环境监测系统人事制度改革的探索与思考

本文分析了环境监测系统面临的机遇与挑战，以泸州市环境保护监测站为例，介绍了在该系统内进行人事制度改革的必要性、目标、指导思想、操作程序，总结了其成功的经验和存在的不足，可为环境监测系统的改革提供借鉴。     

多元集成环境在线监测系统及其应用

介绍多元集成在线监测系统原理和系统组成，阐述该系统的特长和优越性，并简要叙述谊系统在环境监测和管理中的应用前景。     

都江堰市GIS环境监测信息管理系统研究

GIS在环境中的应用越来越广泛，本文采用GIS专业软件(Maplnfo Professional 6．5)和快速软件开发平台(Delphi 7．0)，并利用MapX控件技术，研制了都江堰市GIS环境监测信息管理系统。该系统具有对都江堰地表水环境、环境空气、环境噪声、工业废水等环境要素进行监测管理，同时具有都江堰市环境监测信息的空问查询、表达、统计和绘图等功能，可使都江堰市环境监测站直观、有效地进行环境监测信息管理。     

眉山市环境监测信息系统的设计与应用

针对眉山市环境监测中心站传统纸质化办公工作效率低、统计分析难的现状,为规范环境监测业务,强化质量管理体系,提升环境监测工作管理水平,中心站历时3年时间致力于环境监测信息系统的搭建,该系统涵盖环境监测日常事务、监测业务工作、人员管理、物质和财务管理等环境监测工作环节,是在环境监测传统业务流程的基础上应用信息化的技术的一次革新,有效地提升了眉山市环境监测中心站的信息化能力和管理水平。     

计算机图形技术在环境监测中的应用

讨论了计算机图形技术在环境监测实验室分析、监测数据趋势分析和环境数据统计等方面的应用,结合Internet技术的发展,对环境信息发布和地理信息系统(GIS)的结合应用进行了讨论,提出了Internet下环境信息应用的新思路:建立数据审核系统、数据查询分析系统、用户管理管理系统、地图出版系统,以提高环境监测分析应用水平.     

环境监测数据管理系统的开发

在论述开发环境监测数据管理系统重要性的基础上,根据环境监测站的主要工作职能,确定了环境监测数据管理系统的功能,进行了系统总体设计和程序设计,开发出了操作方便、灵活实用的环境监测数据管理系统。     

环境监测数据管理系统简介--以湖南省为例

介绍了适合地市级环境监测站的数据管理系统，系统的技术路线，技术特征和主要功能。该系统提高了数据管理水平和效率。为实现环境监测数据信息的电脑化管理、质量保证提供了保障，同时为推进环境监测数据管理工作的规范化和标准化提供了有效的现代化手段。     

福建省环境监测队伍思想状况的调查与思考

对福建省地市级环境监测系统职工队伍思想状况进行了调查，指出地市级环境监测站是我国环境监测系统中最关键的一个环节，他们承担着繁重的例行监测工作，为环境管理在竣工验收监测、污染事故应急监测、污染纠纷监测和科研监测等方面提供技术保障、技术支持和技术服务。文章提出了地市级环境监测站管理工作的新思路。     

无人机遥感系统在某河流域环境监测项目中的应用

剖析了无人机遥感系统的组成及工作流程,结合无人机遥感系统在某河流域环境监测项目中的应用案例进行深度分析,凸显了应用方案的诸多优势,并对该系统在环境保护领域中的应用前景进行了展望。     

二维条码和GIS联合技术在环境监测中的应用系统研究

二维条码技术的应用日趋广泛，通过研究，作者把二维条码技术引入到环境监测中，利用二维条码和GIS(地理信息系统)联合技术，对废气、废水、固体废弃物、噪声等的监测应用进行了探讨，研制出了其应用信息管理系统，并以都江堰的环境监测为实例，取得了一定的应用效果。     

堆肥过程的生物学途径及主要影响因素的控制

从生物学的角度分析了固体有机废弃物堆肥过程中微生物群落的变化，强化堆肥及减少恶臭的生物学途径，简单概述了堆肥过程中提高堆肥质量和效率的主要影响因素（温度、C／N等），最后提出了今后该领域的发展方向。     

Finding the Tradeoffs Between the Reserve Design and Representation

Many reserve selection tools have been created to solve the minimum representation problem, selecting the least costly set of sites such that all conservation surrogate targets are met. However, there are practical problems and risks associated with this method for finding reserve network alternatives, including the treatment of persistence-promoting design considerations as secondary objectives. Here, reserve networks are generated for a hypothetical landscape where the objectives are to maximize representation and to maximize conformance with persistence-promoting design principles, subject to a constraint on the number of sites in the networks. The efficiency of potential networks is calculated as the total number of species captured in the included sites. Effectiveness is measured as a function of the size of individual patches, total reserve size, and extent of interpatch connectivity. A series of tradeoff curves are produced showing the nondominated compromise alternatives between representation and design for organisms with varying dispersal capabilities. Each alternative comprises a list of selected sites and covers species, as well as the identities and locations of the interpatch edges connecting the sites. Potential ways to use the results are discussed.     

The ethics of Google Earth: crossing thresholds from spatial data to landscape visualisation

‘Virtual globe’ software systems such as Google Earth are growing rapidly in popularity as a way to visualise and share 3D environmental data. Scientists and environmental professionals, many of whom are new to 3D modeling and visual communications, are beginning routinely to use such techniques in their work. While the appeal of these techniques is evident, with unprecedented opportunities for public access to data and collaborative engagement over the web, are there nonetheless risks in their widespread usage when applied in areas of the public interest such as planning and policy-making?     

Resolving the Conflict Between Ecosystem Protection and Land Use in Protected Areas of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas,Mexico

Livelihoods of people living in many protected areas (PAs) around the world are in conflict with biodiversity conservation. In Mexico, the decrees of creation of biosphere reserves state that rural communities with the right to use buffer zones must avoid deforestation and their land uses must become sustainable, a task which is not easily accomplished. The objectives of this paper are: (a) to analyze the conflict between people’s livelihoods and ecosystem protection in the PAs of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas (SMC), paying special attention to the rates and causes of deforestation and (b) to review policy options to ensure forest and ecosystem conservation in these PAs, including the existing payments for environmental services system and improvements thereof as well as options for sustainable land management. We found that the three largest PAs in the SMC are still largely forested, and deforestation rates have decreased since 2000. Cases of forest conversion are located in specific zones and are related to agrarian and political conflicts as well as growing economic inequality and population numbers. These problems could cause an increase in forest loss in the near future. Payments for environmental services and access to carbon markets are identified as options to ensure forest permanence but still face problems. Challenges for the future are to integrate these incentive mechanisms with sustainable land management and a stronger involvement of land holders in conservation.     

Assessing and improving management practices when planning packaging waste collection systems

Packaging waste collection systems are responsible to collect, within a geographic area, three types of packaging materials (paper, glass and plastic/metal) that are disposed by the final consumer into special bins. Those systems are often characterized by having a network with multiple depots that act as transfer and sorting stations, and where the vehicle fleet is based. However, each depot is often managed independently and not as a part of a unique system. In this work, four current tactical/operational practices that contribute to the independent management of each depot are analysed. The change of such practices is investigated and their impact assessed on the total collection cost. A solution methodology based on mathematical formulations is developed to plan service areas, vehicle routes and vehicle schedules taking into account new alternative solutions in managing the system as a whole. Such methodology is applied to a real case study of a company responsible for the collection of the packaging waste in 7 municipalities in mainland Portugal. New service areas, collection routes and vehicle schedules are defined and significant savings are obtained in terms of the total distance travelled as well as in terms of the number of required vehicles, resulting in a decreasing of the total system cost.     

MULTIOBJECTWE OPTIMIZATION OF RESERVOIR SYSTEMS OPERATION1

ABSTRACT: Development of optimal operational policies for large-scale reservoir systems is often complicated by a multiplicity of conflicting project uses and purposes. A wide range of multiobjective optimization methods are available for appraising tradeoffs between conificting objectives. The purpose of this study is to provide guidance as to those methods which are best suited to dealing with the challenging large-scale, nonlinear, dynamic, and stochastic characteristics of multireservoir system operations. As a case study, the selected methodologies are applied to the Han River Reservoir System in Korea for four principal project objectives: water supply and low flow augmentation; annual hydropower production, reliable energy generation, and minimization of risk of violating firm water supply requirements. Additional objectives such as flood control are also considered, but are imposed as fixed constraints.     

ARE SHORT-TERM ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PROGRAMS POSSIBLE? -THE INLAND LAKE PROJECT EXPERIENCE1

The public clamor for repair and protection of the environment from damages, real or perceived, is growing daily. People are demanding remedial programs now; they appear willing to support long-range fundamental research in environmental areas (such as eutrophication research) as long as action programs (such as lake renewal) are undertaken too. Are short-term, remedial, environmental action programs possible? The experiences of the Inland Lake Demonstration Project afford an opportunity to evaluate one kind of action-oriented response. Some special types of problems are likely to be common to any environmental-resource action program. Recognition and anticipation of these difficulties when organizing action programs should facilitate successful implementation.     

Water quality and Health

There is still serious impact of inadequate and unsafe water supply on human health in many countries, and not only in developing ones. Waterborne diseases, such as diarrhoea, are responsible for more than 3 million deaths per year. Vector-borne diseases, such as malaria and schistosomiasis, are still rampant in the tropics causing severe human suffering and economic losses. Chemical hazards related to water are not only due to the presence of toxic substances, such as pesticides or heavy metals, but also due to excessive or deficient amounts of natural substances such as fluoride or iodine. Chemical risks have to be balanced with biological risks, and disinfection practices enforced without compromises. There is a long way to go, however, to fill the gaps in service coverage for water supply and sanitation, particularly in the rural areas and in the impoverished periurban areas. Various international programmes are in place or being initiated to this end.     

Biodiversity and present status of freshwater fishes in Lohit river basin of India

Lohit is a major tributary of the river Brahmaputra in India and is famous for its rich and diverse fish fauna. The river has a difficult terrain, but has high hydropower potential. A large number of storage-based hydropower plants are envisaged on this river in the near-future. This study aims at presenting the existing diverse fish fauna in Lohit river basin. A total of 74 fish species are identified in this river basin and can be classified into seven orders, 20 families, and 52 genera. Further, it has been highlighted that there are seven species which have been categorized as endangered, 12 species are categorized to be vulnerable, three species have been categorized as data-deficient, and the remaining species are in the least concern category. It is expected that the construction of proposed storage-based power plants in this basin will affect the flow and storage characteristics, as well as the temperature of the water, which, in turn, will affect the rich fish fauna. This study emphasizes the need for preparing a comprehensive plan for the adoption of appropriate in situ conservation measures, as well as an awareness program, so as to save the rich and diverse fish fauna of Lohit river basin.     

Governance innovations for climate change adaptation in urban Denmark

Urban areas worldwide are challenged by climate change and urban flooding. Within the academic literature, adaptive measures that can be integrated into other issues such as recreation, nature reserves, and social issues are considered the way forward. Adaptation has recently become a mandatory planning theme for Danish municipalities, which in the absence of established practices are struggling to find the best institutional set-up to address adaptation as an integrated issue. Based on a case study of an integrated project organised as a partnership, this article identifies and discusses governance challenges that must be addressed if municipalities are to benefit from synergies through integrated projects. The municipality in question has established a partnership with housing organisations, foundations, and a utility company as well as facilitated a dialogue with citizens and institutions to address flooding threats and social issues at the neighbourhood scale. Because of strong political and leadership support, funding from partners, and good project facilitation both partners and politicians are enthusiastic about the project and its potential. Several challenges, however, needed to be addressed, particularly in relation to clashing norms from different governance paradigms. This is an issue requiring more attention both in research and practice.