沱江和釜溪河的氨治理及氨回收

本文介绍了沱江和釜溪河近年来的氨污染现状及危害，认为氨是应治理的首位污染物；简要分析了生物、化学、物理化学三类除氨方法的优缺点；着重介绍了吹脱法除氨技术，提出用吹脱法治理沱江和釜溪河的无机氨污染，并进行了上述各法的经济效益比较     

加强环境科研工作,努力为经济建设服务

赵紫阳同志在党的十三大报告中指出,“加速科技进步,应当立足我国实际,放眼世界,选准发展方向和重点。科技工作的首要任务是振兴国民经济”。联系到自贡市的环境科研工作,在组织完成国家立项的四川省“六五”重点科技攻关项目“釜溪河水质评价及污染防治对策研究”课题和成果推广应的具体实战中,更进一步认识到环境科研的最终目的是为环境管理服务,为经济建设服务。1985年底,釜溪河课题在经过连续     

关于发展污水生态处理利用系统的设想

一我国极其落后的污水处理现状急需改变目前,我国许多大中城市下水道普及率很低,城市污水处理厂更加落后,工业废水大部分不经处理便排于环境中,使我国地表水体和地下水受到广泛而严重的污染,水资源受到严重的破坏和损失。对这种状况如果不采取有效的防治措施,必将愈益加剧。1976—1985年十年中美国用于水污染防治的投资共计1830亿美元,占其国民经济总产值的2％,可见美国对环     

管好用好排污水费治理水环境

排污水费的征收是国家《水污染防治法》第十五条“企业事业单位向水体排放污染物的,按照国家规定缴纳排污费”规定的具体体现。这一规定的主要目的就是改善水体环境。根据这个精神,我们杭州市结合本地区排污费水体环境受污染的具体情况,明确规定了环保征收排污费后要上缴财政统一管理,并专款用于因排放污水引起的死鱼、饮用水水源污染等损失性补偿以及城市水环境污染的综合性治理。实践证明,这项措施对控制污水排放,改善水体环境,提高城市综合治理的能力都起了很好的作用。几年来我们除了对市区的中河、东河、新开河、贴沙河环境用水工程和截污工程这一工作给予支持和部分     

釜溪河藻类研究及水体污染藻类学评价

本文报道了1988年8月至1990年5月对釜溪河4个断面调查采集的藻类植物。初步鉴定的藻类植物有176种(含变种),分属于8门,72属。基本弄清了该区段藻类种类组成及数量变化。用污水指示生物,Shannon-weaver指数及Margalef指数评价了水体污染,其结果与理化评价结果基本一致,表明釜溪河除长土断面受到轻污染外,其余断面受到严重污染,发生了不同程度的富营养化。     

基于SWAT模型污染防治措施对茫溪河水质改善影响研究

为了更好地开展茫溪河的污染防治,摸清茫溪河流域污染源贡献比例以及各种污防措施对水质改善效果十分必要。基于SWAT构建了茫溪河流域分布式水文和污染负荷模型,根据监测数据分析了茫溪河近年超标污染物,基于SWAT模型分析了茫溪河水质达标场景假设,包括污染源贡献率及生态补水、点源和面源等污染防治措施对水质改善的效果情况。结果表明,茫溪河流域超标项目集中在总磷和高锰酸盐指数;污染源中,面源相对于点源对高锰酸盐指数和总磷贡献率大些,特别是水土流失的贡献率最大,分别达到了42.8%和76.1%;生态补水对污染物浓度降低有一定影响,直排源和非直排源污染控制一定程度上使污染物浓度降低,达标率有所提升。基于SWAT模型的茫溪河水质达标场景分析对于推动水质改善具有积极的意义。     

“成渝”交界濑溪河污染分析及治理方法研究

沱江位于长江上游，连接成渝双城经济圈，濑溪河是沱江左岸一级支流，濑溪河水环境状况直接影响沱江乃至长江水环境质量。采用污染物来源分析，污染负荷，三段式治理模式等方法，根据泸洲环境监测站例行监测数据，评价濑溪河(泸州段)流域水质在2011～2019年变化情况。结果表明，采用三段式治理模式的方法后，使治理后使濑溪河(泸州段)流域水质带来了突破性的改善，主流濑溪河官渡大桥和鹅项井监测断面水质分别由Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类提升到了Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类，污染较严重的支流九曲河水质也由劣Ⅴ类提升到了Ⅳ类。截止2019年，出河口污染物指标水质情况分别为：BOD₅Ⅰ类水质，DO、I_Mn、TP和NH₃-N均为Ⅲ类水质，仅COD为Ⅳ类水质。另外，主要的污染指标(COD、NH₃-N、TP)均达到了减排的目的。研究结果可为在具备相似污染物和地理条件的河流采用，三段式治理模式的提出丰富了大型流域水环境质量提升的治理方法。     

水体底泥对污染物的吸附-解吸机理的研究

水体底泥污染已经成为世界范围内的一个重要的环境问题,其污染物主要通过大气沉降、废水排放、雨水淋溶冲刷等进入水体,最后沉积到底泥中并逐渐富集,使底泥受到严重污染。吸附-解吸是底泥污染的重要过程,为了控制水体底泥污染,对底泥对各种污染物的吸附-解吸机理及其影响因素的研究显得极其重要。本文总结了底泥中氮、磷和重金属等的吸附-解吸的影响因素及机理,对今后水体底泥污染方面的研究具有重要意义。     

减污节水——水资源保护的两大主题

在物质文明和精神文明高度发达的当今世界，全球却到处亮出了“水匮乏”、“水危机”的黄牌。保护水资源，保证水资源的可持续利用战略已经进入各国政府的决策系统，成为规划本国社会经济发展的决定因素之一，尤其在一些严重缺水国家和地区，更是如此。一个国家和地区的水资源，从多年平均值看，基本恒定，这是受制于天的，除非远距离调水，否则难以改变。我国水资源人均占有量相对贫乏，600多座城市中有300多座城市缺水，其中，有108座城市严重缺水。全国有7000万人口饮水困难，因干旱每年影响农业产量约200亿公斤，影响工业产值1200多亿元…     

警钟

警钟经济增长中沉重的环境代价我国环境污染年损失超千亿据中国社科院环境与发展研究中心课题组成员估算，以１９９３年价格指数作为折合参数，九十年代初的污染损失已高达１０００亿元以上，占１９９３年ＧＮＰ的３％（不包括生态资源破坏损失）。其中，污染给农业造成的...     

PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS IN WATER QUALITY EVALUATION1

ABSTRACT: A Visual Perception Test, consisting of photographic slides of water sites, was designed to examine laymen's water quality perceptions. The slides were taken at five water sites where the level of visual pollution was artifically altered by the investigator. Analysis of variance indicated that the water sites were evaluated differently for each of five pollution levels. Increases in water discoloration and the quality of litter were viewed as increases in level of pollution. Laymen not only evaluated visually polluted sites lower for uses such as picnicking, but they also evaluated the quality of the actual water lower. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that a combination of water color, scenic beauty appreciation, quality of the surrounding environment and industry as a pollution source explained 73 percent of the variance in predicting Overall Pollution. Application of factor analysis simplified the variables to an Overall Pollution Factor and a Boating Use Factor.     

THE W-INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSERVATION1

ABSTRACT: An index of residential water efficiency - a “W-Index” - can serve as a measure of effectiveness of water conservation features in the home. The index provides a calculated numerical value for each dwelling unit, derived from the number and kind of water-saving features present, including indoor and outdoor water savers and water harvesting or recycling systems. A W-Index worksheet, devised for on-site evaluation of single-family residences in the Tucson, Arizona, region shows that a nonconserving residence with all the water-using features would use 151,000 gallons per year or 148 gallons per capita per day (gpcpd), while the fully conserving model would use 35,300 gallons per year or 35 gpcpd and with water harvesting and graywater recycling systems would have a maximum W-Index of W-160. A Tucson water conservation demonstration home, Casa del Agua, received a rating of W-139, and field tests of about 30 homes in new Tucson subdivisions show values ranging from W-75 to W-100, indicating the incorporation of some water conservation in current new models. By adjustment of some climatic or water-use parameters, the W-Index format can be applied to various types of dwelling units or to other urban areas. The W-Index can be used by individual homeowners or builders to evaluate water efficiency of residential units, or by water providers or water management agencies as a device for promoting and achieving water conservation goals.     

RATIONAL INDUSTRIAL WATER REUSE RATIOS1

ABSTRACT: This work begins by defining rational water use, and then discusses important factors that most strongly influence it. A general model is then developed to enable factories to quantify the ratio of rational industrial water reuse based on the least cost method. The model is established to minimize the cost of water with reference to gross water use and three subsystems ‐ the intake, reuse, and discharge of industrial water. Discharge cost is determined using data from a 1997 survey of 38 factories, and reuse costs are ranked and expressed by a step function. The model is verified using data from a typical semiconductor factory in northern Taiwan's Hsinchu Science Based Industrial Park, whose effective rational water reuse ratio is about 38 percent. A sensitivity analysis shows that improving water reuse technology is the most important factor in determining the rational water reuse ratio, and the price of water is the second most important. When water costs over NT$30 (New Taiwan Dollar, US$1 = NT$34) per cubic meter, increasing reuse becomes significant. The model provides a step towards the scientific management of industrial water.     

The Water Market for the Middle and Lower Portions of the Texas Rio Grande Basin1

Leidner, Andrew J., M. Edward Rister, Ronald D. Lacewell, and Allen W. Sturdivant, 2011. The Water Market for the Middle and Lower Portions of the Texas Rio Grande Basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):597‐610. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00527.x Abstract: Regional water management on the United States’ side of the middle and lower portions of the Rio Grande basin of Texas has been aided by a functioning water market since the early 1970s. The water market operates over a region that stretches from the Amistad Reservoir to the Rio Grande’s terminus into the Gulf of Mexico. This article provides an overview of the organizations, institutions, policies, and geographic particulars of the region’s water‐management system and its water market. In recent years, this region has experienced high population growth, periodic droughts, and a reallocation of water resources from the area’s agricultural sector to the municipal sector. Demand growth for potable water and a relatively fixed supply of raw water are reflected in increasing prices for domestic, municipal, and industrial water rights. Rising prices in the presence of scarcity and the transfer of water from lower‐value to higher‐value uses indicate that the market is operating as suggested by economic theory. Reasons for the market’s functionality are presented and discussed. Finally, suggestions are presented which might mitigate potential complications to market operations from aquifer depletion and aid the management of instream river flows.     

MEETING FUTURE PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY NEEDS: A SOUTHWEST PERSPECTIVE1

ABSTRACT: Most southwestern cities were founded along rivers or in areas having springs or readily available ground water. Because of the generally sparse precipitation, the renewable fresh water supply in the Southwest is smaller than most other areas of the United States. Despite the arid climate, water use has increased rapidly, first in the form of irrigation, and more recently the use in cities. This has caused extensive development of local water resources and overdraft of ground water basins in some areas. It is difficult to implement new local supplies and importation projects due to a myriad of environmental and legal constraints and a general shortage of public funds. Various opportunities and plans for water management, both on the demand and supply sides, are discussed. Evolving water strategies in four metropolitan areas - El Paso, Albuquerque, Las Vegas, and Phoenix - and issues regarding the Central Arizona Project are presented.     

水资源短缺的有效解决途径——虚拟水战略

针对中国水资源利用现状，系统论述了水足迹、虚拟水以及虚拟水战略的概念和内涵。通过水足迹来揭示人类对水资源的实际需求和占用，介绍了虚拟水战略的研究展望及存在的不足，通过应用虚拟水战略可以缓解水资源短缺现状，保证水资源与人口、耕地的地域组合均衡。     

WATER MANAGEMENT ISSUES FOR THE NINETIES1

ABSTRACT: This paper summarizes contemporary water management issues as recognized by 19 U.S. organizations. Only the issues are identified herein. Individual organization stands are not presented. Most suggestions for action are those of the author. Addresses of all organizations whose documents were reviewed are included in the Reference section so that those desiring to learn more about an organization's stand can readily make contact.     

POTENTIAL BENEFITS AND COSTS OF INGROUND STORAGE OF IMPORTED WATER1

ABSTRACT: In the near future, groundwater storage of imported water may become increasingly important as sites for surface storage are less available. This article explores the potential economic costs and benefits of groundwater storage. The costs include capital outlays, maintenance costs, land costs, legal costs, energy costs, and opportunity costs. The benefits include land cost savings, prevention of subsidence, aquifer protection, and higher economic use of surface lands that might be covered by a reservoir.     

WATER USE RELATIONSHIPS AND PROJECTION CORRESPONDING WITH REGIONAL GROWTH,SEATTLE REGION1

ABSTRACT: The paper outlines both the methods used and the results obtained in a study of the demand for municipal and industrial water for the Seattle region. The study was made as part of a regional water management study program, one objective of which is to “… identify, quantify, and set priorities for all current and future water uses …”. A basic concept in the study of municipal and industrial water use is that the demand for water is derived from the demand for output and the direct services that water provides. Principal characteristics of the study are: (1) Water use is studied by type - residential, commercial, industrial and public -with identification of factors affecting each; (2) Water demands are studied by season as well as on an annual basis; (3) Projections of future water use are tied directly to projections of economic change in the service area; and (4) The effects of alternative policies on water use are estimated. Water use levels are projected under alternative regional growth assumptions provided by the Puget Sound Governmental Conference, a regional planning agency. Thus, the water use planning is consistent with other regional planning programs in this respect. The results can be varied according to changes in specific factors affecting water use. The factors considered in the present study include: single-family residential lot size, distribution of population between single- and multi-family units, per capita water use by multi-family unit residents, and industrial and commercial water use per employee. An income elasticity of demand was estimated for single-family residential water use.     

Price Determination and Efficiency in the Market for South Platte Basin Ditch Company Shares

Water scarcity presents an obstacle to economic development in the western United States. Water rights markets help improve water allocation, allowing states to derive the highest economic benefit from available resources, and supporting new uses and economic development. However, the implicit (marginal) prices of water rights attributes are uncertain. To address this problem, we apply econometric analysis to a unique dataset to estimate the implicit values that market participants place on the attributes of shares of ditch company water rights in Colorado's South Platte River Basin. Our analysis demonstrates that ditch company share buyers value proximity of water diversion, reliability of water deliveries, and temporal flexibility of water use. To assess reliability we introduce the use of the coefficient of variation to capture, in one variable, the randomness of supply from ditch company shares that are not a single water right, but a portfolio of rights with different appropriation dates. Finally, we test and correct for spatial autocorrelation for the first time in a study of water market prices.