中挥发性有机物在环境监测中的研究现状,主要介绍了4种预处理技术和两种分析方法,同时简单介绍了水环境中挥发性有机物的发展方向。     

便携式GC-MS在选钛废气挥发性有机物监测中的应用

采用便携式GC-MS现场测定了某选钛厂废气中挥发性有机物。结果表明,选钛废气中检出了苯系物、丙酮、环己烷、二硫化碳等具有异味的挥发性有机物,浮选工序挥发性有机物浓度水平为0.032~1.02mg/m~3,烘干工序排气筒废气中挥发性有机物浓度水平为0.004~0.518mg/m~3。本方法操作简便,获得数据快速,为管理部门及时处理环境投诉,企业优化选钛废气处理工艺参数提供依据。     

大港油田地区挥发性有机物分析

采用热脱附气相色谱-质谱法对大港油田地区环境空气进行了监测分析,并对挥发性有机物(VOCs)的浓度变化趋势和组分进行了研究。结果表明:大港油田地区挥发性有机物的浓度水平冬季要高于其他季节,时间分布特征比较明显;其主要成分为硫化物、卤代烃和芳香烃三大类,为典型的石化类污染。在此基础上,结合油田实际情况,对减少挥发性有机物的污染提出了初步建议。     

各省

正广东:向挥发性有机物"开刀"从3月中旬召开的广东省环保局长会议上获悉,2016年,广东省将加快推进石油化工、印刷、家具制造、制鞋等重点行业挥发性有机物治理,推动企业优化采购和使用低挥发性有机物含量的材料。广东将率先在东莞、中山、顺德、深圳和江门等市选     

挥发性有机物排污收费试点办法

财政部、国家发展改革委、环境保护部于2015年6月18日发布了《关于印发<挥发性有机物排污收费试点办法>的通知》（财税〔2015〕71号）。为了规范挥发性有机物排污收费管理,改善环境质量,根据《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》《排污费征收使用管理条例》《国务院关于印发大气污染防治行动计划的通知》（国发〔2013〕37号）等规定,财政部、国家发展改革委、环境保护部制定了《挥发性有机物排污收费试点办法》,内容如下。     

四川省VOCs综合治理重点工程机械制造企业现状分析

主要针对纳入四川省挥发性有机物综合治理重点的工程机械制造行业治理现状进行研究。挥发性有机物是臭氧破坏的主要来源，也是工程机械制造行业排放的主要污染物之一。对纳入综合治理重点的41家工程机械制造企业挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放现状进行了现场调研、数据收集和分析。调研和分析结果显示：采用改进生产工艺或末端治理控制VOCs排放的企业占51.2%,2018～2020年使用低(无)VOCs清洁原辅材料替代在37.99%～47.41%。对存在的问题进行研究分析，提出意见建议。为四川省挥发性有机物综合治理以及打赢蓝天保卫战提供技术支撑。     

基于催化氧化-NDIR的挥发性有机物监测技术

分析了我国挥发性有机物的监测现状及有关检测技术的优缺点,介绍了基于催化氧化-NDIR技术的挥发性有机物监测仪的测量原理和技术优势,通过试验数据和现场应用案例,验证了该项技术的性能指标。     

饮用水中半挥发性有机物的GC／MS分析方法研究

介绍用毛细管气相色谱／质谱联用技术（ＧＣ／ＭＳ）对饮用水中半挥发性有机物的分析研究。饮用水经吸附富集、洗脱、浓缩后，用ＧＣ／ＭＳ测定，定性检出５０种半挥发性有机物，并对１９种主要的半挥发性有机污染物进行定量分析。     

地表水中挥发性有机物浓度变化特征及来源建模分析

常规方法分析挥发性有机物(VOC)浓度变化特征时，仅考虑挥发速率这一因素，忽略了比增长和比去除速率的干扰，导致有机物浓度变比模拟值与实测值偏差较大，针对这一问题，提出地表水中挥发性有机物浓度变化特征及来源建模分析。应用质谱联用法，获得有机物质谱图，根据测定的水样浓度，计算有机物比增长和比去除速率，结合挥发速率建立变化特征模型，识别有机物污染来源。选取具有代表性的水源地，设置对比实验，结果表明，设计方法相比两组常规方法，生活源有机物浓度变比模拟偏差分别减小了3.09%和5.02%,农业源浓度变比模拟偏差分别减小了3.03%和5.40%,工业源浓度变比模拟偏差分别减小了3.97%和6.75%,浓度变化趋势与实测浓度最为贴近。减小了挥发性有机物浓度变化的模拟值偏差，对水域有机物浓度变化预测更为准确。     

油气田挥发性有机物管控源项及排放系数研究

对美国油气田挥发性有机物(VOCs)管控要求、排放系数、可行技术及相关治理费用进行梳理总结,为我国油气田VOCs排放标准、排污许可申请技术规范、污染源核算技术指南等制定以及油气田企业VOCs治理提供借鉴。美国新建污染源控制标准主要对油气田油气井完井、储存、气动阀、气动泵、压缩机、设备泄漏、无组织逸散等VOCs污染源提出管控要求。参照我国当前石油化学工业VOCs管控理念,可将上述污染源归为设备和管道组件密封点、物料转移和输送、工艺无组织、储存4个源项进行管控。     

臭氧氧化水中有机污染物作用规律及动力学研究方法

本文对臭氧氧化水中有机污染物的作用规律及氧化动力学研究方法进行了综述。臭氧是一种强氧化剂，它能通过臭氧直接反应或产生羟基自由基进行间接反应以及两者的结合对有机和无机化合物进行氧化。臭氧有选择性地氧化有机污染物，主要与双键、活性芳香系统和未被质子化的胺类发生反应，而羟基自由基则可以和水中绝大多数化合物无选择性地快速反应，臭氧动力学的研究也涉及到臭氧和羟基自由基的问题，其反应速率常数的测定多采用溶质消耗法和竞争动力学法。     

VOCs恶臭污染物质的污染状况和一般处理方法

VOCs恶臭污染物质是一些既有异味且具有挥发性的有机气态污染物质，对人体健康和生态环境造成很大危害。VOCs恶臭物质来源于生活和工业生产等方面。常用的处理方法有吸附法、吸收法、燃烧法、冷凝法、生物法、膜分离法等。其中，生物法处理有机废气具有运行费用低、维护管理方便、没有二次污染等优点，成为今后治理VOCs恶臭污染物质的清洁型生物方法。     

红外图谱计算机解析研究

本文提供了被认为比较准确的32种有机分子特征基团红外光谱吸收范围;提出了红外仪扫描时计算机同时采集数据,红外扫描结束后,计算机不用人工干予自动利用有机分子基团的特征吸收峰的峰位、强度信息判断有机分子所含基团的图谱解析方法。并提供了程序设计框图。给出了40个较有代表性化合物的图谱解析实验结果。     

PRESENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF CHLORINATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN STREAMBED SEDIMENTS,NEW JERSEY1

ABSTRACT: Concentrations of 18 hydrophobic chlorinated organic compounds in streambed sediments from 100 sites throughout New Jersey were examined to determine (1) which compounds were detected most frequently, (2) whether detection frequencies differed among selected drainage basins, and (3) whether concentrations differed significantly among selected drainage basins. Twelve drainage basins across New Jersey that contain a range of land-use patterns and population densities were selected to represent various types and degrees of development. To ensure an adequate number of samples for statistical comparison among drainage basins, the 12 selected basins were consolidated into seven drainage areas on the basis of similarities in land-use patterns and population densities. Additionally, data for three classes of chlorinated organic compounds in streambed sediments from 255 sites throughout New Jersey were examined to determine whether the presence of these compounds in streambed sediments is related to the type and degree of development within the drainage area of each sampling site. Chlorinated organic compounds detected most frequently within the seven representative drainage areas were DDT, DDE, DDD, chlordane, dieldrin, and PCBs. DDT, DDE, and DDD, which were the most widely distributed organic compounds, were detected in about 60 to 100 percent of the samples from all drainage areas but one (where the detection rate for these compounds was about 20 to 40 percent). Chiordane and dieldrin were detected in about 80 to 100 percent of samples from highly urbanized and populated drainage areas; detection frequencies for these compounds tended to be smaller in less developed and populated areas. PCBs were detected in about 40 to 85 percent of samples from all drainage areas; detection frequencies were highest in the most heavily developed and populated areas. Analysis of variance on rank-transformed organic compound concentrations normalized to sediment organic carbon content was used to evaluate differences in concentrations among the seven representative drainage areas. Chlordane and PCBs were the chlorinated organic compounds with the most highly elevated concentrations in streambed sediments across the State. Median normalized concentrations of all six of the most frequently detected chlorinated organic compounds were highest in the most heavily urbanized and populated drainage area and lowest in the less populated, predominantly agricultural or forested areas. Concentrations of DDT and DDE, however, did not differ significantly among most of the drainage areas. Concentrations of DDD, chlordane, dieldrin, and PCBs differed significantly among drainage areas. The highest median normalized concentrations were found in samples from the most heavily urbanized and populated areas, and the lowest were in samples from the least developed, most heavily forested area. Logistic regression was used to examine relations between the presence of hydrophobic chlorinated organic compounds in streambed sediments at specified concentrations and variables that characterize the type and degree of development within the drainage areas of 255 sites across New Jersey. The explanatory variables found most useful for predicting the presence of chlorinated organic compounds in streambed sediments include total population and amounts (in square kilometers) of various land-use categories. Logistic regression equations were developed to identify significant relations between population and amounts of specific land-use categories within drainage areas and the probability of detecting chlorinated organic contaminants in streambed sediments. These relations can be used to assist in the identification of geographic regions of primary concern for contamination of bed sediments by chlorinated organic compounds across the State.     

Measuring sorption of hydrophilic organic compounds in soils by an unsaturated transient flow method

Determination of sorption of hydrophilic, weakly sorbing organic compounds in soil by conventional batch methods using a slurried suspension is often prone to considerable errors because small changes in the solution concentration on equilibration must be accurately determined. This difficulty is exacerbated for compounds susceptible to degradation, which also decreases the solution concentration. The objective of this study was to determine sorption of hydrophilic pesticides by applying an unsaturated transient flow method, which enables determination of sorption at sufficiently small solution to soil ratios. The method makes use of piston-like displacement of the antecedent solution in equilibrium with sorbed phase when pesticide-free water is infiltrated into a soil column spiked with a pesticide. Pesticide sorption and the solution concentration are inferred from a plot of total pesticide content per unit mass of soil vs. water content in a region where the antecedent solution is accumulated. Thus, extraction of solution from relative dry soil is unnecessary. We tested this method for two hydrophilic pesticides, monocrotophos [dimethyl (E)-1-methyl-2-(methyl-carbamoyl) vinyl phosphate] and dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate). The sorption coefficient, K(d), obtained for monocrotophos was slightly lower than that by batch method (K(d) = 0.10 vs. 0.19 L kg(-1)), whereas for dichlorvos, a compound highly susceptible to degradation, the unsaturated flow method yielded a much smaller K(d) (0.19 vs. 3.22 L kg(-1)). The K(d) values for both compounds were consistent with the observed retardation in the pesticide displacement in the columns. The proposed method is more representative of field conditions and particularly suitable for weakly sorbing organic compounds in soils.     

城市污水处理厂恶臭浓度分布规律及其防治措施

城市污水处理厂的主要大气污染物之一为恶臭污染,恶臭问题已经成为环境领域的一个重要研究课题。恶臭污染物的来源主要是初沉池等水流湍动处,其成分主要是含氮化合物、含硫化合物、含氧有机物等。分析了恶臭污染物的来源、成分和浓度分布等,对确定城市污水处理厂的卫生防护距离进行了讨论,并介绍了目前国内外主要恶臭污染防治措施。湿式吸收氧化法和生物过滤法这两种技术是当前发展和应用的方向。     

Application of lime and calcium hypochlorite in the dephenolisation and discolouration of olive mill wastewater

The application of hypochlorite for the removal of soluble COD, phenolic and polyphenolic like compounds, and other organic compounds responsible for the olive mill wastewater (OOWW) colour has been experimentally studied. After the OOWW filtration on a sand column, the effluent was subjected to a fast liming under optimal conditions. Lime application reduced polyphenols, COD and SS contents to half of their initial values but an important blackening of the treated OOWW was observed, especially when adding high concentrations of lime (10% (W/V) and 15% (W/V)).A second stage of treatment was applied using calcium hypochlorite. In this stage, removal of the studied compounds reached as much as 95% at higher concentrations, and particularly the colouring of OOWW which is generally difficult to eliminate was greatly reduced. The OOWW hypochloration acted through coagulation–flocculation and a rapid oxidation of the organic matter proceeded from the first 5 min. The kinetic study of the degradation of the waste polluting compounds from liming showed that Ca(ClO)₂ reacts similarly in the elimination of organic compounds, polyphenols, SS and colouration. The analysis of the organochloride compounds generated by the reaction between hypochlorite and the organic compounds showed that DDD, DDT and the heptachlor contents exceeded the values recommended by the International and European drinking water standards.