废弃电器电子产品处理目录(第一批)

我国是电器电子产品的生产、出口和消费大国。自上世纪八九十年代主要家用电器大量进入家庭以来,目前已进入报废的高峰期。为规范废弃电器电子产品的回收处理活动,促进资源综合利用和循环经济发展,保护环境,保障人体健康,从2001年开始,国家发展改革委即着手我国废弃电器电子产品回收处理的立法工作。2009年2月25日,温家宝总理签署了国务院第551号令,发布了《废弃电器电子产品回收处理管理条例》(以下简称《条例》)。2010年9月8日,经国务院同意,国家发展改革委、环境保护部、工业和信息化部联合发布了《废弃电器电子产品处理目录(第一批)》(以下简称《目录》)和《制订和调整废弃电器电子产品处理目录的若干规定》公告,自2011年1月1日起施行。《目录》的选择主要考虑社会保有量大、废弃量大,污染环境严重、危害人体健康,回收成本高、处理难度大等因素,确定将电视机、电冰箱、洗衣机、房间空调器、微型计算机五种产品作为首批《目录》产品。对《目录》中的废弃电器电子产品的处理需遵照《条例》的相关规定,取得资质许可,采取多渠道回收和集中处理制度、生产者标识制度、资产核销制度、信息报送制度等。先期选择部分重点产品纳入《目录》,有利于鼓励重点废弃电器电子产品处理技术的研发和推广,推动产业化发展,积累管理经验,为将全部废弃电器电子产品纳入《目录》管理奠定基础。发布《目录》,并通过《条例》设定的各项政策措施,建立规范有序的回收处理体系,实现多渠道回收和集中处理,最大限度地综合利用资源,妥善处理其中的有害物质,有效控制对环境的污染,对发展循环经济,建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会具有重要意义。     

废弃电器电子产品回收处理的生命周期模型——对"付费制度体系"的系统论证

从分析电器电子产品生命周期内流转环节的传统模式及其存在的问题入手,系统阐述了构建废弃电器电子产品回收处理的"付费制度体系",以及制造商责任制、消费者义务制和全过程管理等基本原则,并对废弃电器电子产品回收处理的"付费制度体系"生命周期模型的运转方式及其重要意义进行了论述.     

废弃电器电子产品回收处理的生命周期模型——对“付费制度体系”的系统论证

从分析电器电子产品生命周期内流转环节的传统模式及其存在的问题入手,系统阐述了构建废弃电器电子产品回收处理的＂付费制度体系＂,以及制造商责任制、消费者义务制和全过程管理等基本原则,并对废弃电器电子产品回收处理的＂付费制度体系＂生命周期模型的运转方式及其重要意义进行了论述。     

浅论《废弃电器电子产品处理管理条例》的实施

通过对《废弃电器电子产品处理管理条例》(以下简称《条例》)制定的时代背景、处理基金的收缴及补贴资金的使用等问题的讨论分析,进一步揭示了《条例》的实施对我国国民经济发展和环境保护的重大意义和积极作用。     

新疆废弃电器电子产品拆解回收产业发展现状

近年来,我国废弃电器电子产品的产生量大幅度增长.由于其成分复杂,半数以上的材料对人体有害,若随意丢弃,有毒有害物质不仅会对生态环境造成污染,也会直接或间接对人体健康造成危害.但是作为资源的综合体,废弃电器电子产品又蕴藏着众多珍贵的资源.在此,对新疆废弃电器电子产品的拆解回收行业现状进行分析,并对新疆废电器拆解行业的发展...     

全国废弃电器电子产品回收处理技术现场会在湖南召开

##正##2010年3月30日,由中国环境保护产业协会循环经济委员会主办,湖南省环保产业协会、湖南万容科技有限公司承办的全国废弃电器电子产品回收处理技术现场会在湖南长沙召开,会议主要是贯彻落实国务院《废弃电器电子产品回收处理管理条例》以及国家环境保护部颁布的《废弃电器     

制订和调整废弃电器电子产品处理目录的若干规定

##正##第一条制订依据为科学、客观、有效地制订和调整《废弃电器电子产品处理目录》(以下简称《目录》),制定本规定。第二条制订主体国家发展改革委会同环境保护部、工业和信息化部成立《目录》管理委员会,负责《目录》的制订和调整工作,下设专家小组、行业小组、企业小组(具体机构职责和人员组成见《发改办环资[2010]545号》)。     

废弃电器电子产品回收处理管理条例

温家宝总理日前签署的国务院令《废弃电器电子产品回收处理管理条例》（国务院令第551号）于2009年3月5目正式发布。该条例将于2011年1月1日起施行。全文如下。     

废弃电器电子产品处理资格许可管理办法

环境保护部于2010年12月15日公布了《废弃电器电子产品处理资格许可管理办法》,自2011年1月1日起施行。全文刊登如下。     

废弃电器电子产品拆解信息管理系统研究

基于废弃电器电子产品拆解信息管理及政府管理部门监管的需求,研究并开发废弃电器电子产品拆解信息管理系统。系统针对企业现有生产工艺流程设计,分为7大功能模块,包括前台数据采集部分和后台数据管理部分。使用的开发工具有Sybase Power Builder 9.0,Microsoft Visual Studio 2010,建模工具有Power Designer 9.0,数据库SQL Server 2000。系统经过企业应用证明,能有效提高企业的信息化管理水平和生产效率,为主管部门提供有效监督工具。     

Sound management of brominated flame retarded (BFR) plastics from electronic wastes: State of the art and options in Nigeria

Management of flame retarded plastics from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has been posing a major challenge to waste management experts because of the potential environmental contamination issues especially the formation of polybrominated-dioxins and -furans (PBDD/F) during processing. In Nigeria, large quantities of electronic waste (e-waste) are currently being managed—a significant quantity of which is imported illegally as secondhand electronics. As much as 75% of these illegal imports are never reused but are rather discarded. These waste electronic devices are mostly older equipment that contains brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as penta-brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) which are presently banned in Europe under the EU WEEE and RoHS Directives. Risk assessment studies found both to be persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic. The present management practices for waste plastics from WEEE in Nigeria, such as open burning and disposal at open dumps, creates potential for serious environmental pollution. This paper reviews the options in the environmentally sound management of waste plastics from electronic wastes. Options available include mechanical recycling, reprocessing into chemicals (chemical feedstock recycling) and energy recovery. The Creasolv^® and Centrevap^® processes, which are the outcome of the extensive research at achieving sound management of waste plastics from WEEE in Europe, are also reviewed. These are solvent-based methods of removing BFRs and they presently offer the best commercial and environmental option in the sound management of waste BFR-containing plastics. Because these developments have not been commercialized, WEEE and WEEE plastics are still being exported to developing countries. The industrial application of these processes and the development of eco-friendlier alternative flame retardants will help assure sound management of WEEE plastics.     

电子电器生产无铅化的挑战与应对措施

中国是一个电子电器生产大国,广东又是国内家电等电子电嚣产品生产和出口的大省,是全球最大的制造基地和出口基地之一.随着家电等电子电器产品的无铅化要求,我国电子电器生产商将面临严峻的考验.本文对此进行了分析,提出了应对措施.     

A future perspective on lithium-ion battery waste flows from electric vehicles

As a proactive step towards understanding future waste management challenges, this paper presents a future oriented material flow analysis (MFA) used to estimate the volume of lithium-ion battery (LIB) wastes to be potentially generated in the United States due to electric vehicle (EV) deployment in the near and long term future. Because future adoption of LIB and EV technology is uncertain, a set of scenarios was developed to bound the parameters most influential to the MFA model and to forecast “low,” “baseline,” and “high” projections of future end-of-life battery outflows from years 2015 to 2040. These models were implemented using technology forecasts, technical literature, and bench-scale data characterizing battery material composition. Considering the range from the most conservative to most extreme estimates, a cumulative outflow between 0.33 million metric tons and 4 million metric tons of lithium-ion cells could be generated between 2015 and 2040. Of this waste stream, only 42% of the expected materials (by weight) is currently recycled in the U.S., including metals such as aluminum, cobalt, copper, nickel, and steel. Another 10% of the projected EV battery waste stream (by weight) includes two high value materials that are currently not recycled at a significant rate: lithium and manganese. The remaining fraction of this waste stream will include materials with low recycling potential, for which safe disposal routes must be identified. Results also indicate that because of the potential “lifespan mismatch” between battery packs and the vehicles in which they are used, batteries with high reuse potential may also be entering the waste stream. As such, a robust end-of-life battery management system must include an increase in reuse avenues, expanded recycling capacity, and ultimate disposal routes that minimize risk to human and environmental health.     

我国电子废弃物处理产业现状与前景探讨

电子废弃物处理产业是伴随我国近年来社会经济快速发展而产生的一个新兴产业。本文分析了电子废弃物的经济价值、处理技术和产业政策,并对我国电子废弃物处理产业的现状与前景进行了探讨。     

The management of household hazardous waste in the United Kingdom

Waste legislation in the United Kingdom (UK) implements European Union (EU) Directives and Regulations. However, the term used to refer to hazardous waste generated in household or municipal situations, household hazardous waste (HHW), does not occur in UK, or EU, legislation. The EU's Hazardous Waste Directive and European Waste Catalogue are the principal legislation influencing HHW, although the waste categories described are difficult to interpret. Other legislation also have impacts on HHW definition and disposal, some of which will alter current HHW disposal practices, leading to a variety of potential consequences. This paper discusses the issues affecting the management of HHW in the UK, including the apparent absence of a HHW-specific regulatory structure. Policy and regulatory measures that influence HHW management before disposal and after disposal are considered, with particular emphasis placed on disposal to landfill.     

Economic appraisal and evaluation of UK waste minimisation clubs: proposals to inform the design of sustainable clubs

Waste minimisation clubs have been established for some 12 years in the UK. During that time, they have been significant driving forces in disseminating sustainable waste management practices in industry and commerce. Clubs have also demonstrated that they can achieve significant reductions in levels of waste. However, data on the economic benefits of these clubs remain scanty and disparate. In addition, no standard methodology has developed to assess whether the investment costs of clubs can be justified on grounds of either economic welfare or sustainable development, despite the theoretical advantages from doing so. Against this background, the paper considers the need for economic appraisal and evaluation of waste minimisation clubs and discusses how these methods could be applied to the creation of clubs that will be sustainable over time.     

Global disposal strategies for waste cathode ray tubes

The collection and management of waste electrical and electronic appliances around the world, and the possible negative environmental consequences have been an issue of current debate. Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used as display screen for computer monitors and televisions contains large quantities of lead, estimated at between 0.5 and 4 kg, depending on the size of the CRT and has been identified as the most polluting of all electronic waste components. Having failed the tests used in the toxicity characterization of solid wastes, CRTs have been declared ‘hazardous’ and subsequently banned from landfills and incinerators in most developed countries. Presently, large quantities of CRTs are generated globally with only few developed countries having effective take back and sound management program. Meanwhile, large quantities of CRT-containing devices are being moved across frontiers into developing countries in the name of ‘reuse’ and ‘bridging the digital divide’. With near absence of recycling infrastructure for electronic wastes in most developing countries, waste CRTs are disposed of with MSW at open dumps and unsanitary landfills. This paper reviews the current practices in the management of CRTs around the world, with emphasis on the role of regulations, availability of recycling infrastructure, recycling/reuse routes, and export into developing countries. Inappropriate disposal of waste CRTs creates the opportunity for large-scale environmental contamination with heavy metals, especially lead. Appropriate disposal routes are required globally in the management of CRTs in order to mitigate environmental contamination and human exposure to toxins.     

含汞废弃荧光灯管处理现状及分析

废弃荧光灯管中含有金属汞,属于《国家危险废物名录》中的HW29含汞废物类,随意处置会破坏环境,危害人类健康,因此必须采取合理的方法对其进行处理。综合比较后发现资源化、无害化回收金属汞是最佳的处理方法。部分发达国家通过法律和技术手段的加强实现了对废弃荧光灯管的无害化回收处理,但我国在这方面的工作尚且不足,主要存在着灯管收集难、处理成本高等问题。因此,我国需要借鉴国外的管理经验,出台有效的法规措施,同时需要不断完善处理技术和大型工程建设。在我国节能减排和环境保护形势日益严峻的大环境下,辅之以合理的管理体制和技术手段,才能实现社会效益和经济效益双赢的局面。     

Economies of scale for future lithium-ion battery recycling infrastructure

While lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology has improved substantially to achieve better performance in a wide variety of applications, this technological progress has led to a diverse mix of batteries in use that ultimately require waste management. Development of a robust end-of-life battery infrastructure requires a better understanding of how to maximize the economic opportunity of battery recycling while mitigating the uncertainties associated with a highly variable waste stream. This paper develops and applies an optimization model to analyze the profitability of recycling facilities given current estimates of LIB technologies, commodity market prices of materials expected to be recovered, and material composition for three common battery types (differentiated on the basis of cathode chemistry). Sensitivity analysis shows that the profitability is highly dependent on the expected mix of cathode chemistries in the waste stream and the resultant variability in material mass and value. The potential values of waste streams comprised of different cathode chemistry types show a variability ranging from $860 per ton¹ for LiMn₂O₄ cathode batteries to $8900 per ton for LiCoO₂ cathode batteries. In addition, these initial results and a policy case study can also help to promote end-of-life management and relative policymaking for spent LIBs.     

Environmental accounting for waste management: A study of local governments in Australia

Local governments in Australia, especially in large urban areas, have faced a challenge of the growing quantity of waste generated and the diminishing space for waste disposal in recent years. The central government has demonstrated the importance of developing strategies to make full environmental costs and impacts of waste disposal and material recovery accountable for waste management decision-making. However, research into this field is limited. This paper investigates environmental accounting practices in local government waste management. From a survey conducted with local government authorities in New South Wales (NSW) Australia, it is found that overall the level of direct waste flow and activity accounting is higher than the level of hidden and external environmental cost accounting, though local governments tend to identify and use more physical information associated with waste flows and activities than relevant monetary information. External environmental impacts of waste disposal are often overlooked and show the lowest level of practices. The survey results also indicate that urban local governments have taken more environmental information into account than rural local governments, but such difference is not significant between local governments of different sizes. The complexity of waste technical services and operations is confirmed to have a positive and significant effect on the level of environmental accounting for waste management across local governments surveyed.