浅谈环保科技创新——以中德·丰泉环保为例

在21世纪全球经济一体化的趋势中，知识和信息对经济增长和社会发展的贡献将超过资本和自然资源，创新将成为知识经济的本质特征。在相当长的一段时期内，我国的经济增长主要建立在资源和生产要素低成本的投入之上。创造单位GDP所消耗的资源比世界平均水平高出很多，资源利用率十分低。庞大的人口基数又导致我国的人均资源占有率低。所以我国必须要进行从粗放型经济向集约型经济的改变，走高效、节能的新兴工业化道路，走科技创新、提高科技贡献率的道路。     

黑龙江省能源消费碳排放量情景预测

采用联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会规定的碳排放计算方法，测算了黑龙江省2002-2010年的能源消费碳排放量。运用Kaya分解法，预测了黑龙江省2011—2020年在不同情境下的人均碳排放量。研究表明，2002-2010年黑龙江省能源消费碳排放量以年均8％的速度增长，人均碳排量年均增长率为8．18％。在四种经济增长情境下，黑龙江省2011—2020年人均碳排放量的年均增长率均远远低于2002-2010年，但人均碳排放量仍逐年增长，且GDP增长速度越快，人均碳排放量增长也越快。     

哈密市大气环境库兹涅茨曲线特征分析

以哈密市1988—2006年经济增长（GDP）和大气环境质量数据为研究对象，分析各类典型大气污染指标与人均GDP之间的关系，建立哈密市大气环境污染物排放浓度与人均GDP增长之间的回归模型，结果表明：哈密市SO2、NO2、TSP排放浓度与人均GDP增长之间基本符合标准的倒“U”型的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征。     

浅谈环保科技创新——以中德·丰泉环保为例

在21世纪全球经济一体化的趋势中,知识和信息对经济增长和社会发展的贡献将超过资本和自然资源,创新将成为知识经济的本质特征.在相当长的一段时期内,我国的经济增长主要建立在资源和生产要素低成本的投入之上.创造单位GDP所消耗的资源比世界平均水平高出很多,资源利用率十分低.庞大的人口基数又导致我国的人均资源占有率低.所以我国必须要进行从粗放型经济向集约型经济的改变,走高效、节能的新兴工业化道路,走科技创新、提高科技贡献率的道路.     

基于FAHP的新疆喀什地区水资源承载力综合评价

采用模糊层次分析法(FAHP)对2000-2011年喀什地区水资源支持力指数、压力指数、承载力指数的动态演变进行分析,预测未来水资源承载力的发展趋势.目前喀什地区水资源产出效益低,丰水年与枯水年水资源承载力波动大,人口增长率过快、农业用水产出率低、GDP快速增长与人均GDP增长不协调成为水资源承载力的三大压力.随着喀什新型工业化、城镇化进程的加快以及人口的增加,水资源脆弱性与水资源短缺问题将会凸显.今后应协调好经济发展与资源的永续利用,合理调整产业结构调整,缓解四大用水矛盾,进一步提高水资源的利用率与产出率.     

垃圾循环利用谁家强

随着人民生活水平的提高,世界各地的城市和市镇生活垃圾数量迅速增加。自2000年以来,美国的城市垃圾总量几乎增加了2倍,在2014年达到了3.45亿吨。尽管欧盟曾计划在2020年将人均垃圾倾倒量减至300公斤,但现在据欧盟统计,从2004年到2014年,欧洲的城市垃圾增加了23%,达到人均877公斤。在东南亚,由于近十几年来的城镇化进展,东南亚的城市生活垃圾每年以8.9%以上的速度增长,     

旅游依赖型目的地经济增长与旅游业发展关联性分析——以黄山市为例

选取2000—2014年黄山市旅游业统计数据,运用Eviews等统计软件对地区GDP与旅游总收入、旅游外汇收入进行回归分析。结果显示,旅游外汇收入、旅游总收入与地区GDP之间均存在长期协整关系。其中,旅游外汇收入每增加1%,GDP增长约0.48%;旅游总收入每增加1%,GDP增长约0.52%。从增长弹性看,旅游总收入平均增长弹性系数为4.04,旅游外汇收入平均增长弹性系数为1.94,旅游业发展速度超过了经济增长速度,对地区经济发展具有拉动作用。基于分析结果,提出开发和保护好特色资源、提升和打造好产品体系、拓展和开发好客源市场、提升服务与管理水平等建议。     

浙江省环境污染与经济发展关系的实证研究

本文在环境库兹涅茨曲线假设基础上,采用1991—2014年浙江省环境和经济数据,运用回归模型对其环境污染与经济发展的关系进行实证检验。结果表明:浙江工业废水、工业废气、工业SO2排放量和工业固体废弃物产生量均符合EKC假设,其中工业SO2和工业废水人均排放量与人均GDP呈倒U形关系,拐点分别出现在2005年与2010年;工业废气排放量和工业固体废弃物产生量尚处于倒U形左侧上升阶段,其中工业固体废弃物人均产生量已接近拐点。而生活污水排放量与EKC假设并不相符,人均生活污水排放量与人均GDP呈单调递增的线形关系。对EKC驱动因子的分析表明,加强政府环境治理,以不断完善的环境法规推动产业结构升级调整,以持续的技术进步与创新促进关键行业节能减排,有利于克服规模效应,推动浙江环境污染与经济发展的关系早日实现解耦。     

基于LMDI分解法的我国运输业碳排放影响因素实证研究

继中国碳排放总量超越美国成为全球最大碳排放体后,2014年中国人均碳排放达到7.2t/人,超过欧盟。而物流作为国民经济的排头兵,在碳排放上做出了极大"贡献"。基于此,以物流运输业为研究对象,以2004—2014年物流运输能源消耗为基础数据,利用对数平均迪氏分解法对物流运输产生的碳排放量进行因素分解,得出碳排放因子、能源消耗结构、运输方式、物流运输货运量、能源消耗强度五种影响因素,并通过构造分解模型,以量化手段得出各因子对运输碳排放量的贡献大小,并据此提出运输业碳减排的几点建议和措施。     

高质量发展理念下资源型城市转型绩效及障碍因子分析——以甘肃省金昌市为例

以我国西北地区典型资源型城市甘肃省金昌市为例,基于高质量发展理念,从经济发展、民生改善、资源利用、环境整治、产业转型5个维度构建评价体系,采用熵权—改进的TOPSIS模型测度了金昌市2008—2017年的转型绩效,运用障碍度模型厘清了影响高质量发展的主要障碍因子。结果表明:①转型总绩效逐年稳步提升,5个维度的分绩效均有不同程度的改善,总体呈两个阶段:第一阶段是2008—2014年的转型发展初期,产业格局尚未稳定,分绩效不稳定;第二阶段是2015—2017年的稳健发展期,绩效稳步提高。②主要障碍因子的排序为:高新技术产业增加值占GDP比例第三产业增加值占GDP的比例单位工业增加值能耗单位GDP能耗城镇登记失业率地方财政一般预算收入农村居民人均可支配收入城镇居民人均可支配收入。     

A suggestion for Korean resource productivity management policy with calculating and analyzing its national resource productivity

In this study, we suggested a criterion of Korean resource productivity calculation method including its range which is not generalized yet and analyzed its level by reviewing the resource productivity management policies and study trends of the major advanced countries. The material flow indexes that are widely used in major advanced countries, such as the domestic material consumption (DMC), were used to establish the resource productivity calculation method with estimation the domestic resource productivity during 2000–2010. As of 2010, the DMC was 590 million ton, GDP was 1 trillion dollars and DMC-based resource productivity was 1.75 thousand US dollars/ton, which was continuously increased during last ten years with 8.0%, 50.0%, and 38.9%, respectively. This increase tendency was not because of DMC reduction through resource management but because of just large GDP increase. The results of the comparison with other countries indicated that Korea had the lower resource productivity level and also the lower increasing rate than major advanced countries such as the UK and Japan, and required an efficient resource management plan for improvement. Therefore, we finally suggested a Korean resource productivity policy direction to construct its sustainable system for its improvement.     

内蒙古县域经济发展水平时空差异研究

采用《省级主体功能区划分技术规程》中经济发展水平指标的计算方法,以内蒙古101个旗、县、区为研究对象,选取各地GDP产值和人均GDP数值,探讨2000-2004年和2005-2009年两个时段内蒙古县域经济发展变化状况.结果表明,内蒙古县域经济发展水平的时空差异十分显著,县域经济发展水平差距在逐渐扩大,各地区经济发展极不均衡,这种时空差异与内蒙古各县区的地理位置、经济基础、资源禀赋、发展策略、人力资源等紧密相关.     

基于GIS的县域经济差异与协调发展研究——以陕北地区为例

改革开放以来,陕北地区经济有了突飞猛进的发展,尤其是矿产资源的开发创造了巨大的经济效益。但近几年来,县域经济发展水平的空间差异逐渐扩大,已成为制约该区域经济发展的一大障碍。选取了人均GDP、地均GDP、人均地方财政收入、人均社会消费品零售总额、城镇化水平、在岗职工平均工资和农民人均纯收入7项指标,采用ArcGIS的IDW法模拟和分析了陕北地区经济空间格局,再采用量图分析法将陕北地区25个县级行政区分为先进、中等和落后3种类型,从县域的角度进一步分析经济水平的空间差异,最后对缩小县域经济空间差异和实现县域经济协调发展提出几点建议。     

中国独立型环境税方案设计及其效应分析

环境税是当前国家正在推进的一项重要的环境经济政策改革。本研究从分析环境税的内涵和实施基础出发,提出了我国独立型环境税税制设计方案,对污染排放税目、污染产品税目、生态保护税目和碳排放税目的具体税制要素进行了设计,测算了不同组合方案下的环境税可能收入水平。利用环境CGE模型分析了环境税征收对GDP、物价、生产、消费、贸易和要素资源配置的影响,提出了环境税的实施路线图。     

基于聚类分析的我国各地化石能源足迹与经济发展定量研究

利用改进后的化石能源足迹公式计算了2000—2009年我国30个地区的人均化石能源足迹,并分别对2000年和2009年中国各地区的数据进行聚类分析,发现我国地区人均化石能源足迹由无明显地域特征转变为东部高于中西部,经济发达地区高于欠发达地区,且能源使用效率和经济发展水平间联系逐渐加强。通过对不同类别代表性地区人均化石能源足迹的分析判断,以北京、上海和广东为代表的发达地区化石能源消耗增长开始趋于缓和甚至出现小幅下降。     

Assessment of physical economy through economy-wide material flow analysis in developing Uzbekistan

In this paper, we assess the physical dimensions of Uzbekistan's economy during 1992–2011 by using the economy-wide material flow analysis (EW-MFA) method, which is an internationally recognized tool for such assessments. There have been a number of studies using methodological standardization of EW-MFA, but to the best of our knowledge, it has never been used to assess the metabolism of Central Asian economies, especially, in this case, the Republic of Uzbekistan.Our analysis strives to empirically evaluate macroscopic economic activities by considering the accounting of material flows. The material flows data-set comprises of consistent data for domestic extraction, imports, and exports, as well as other derived MFA-based indicators.The derived indicators are internationally compared for further evaluation of national economic development performance in a given period. The indicators of direct material input (DMI) and total material requirements (TMR) showed a slight increase in 1992–2011 with an average annual increase of 2.79% and 2.34%. The trends of TMR, DMI, domestic material consumption (DMC) and material efficiency, which is indicated by GDP/DMI, displayed lower values than other industrialized countries referenced in the international comparison. Although national economic performance data showed particularly remarkable success, indicators measuring material inputs and DMC reveal an insignificant increase during the period of study. During the second decade of study period, relative decoupling has occurred which indicated that the economic indicator (GDP) grows faster than DMC and other macro indicators grow.     

Trends in the intensity of copper use in Japan since 1960

Between 1960 and 2000, Japan's real GDP grew 620%. However, its consumption of copper increased only 345%, thanks to a 38% decline in the country's intensity of copper use. In light of concerns today over the possible impact of future economic development in China, India, and other developing countries on the long-run availability of mineral resources, this study proposes to explore the causes for this dramatic decline in the Japanese intensity of copper use.For some time, we have known that the intensity of metal use within a country depends on its level of economic development, usually measured by per capita income, as well as on technological change, long-run price trends, and other factors whose influence varies, more or less, with time. This study finds that rising per capita income has increased the intensity of copper use in Japan over the entire period examined. Moreover, this positive effect is expected to continue until per capita income—$44,830 in 2000—reaches $53,000. Thereafter, further advances will tend to reduce the intensity of copper use. Conversely, new copper-saving technologies and other time-related variables have on average reduced the intensity of copper use by 2.9% a year, an amount sufficient not only to offset the positive effects of growing per capita income but also to reduce intensity of use by 38%.     

中国城镇居民食物消费碳排放的时空演变特征分析

本文运用碳折算系数法和投入产出模型测算了1990—2018年中国30个省(区、市)城镇居民食物消费的人均直接碳排放、人均家庭间接碳排放和人均产业间接碳排放,并运用探索性空间数据分析(ESDA)对总碳排放的空间特征进行分析。研究表明:1990—2018年中国30个省(区、市)人均间接碳排放在研究期内呈增长趋势,人均产业碳排放增长幅度最大且始终处于主导地位,大部分地区的人均直接碳排放增长较为缓慢;人均碳排放和总碳排放都呈显著增长趋势,人均碳排放的增长幅度宁夏>新疆>上海>浙江>青海>北京,甘肃最小,总碳排放增长幅度广东>浙江>山东>江苏>河北>上海,吉林最低;总碳排放在大部分年份呈正的空间相关性,整体上呈"M"形波动;局部空间自相关分析结果表明,食物消费总碳排放存在高高型和低高型两种,且2000年及以后高高型稳定在上海、江苏、浙江地区。最后,本文依据实证结果对如何降低城镇居民食物消费碳排放提出了相应的政策建议。     

Using nighttime light data to estimate water evaporation inside buildings in China's urban areas

Urbanization has a great impact on urban evapotranspiration. Water evaporation inside buildings is an important part of urban water vapor resources and a crucial core of urban hydrological processes. The systematic studies on building water evaporation (BWE) are mostly the method of experimental monitoring. This study proposed a new method to simulate and estimate water evaporation flux inside buildings in urban areas. Based on the nighttime light data and urban per capita gross domestic product (GDP), a new modeling system was built to simulate the total BWE. Building area was calculated using the nighttime light data. And the BWE coefficient D_f was estimated according to the important indicator of economic development per capita GDP value. Then the water evaporation inside urban buildings and the spatial distribution of water evaporation inside buildings in typical cities could be obtained. The results showed that the total amount of water evaporation inside buildings in China's urban areas was 24.5 billion m³. Among the 31 provincial capitals in China, Shanghai had the largest BWE of 1.08 billion m³. The minimum water evaporation of buildings in Lhasa was 20.0 million m³. Studies of BWE can assess urban water budgets, support on-demand allocation of water resources, and provide a fundamental understanding of the relationship between water resources and energy heat island effects in urban areas.     

China's Minerals Future: 1985–2005

China has embarked on major economic and social changes to revitalize the Chinese economy, increase labor productivity, and improve the material standard of living of the Chinese people. This paper assumes that China will achieve its goal of a per capita income of US$800 in 2000, open-door policies will be maintained, and nonfuel mineral commodity consumption will increase as GDP per capita increases. Projections are made of production, trade and consumption of 14 nonfuel minerals for the period 1985–2005. China is projected to increase its net imports to these 14 minerals from about US$5000 million in 1985 to about US$12000 million in constant dollars in 2005. China's investment climate will become more favorable for those multinational companies that bring with them clear comparative advantages in minerals exploration, mining and processing technologies and marketing, and are prepared to develop in-depth Chinese expertise.