巢湖流域非点源污染来源、影响及控制研究

巢湖是我国五大淡水湖之一,其生态环境安全问题十分突出。随着流域内工业废水和城市污水等点源污染改善的同时,来自农业活动、生活垃圾等的非点源污染成为巢湖水环境污染、湖泊富营养化的重要影响因素。本文分析了,巢湖流域非点源污染的主要来源及其对生态环境所造成的影响,在此基础上进一步概括当前控制巢湖流域非点源污染的主要管理措施。     

巢湖流域产业结构与水污染程度的关系研究——基于灰色关联分析法

采用灰色关联法研究了巢湖流域产业结构与水污染之间的关系,查找分析对巢湖水质影响较大的行业,以期为巢湖水污染治理提供新思路.通过分析2001-2006年合肥市和巢湖市产业结构,表明合肥市在工业方面的电力、食品、冶金等行业对水污染影响较大;巢湖市对水污染的影响更多体现在牧业、渔业.因此,巢湖流域应加大产业结构调整,优化升级第一、第二产业内部结构,大力发展第三产业,以保护流域内水资源环境,促进流域区域经济社会可持续发展.     

各省动态

安徽:巢湖流域禁上排放氮磷项目安徽省今年将重点推进污染减排和淮河、巢湖等重点流域水质稳定好转。今年起,巢湖流域全面禁止新上向巢湖排放氮、磷污染物的工业建设项目。从2009年起,全面停批向河流排放汞、镉、六价铬重金     

巢湖流域生态环境质量定量分析

构建了3个层次23个指标的生态环境质量指标体系,通过模糊评判模型对巢湖流域生态环境质量进行了定量分析。结果表明,巢湖流域生态环境质量处于中等水平,各分流域生态环境质量不同,借鉴运动竞技学团体赛排名方法,可发现3个分流域的生态环境质量优劣依次为六安、合肥和巢湖。     

巢湖国考,一条跨界支流的备考样本

在不久前闭幕的安徽省环保工作会议上,安徽省环保厅厅长缪学刚指出,安徽省重点流域水质与规划目标要求有较大差距,巢湖流域12个国家考核断面中,仅有4个达到2012年考核要求,1个断面达标率为0。环巢湖11条主要环湖河流中,南淝河、十五里河、派河、店埠河等长期重度污染,氨氮和总磷超标严重,严重影响巢湖湖区水质。今年上半年,国家将对巢湖流域规划实施情况进行     

安徽省森林村庄空间分布特征及影响因素

森林村庄是中国未来乡村发展建设的重要载体，“双碳”政策的提出为我国乡村地区的生态文明建设与林业转型发展提供了重要政策导向。基于ArcGIS10.8空间分析工具及数理统计方法，对2021年安徽省639个森林村庄空间分布特征及影响因素进行分析。结果发现：(1)总体分布上，安徽省森林村庄呈现“大分散、小集聚”的分布格局，具有西多东少、北多南少的显著特征；(2)安徽省森林村庄在不同空间尺度呈现差异化的分布特征。区域尺度上，皖中地区数量最多，皖北地区次之，皖南地区数量最少，仅占总数的22.69%;市域尺度上，高密度集聚区呈现近似倾斜的“V”字型结构，南北对称的空间格局显著；县域尺度上呈分散分布；(3)整体密度上，安徽省森林村庄的空间格局形成两条近似平行的高密度集聚带，5个显著的核心区和5个次级密度核心；(4)空间关联上，安徽省森林村庄空间分布具有较强的空间自相关性，县域尺度上空间关联以正相关类型为主；(5)影响因素上，地形、水源是安徽省森林村庄形成发展的自然环境基础，人口、交通和经济等社会发展状况是森林村庄保护发展的重要条件。     

基于多源数据AnnAGNPS西枝江流域的污染模拟研究

以西枝江流域为研究对象，结合GIS技术，建立了AnnAGNPS模型数据库，对流域内非点源污染主要影响因素的特征以及非点源污染的时空分布特征进行了分析。结果表明：流域内降雨侵蚀力、径流深、土壤侵蚀和沉积负荷的年际问变化很大，降雨侵蚀力月问分布极不均匀，季节变化十分明显，后三者的变化趋势都与平均降水量表现出较好的对应关系，但是又并不完全一致；流域内的径流深空间分布极不均匀，而土壤侵蚀、沉积负荷空间变化相对不是十分明显，三者都有沿河道向两边逐渐递减的趋势，在人口密集地区及河塘密集地区，径流相对其他区域比较大。本文为西枝江流域的非点源污染模拟研究提供了基础数据平台，也为该模型在整个东江流域的合理应用奠定了科学基础。     

让江河湖泊休养生息

今年年初,胡锦涛总书记视察安徽时,做出了让淮河、巢湖休养生息、恢复生机的重要指示。前不久,环境保护部部长周生贤又率领检查组,对安徽省淮河、巢湖流域水污染防治工作进行深入调研。     

青海湖流域土地利用／土地覆盖变化研究

科学准确地获取青海湖流域土地利用／土地覆盖（LUCC）年际变化情况,对分析该流域生态环境演化规律及其成、因具有现实意义。文章选取2009年～2011年3期TM遥感影像数据,采用土地利用转移矩阵研究分析方法,对青海湖流域土地利用类型年际变化特征及其空间分布规律信息进行提取。研究结果表明：①2009年～2011年青海湖流域土地利用类型变化存在县域差异,海晏县、共和县、刚察县和天峻县4县各土地变化幅度较大的为草地和未利用地面积总量;②流域内林地和耕地主要分布在刚察、共和两县,沙地面积占流域未利用土地总面积的15．57％,主要分布于青海湖湖东地区;③年际问耕地面积总量呈减少趋势,取而代之的是草地、林地面积的增加;④研究流域全部土地利用类型的变化呈现年际波动特征,但较为缓慢。     

抓好环境整治 促进休养生息——访安徽省环保局局长刘庆强

淮河、巢湖是国家水污染防治的重点流域,是安徽省环境保护工作的重中之重。淮河干流主体在安徽,巢湖是长江安徽段最大的内陆湖泊,两个流域GDP和人口分别占全省的65%和72.7%。实现两流域的又好又快发展,对     

北京旅游环境承载力评价及区域差异分析

随着国际大都市的建立和奥运会的举办，北京旅游业将迎来新一轮的快速发展，北京旅游环境承载力问题也更加受到重视。构建了由资源、经济设施、生态环境、文化心理及社会管理组成的旅游环境综合承载力指标体系，评价分析了北京旅游环境承载力及其区域差异，提出了提升旅游环境承载力的建议。结果表明，北京旅游环境承载力即将达到饱和；北京旅游环境承载力的区域差异十分明显，其限制性因素具有显著的区域特色。今后应加强旅游规划来进一步开发旅游资源，建立克服或回避限制性因素的可操作性旅游计划，加强区域统筹安排和生态规划，进行合理的旅游分流，实现旅游人数的区域调控，从而提升旅游环境的承载水平。     

湖库底泥疏浚工程环评技术要点

底泥疏浚是治理污染水体的重要手段之一,通过对污染底泥的疏浚,可清除内污染源。作为环境治理工程,在水资源和水环境保护方面具有重要作用,但是工程实施过程中将不可避免地要产生一些污染物,同时也会造成水体水生生态系统的破坏。本文结合国内已完成的滇池、巢湖、太湖底泥疏浚工程的环境影响报告,对此类项目环境影响评价的技术要点进行探索和分析,为开展类似项目环评提供借鉴。     

大型水利工程对生态与环境影响时空分布的理论问题探讨

大型水利工程对流域各地区生态与环境的影响并不是相同的、均匀的、等时效的,也不是无规律、杂乱无章的。为此,本文从理论上论述了大型水利工程对生态与环境影响的时间分布、空间分布、以及时空相关性,并提出相应模型。     

滆湖藻密度的时空分布及驱动因子分析

在2年内分季度调查滆湖浮游植物种群和水环境因子,分析藻密度的空间分布状况以及按时间序列的藻密度变化和浮游植物优势种群变化,分别采用"多元线性逐步回归法"和"偏相关系数法"进行藻密度驱动因子识别。结果表明,滆湖藻密度空间分布趋势为由北向南逐渐升高,年际间季节差异极显著。浮游植物的演替规律为冬、春季节以绿藻和硅藻为主,夏、秋季节蓝藻占绝对优势。通过比较2种统计方法的计算结果,确定全湖及中、南部湖区藻密度的驱动因子是温度和高锰酸盐指数,北部湖区藻密度的驱动因子是温度和硝酸盐氮,所有驱动因子对滆湖藻密度的影响均为正效应。在富营养化严重的滆湖,N,P营养盐已经不再是浮游植物生长的主要驱动因子,从统计方法的角度解释了部分环境因子没有入选为驱动因子的原因,并推断了其他可能的驱动因子。     

新型城镇化发展下的生态环境管治策略探析

与传统城镇化相比,新型城镇化具有"以人为本、四化同步、优化布局、生态文明、文化传承"的特点。在生态文明、新型城镇化建设全面推进的背景下,如何解决城镇化建设过程中的城市生态环境问题,优化空间布局,促进区域可持续发展,成为亟需解决的重大问题。本文基于城乡耦合系统理论,提出通过城镇规模和空间优化、功能完善提升生态环境管治。针对我国城镇化发展现状,本文认为新型城镇体系下的生态环境管治应基于城镇的资源环境承载能力,在新型城镇化建设中努力夯实生态环境的基础性地位,充分发挥生态环境约束的先导作用,并通过实施有效的城镇生态环境功能分区管治策略、提升生态环境空间管治效率、构建政企民共同参与的新型城镇生态环境治理体系等措施来提升生态环境管治能力。     

HYDROLOGIC BUDGET FOR A FRESHWATER MARSH IN FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Accurate water balance calculations are essential for water resource and environmental management decisions, but many of the terms used in the equation are difficult to measure. In this study, a method for measuring rates of evapotranspiration and net seepage from a freshwater marsh in southwest Florida is described. The results are compared to evaporation pan estimates as well as to calculations that balanced all the terms in the hydrologic budget. The measured rates of evapotranspiration showed a. distinct seasonal trend ranging from an average high of 0.24 in/d during July 1992 to a low of 0.06 in/d in January 1993. Evapotranspiration rates were higher than Class A evaporation pan measurements during July and August, indicating transpiration by plants exceeded evaporation by pans. Net ground water seepage flowed out of the marsh except during periods of high water table conditions. When all terms in the hydrologic budget were evaluated, the equation balanced on a yearly basis with an error of 2 percent, on a seasonal basis with errors less than 7 percent, but on a monthly basis errors were as great as 30 percent. Total annual rainfall on the marsh was 45 percent of the total marsh hydrologic input and was approximately equal to the loss by evapotranspiration of 41 percent.     

邛海水质变化趋势及保护对策研究

本文通过对邛海流域现状污染源进行调查,邛海流域COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷产生量分别为5892.1t/a、995.6t/a、2888.2t/a和1105.1t/a,污染负荷主要来自面源污染.通过2002 ～ 2011年邛海水质监测数据分析,邛海水质近10年总体保持Ⅱ～Ⅲ类,处于中营养状态,2004～ 2006年水质相对较差,2006年以后水质逐渐好转.总磷、总氮是邛海主要污染因子,海河口是邛海污染最严重的区域.为实现邛海水质和流域生态环境持续改善,从产业结构优化、流域污染源治理、生态保育和流域生态环境综合监管等方面提出对策建议.     

Using nighttime light data to estimate water evaporation inside buildings in China's urban areas

Urbanization has a great impact on urban evapotranspiration. Water evaporation inside buildings is an important part of urban water vapor resources and a crucial core of urban hydrological processes. The systematic studies on building water evaporation (BWE) are mostly the method of experimental monitoring. This study proposed a new method to simulate and estimate water evaporation flux inside buildings in urban areas. Based on the nighttime light data and urban per capita gross domestic product (GDP), a new modeling system was built to simulate the total BWE. Building area was calculated using the nighttime light data. And the BWE coefficient D_f was estimated according to the important indicator of economic development per capita GDP value. Then the water evaporation inside urban buildings and the spatial distribution of water evaporation inside buildings in typical cities could be obtained. The results showed that the total amount of water evaporation inside buildings in China's urban areas was 24.5 billion m³. Among the 31 provincial capitals in China, Shanghai had the largest BWE of 1.08 billion m³. The minimum water evaporation of buildings in Lhasa was 20.0 million m³. Studies of BWE can assess urban water budgets, support on-demand allocation of water resources, and provide a fundamental understanding of the relationship between water resources and energy heat island effects in urban areas.     

MEASURING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM VEGETATION-FILLED PRAIRIE POTHOLES IN NORTH DAKOTA1

Abstract Many prairie potholes in North Dakota are filled with emergent aquatic vegetation. The paper describes briefly how evapotranspiration losses were determined for such potholes using a mass-transfer equation in which the coefficient was evaluated by means of a water budget. Vegetation, by its presence, reduces evaporation below the normal from a free water surface so much that the total seasonal (May - October) evapotranspiration loss is less than the normal evaporation loss from a pothole clear of vegetation.     

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION MEASUREMENT AND ESTIMATION OF THREE WETLAND ENVIRONMENTS IN THE UPPER ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Accurate estimates of evapotranspiration from areas dominated by wetland vegetation are needed in the water budget of the Upper St. Johns River Basin. However, local data on evapotranspiration rates, especially in wetland environments, were lacking in the project area. In response to this need, the St. Johns River Water Management District collected evapotranspiration field data in Fort Drum Marsh Conservation Area over the period 1996 through 1999. Three large lysimeters were installed to measure the evapotranspiration from different wetland environments: sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense), cattail (Typha domingensis), and open water. In addition, pan evaporation was measured with a standard class “A” pan. Concurrently, meteorological data including rainfall, solar radiation, wind speed, relative humidity, air temperature, and atmospheric pressure were collected. By comparing computed evapotranspiration rates with those measured in the lysimeters, parameters in the Penman‐Monteith, the Priestley‐Taylor, and Reference‐ET methods, and evaporation pan coefficients were estimated for monthly and seasonal cycles. The results from the data collected in this study show that mean monthly evapotranspiration rates, computed by the different methods, are relatively close. From a practical point of view, results indicate that the evaporation pan can be used equally well as the more complex and data‐intensive methods. This paper presents the measured evapotranspiration rates, evaporation pan coefficients, and the estimated parameter values for three different methods to compute evapotranspiration in the project area. Since local data on evaporation are often scarce or lacking, this information may be useful to watershed hydrologists for practical application in other project regions.