黑龙江宜农荒地资源的基本特征与开发潜力

黑龙江省是我国农业开发历史较晚的地区之一，自1897年以来，黑龙江省开垦的耕地从5330ha增加到1994年底的890．9万ha，成为我国重要的商品粮基地之一，供给全国约1／5的商品粮。目前，黑龙江省尚有大量可供开垦的宜农荒地资源，因此，分析其开发潜力可为今后实施开发提供依据。1宜农荒地数量与分布1．l宜农荒地数量大、类型多宜农荒地广义上包括宜于开辟为农用土地的荒地，即宜耕地、宜林地、宜牧地等；狭义上指宜于开垦作为耕地的荒地，本文宜农荒地的含义为后者。它主要需满足以下条件：土地温度能满足当地适种作物生长发育的要求，有适…     

我国“四荒”资源的成因及其开发潜力

“四荒”是指可资农业利用而目前尚未开发的土地和水面，包括荒山、荒地、荒滩和荒水。人为开发利用不当是我国“四荒”资源的主要成因。“四荒”资源按其适宜性可分为宜农、宜园、宜林、宜牧、宜水产养殖５种类型，都有一定规模的开发潜力。     

遥感在荒地资源调查及开发利用中的应用

利用先进的遥感技术对荒地资源进行调查,可以直接、准确地圈定荒地的范围;确定荒地的土壤性质,这一手段不仅精度高,而且省时省力。另外,本文根据遥感解译,还提出了荒地资源开发利用的构想,并针对性地提出了相应的生产模式。     

湖北省荒山荒地资源开发利用的原则和方向

荒山荒地是我省农业的重要后备，本文将主要探讨这部分资源的开发利用及其原则和方向，为发展农业寻求新的途径与措施。     

湖北省山区荒地资源的社会条件分析

湖北省山区荒地资源的社会条件分析涂成焱，叶德嘉，穆越，熊师斌（湖北大学．武汉４３００６２）湖北省山区荒地资源开发利用程度不高，主要原因是受自然和社会条件的影响。本文着重阐述了湖北省４个山区社会条件的各种影响因素。１鄂西北秦巴山区秦巴山区横亘于湖北省西...     

天山北麓绿洲边缘盐碱荒地的生态环境和改良作用

盐碱荒地的生态环境极其脆弱，其核心问题是盐害。论述了，通过“干排盐”方式对盐碱荒地进行改良。该技术资金投入少，盐份淋溶效率高，积盐埂有很好的积盐效果，且能在当年收获一定产量的牧草。推广此项改良技术，可在有限资金条件下利用盐碱荒地，建立饲草基地、改善生态环境。     

攀西地区农业开发条件、潜力与对策

攀西地区位于四川省的西南部,包括攀枝花市和凉山州的全部。幅员面积6.75万km~2,1988年末人口为437.3万人。攀西不仅矿产、水能资源举世瞩目,而且光热资源丰富,宜农荒地资源多,农业开发条件好、潜力大,是国家原材料、能源和农业开发的重点地区。本文拟就种植业为重点,对攀西农业开发条件、潜力和对策进行分析论证,以引起社会重视,使之尽快列为全国农业开发的重点区,进行先期开发。     

塔里木河流域的自然环境保护问题

塔里木河是我国最长的内陆河,也是世界上最大的内陆河之一。流域光照热量充足,适合喜温作物和长绒棉生长。土地资源丰富,约占全疆宜农荒地九分之一,在塔里木盆地各荒区中,质量居于第一。草场面积宽阔,适合耐粗饲、抗干旱,能够生产珍贵羔皮的三北羊放牧。胡杨林虽经严重破坏,但保留下来的面积仍是我国及世界最集中的地区。灌溉水源基本不缺,在合理利用情况下,尚能满足现有农、林、牧业灌溉需要。     

贺兰山东麓宜林荒地资源的开发利用

1贺兰山东麓宜林荒地资源的基本特征1．1地貌、地形及生态条件贺兰山位于银川平原与阿拉善高原之间，呈北北东一南南西走向，南北长约250km，东西宽约20km～40km，海拔为2000m～3000m，山麓地区平均海拔约1100m，由缓坡石砾洪积平原与黄河冲积平原两部分组成。同时，贺兰山处于我国温带大陆性气候与大陆性季风气候的西界，冬季受强大的蒙古高压控制，干燥严寒，盛行西北风；春季增温较快，乍寒乍暖；夏季降水量少，天气炎热；秋季较短，降温较快。贺兰山还位于我国温带草原区与荒漠区的分界处，各类植物成分相互渗透，过渡性极为明显，植被…     

我是一颗种子

正我是一棵树种子,自从离开树妈妈后,我便随风伯伯游遍荒野、大江、稻田,我所见到的一切都与树妈妈所讲不同。树妈妈告诉我,文明的人类开垦荒地,建造了楼房,在这片祥和的土地上生长繁衍。而我却看到:     

Carbon management and biodiversity

International efforts to mitigate human-caused changes in the Earth's climate are considering a system of incentives (debits and credits) that would encourage specific changes in land use that can help to reduce the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. The two primary land-based activities that would help to minimize atmospheric carbon dioxide are carbon storage in the terrestrial biosphere and the efficient substitution of biomass fuels and bio-based products for fossil fuels and energy-intensive products. These two activities have very different land requirements and different implications for the preservation of biodiversity and the maintenance of other ecosystem services. Carbon sequestration in living forests can be pursued on lands with low productivity, i.e. on lands that are least suitable for agriculture or intensive forestry, and are compatible with the preservation of biodiversity over large areas. In contrast, intensive harvest-and-use systems for biomass fuels and products generally need more productive land to be economically viable. Intensive harvest-and-use systems may compete with agriculture or they may shift intensive land uses onto the less productive lands that currently harbor most of the Earth's biodiversity. Win-win solutions for carbon dioxide control and biodiversity are possible, but careful evaluation and planning are needed to avoid practices that reduce biodiversity with little net decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Planning is more complex on a politically subdivided Earth where issues of local interest, national sovereignty, and equity come into play.     

珠江三角洲的耕地及其持续利用

耕地的持续利用是农业持续发展的前提和基础,是人类经济社会持续发展的根本保证。本文论述了珠江三角洲耕地的现状和经济快速增长所引发的耕地问题,并指出耕地的持续利用需要全社会的共同努力。     

Food production in the city: (re)negotiating land,food and property

This paper addresses issues of access to land for food production in Toronto by offering fresh perspectives on urban agriculture in the neo-liberal city of the global north. It examines attempts to scale up urban agriculture that emphasise changing the relationships between land access, property and new collaborative relationships among different stakeholders. These initiatives involve renegotiating access to land for growing food between private property owners and landless growers, concomitant shifts in control over valued resources and commercialisation. These shifts are often based on relations of trust within a sharing economy rather than public battles over political decisions to develop urban agriculture lands. Growing food on private lands in the city is political in challenging taken-for-granted ideas and practices of property and urban agriculture. New approaches offer options for training and income, as well as expanding the land base for urban agriculture. Small-scale farming projects are affirmative political manoeuvres. They challenge urban residents to consider land for food production across the categories of public and private property. We document three approaches that challenge current property relations: temporary use of a development site through “soft” squatting; redesignating suburban backyards for farmer training and community-based and private food production; and garden sharing of private home backyards for urban food production and commercial growing. Such initiatives articulate alternative visions of sustainability and food security that rely on principles of collaboration and a sharing economy that challenge prevailing notions of property ownership and food security.     

Urbanization and the Loss of Resource Lands in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

We made use of land cover maps, and land use change associated with urbanization, to provide estimates of the loss of natural resource lands (forest, agriculture, and wetland areas) across the 168,000 km² Chesapeake Bay watershed. We conducted extensive accuracy assessments of the satellite-derived maps, most of which were produced by us using widely available multitemporal Landsat imagery. The change in urbanization was derived from impervious surface area maps (the built environment) for 1990 and 2000, from which we estimated the loss of resource lands that occurred during this decade. Within the watershed, we observed a 61% increase in developed land (from 5,177 to 8,363 km²). Most of this new development (64%) occurred on agricultural and grasslands, whereas 33% occurred on forested land. Some smaller municipalities lost as much as 17% of their forest lands and 36% of their agricultural lands to development, although in the outlying counties losses ranged from 0% to 1.4% for forests and 0% to 2.6% for agriculture. Fast-growing urban areas surrounded by forested land experienced the most loss of forest to impervious surfaces. These estimates could be used for the monitoring of the impacts of development across the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and the approach has utility for other regions nationwide. In turn, the results and the approach can help jurisdictions set goals for resource land protection and acquisition that are consistent with regional restoration goals.     

生态文明视域下河北沿海地区湿地农业发展转型研究

基于生态文明建设视域,分析了河北沿海地区湿地农业发展现状,指出目前存在天然湿地面积逐年减少、抵御自然灾害能力降低、水资源及环境条件恶化、湿地功能发挥受到限制等主要问题,阐释了湿地农业发展转型的必要性,提出实现湿地农业持续发展,必须推动其增长方式向依靠科学技术和科学管理转型,生产方式向依靠基础设施和技术装备转型,经营方式向适度规模经营转型,农产品向多品种、高品质转型,发展方式向多次产业融合转型。     

WATER DIVERSIONS TO THE NORTH AMERICAN PRAIRIES1

ABSTRACT .The major purpose of existing and proposed diversions of water to the Prairies is for irrigation. Being flat lands adaptable to mechanized agriculture and possessing a good network of rail and highway access, they are well suited for such use. Wheat surpluses, currently a serious problem in Canada, can be expected to melt under world population pressures and conversion of wheat lands to other crops with the advent of irrigation. The water sources envisaged are in the Canadian Arctic watershed with the United States purchasing Canadian water at the boundary. There is an increasing interest in the Canadian Prairie Provinces in regarding water as a commodity and selling some of it to pay for the development required to put the portion retained in Canada to use.     

Using ecological criteria to evaluate wilderness planning options in Idaho

Legally designated wilderness areas are acknowledged to be an important element in strategies to conserve biological diversity in United States. However, because of the restrictions on consumptive uses in wilderness, their establishment is normally contentious. Criteria for establishment have typically been associated with opportunity and aesthetic and experiential values. Biological data have not normally played a major role in guiding wilderness establishment. We present four wilderness allocation options for those public lands considered suitable for wilderness designation in Idaho. These options cover the span of choices presently available to wilderness planners in the state and range from not establishing any new wilderness areas to the inclusion of all suitable lands in wilderness. All options are evaluated using spatial biological data from the National Biological Survey's Gap Analysis Project. A conservation strategy that would protect a minimum of 10% of the area occupied by each of 113 native vegetation types and at a minimum 10% of the distribution of each of 368 vertebrate species was evaluated for each option. Only the inclusion of all suitable lands in wilderness, creating a system of 5.1 million ha came close to achieving these goals, protecting 65% of the vegetation types and 56% of the vertebrate species. We feel this approach, which allows planners to evaluate the ecological merits of proposed widerness units along with other values, can provide a means to resolve the impasse over additional wilderness designation in Idaho.