吡唑和吡咯类农药残留检测技术研究进展

吡唑和吡咯类农药具有高效、良好杀菌能力、对环境友好等特点,已经成为当前使用量较大的一类农药.随着该类农药在农业生产中的广泛使用,其残留问题已经引起关注.由于吡唑和吡咯类农药在环境、农作物和食品中痕量存在,最大残留限量值也日益严格,其残留分析便成为了一项重要的工作.本文综述了近年来土壤、蔬菜、蜂蜜、环境水等基体中吡唑和吡咯类农药残留分析的加压溶剂提取、微波辅助萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、基质分散固相萃取、QuEChERS法等前处理方法和气相色谱法、液相色谱法及其与质谱联用的色谱检测技术的研究进展,以上前处理技术有机溶剂量小、高效快速、对环境友好,与色谱技术联用后具有灵敏度高、检出限低、精密度高等特点,并对未来的发展进行了展望.     

浅析农药使用与环境管理

农药一直是防治农业病虫害的主要手段和措施,在确保农业高产、高效的同时也带来了环境污染、生态平衡破坏和食品安全隐患等一系列的问题。探究其原因,提出农药使用和环境管理中应该考虑的问题,重新建立起对农药的正确认识。     

秦皇岛市蔬菜农药污染的主要原因及其防治对策

本文在对秦皇岛市蔬菜农药污染的情况调查研究的基础上，指出了蔬菜受农药污染的主要原因为农药种类多，使用量大，品种结构不合理；农药产品合格率低，高效低毒新农药少；农民缺乏农药科学知识。合理预防和控制农药污染的措施包括农业措施、生物防治、物理防治、化学防治、综合防治等。     

微生物抗菌、降解有机磷农药研究进展

有机磷农药作为一种高效、广谱的内吸性杀虫剂,被广泛应用于防治粮食等经济作物害虫,以保护幼苗和作物生长。滥用农药造成的有机磷农药在环境中的残留量逐步上升,农药污染治理是当前环境科学研究的热点。微生物降解技术具有资源丰富、可原位修复污染场地、对环境污染小、成本低的优点,以生物修复作为理论基础的农药残留微生物降解技术是目前降低农产品和农业生产环境中农药残留的重要方法,在土壤和水体污染修复中应用前景广阔。首先对我国当前农药使用情况进行简单介绍,在此基础上概述了现今对于微生物抑制植物病害以及可降解有机磷农药微生物的研究成果,并对海洋微生物的生理特性、抗菌效能进行了论述。根据目前的研究进展,提出了今后重点研究内容,为筛选出高效的拮抗菌、降解菌提供理论基础。     

美国的农药管理体制和管理方法

农药是美国现代化农业的主要支柱之一,每年的产量和施用量均居世界前列,对农业生产本身和环境构成很大的威胁,因此,美国对农药的管理是非常严格的。美国的监督管理体制和管理方法比较健全,而且有效。一、以联邦为主,联邦与州相百配合美国国会于1947年制定了第一部有关农药的法律——《联邦杀虫剂、杀菌剂和杀鼠刑法》。在公众积极推动以及《国家环境政策法》和《清洁空气法》的影响下,美国国会于1972年对《联邦杀虫剂、杀菌剂和杀及刑法》进行了重大的修定,并更名为《联邦环境农药控制法》,确立了以联邦政府管理为主,联邦政府与各…     

云南省蔬菜中有机磷农药残留现状分析

利用气相色谱法研究了云南省38种蔬菜1779个蔬菜样品中甲胺磷等7种有机磷农药残留问题。结果显示，云南省蔬菜中有机磷农药超标率为7．76％，绿叶类蔬菜和白菜类蔬菜是云南省蔬菜超标的主要蔬菜类别，而根菜类蔬菜和薯芋类蔬菜中有机磷农药未超标。不同取样场所类型中，蔬菜生产基地和超市的蔬菜超标率较低，批发市场和农贸市场的蔬菜超标率较高。从不同的有机磷农药种类来看，中度毒性农药毒死蜱和乐果在云南省蔬菜生产中使用最广泛；国家明令禁止使用的高毒农药氧化乐果、甲胺磷、对硫磷在云南省蔬菜中残留情况严重；甲拌磷未检出，甲基对硫磷未超标。     

杭州城区蔬菜地农药残留现状与评价

采用加速溶剂萃取,气相色谱-质谱法测定了杭州市城区蔬菜地中农药残留量,并进行了评价。结果表明：杭州市城区蔬菜地中有机氯类、有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量为ND～0.19mg·kg^-1、ND～0.238mg·kg^-1、ND～0.013mg·kg^-1,检出率为52.4%、33.3%和28.6%。其中有机氯类农药达到国家土壤环境质量标准（GB15618—1995）二级以上,符合无公害蔬菜产地环境要求;根据加拿大残留限量标准评价有机磷类农药,超标率为14.3%;拟除虫菊酯类农药对土壤造成的污染不论是残留量还是检出率都小于前2类农药。     

生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展

有机氯农药是高残留农药，进入生物体后会长期残留，对生物体产生危害。近年来，生物体中的有机氯农药的研究越来越引起各国环境化学家、生态学家的重视，渐渐成为环境化学、生态毒理学研究的热点之一。本文总结了近年来国际上有关生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展情况，以及所取得的主要研究成果。     

蔬菜中农药残留检测方法研究进展

对蔬菜中农药残留的前处理方法及检测方法进行了综述。固相萃取法（SPE）、超临界流体萃取（SFE）、毛细管气相色谱（CGC）、高效液相色谱（HPLC）及其联用技术是现阶段农药残留分析中的主要方法。     

农药水环境化学行为研究进展

农药在水中的环境化学行为包括农药的光化学降解、水化学降解和农药对水生生物的毒性。结合国内外在农药水环境化学行为的研究进展，讨论了农药在水中的直接光解和间接光解行为；农药水化学降解的机理以及pH、温度对农药水化学降解的影响，并以藻类、鱼类等为例阐述了农药对水生动植物及水生生物群落的毒性。     

Population,Development, and Waste Management in Botswana: Conceptual and Policy Implications for Climate Change

Based on government and other relevant documentation, this paper explores the conceptual linkage between population, development, and waste management in Botswana and the implications of this relationship for global climate change. Population is increasing, albeit at a decreasing rate. Spatially, the population is becoming more and more concentrated as the rates and level of urbanization increase. Economic growth has remained consistently high. The combined effect of population dynamics and economic development are having a noticeable imprint on the environment in the form of increased waste generation. Poor waste management poses a real threat to environmental sustainability in general and climate change in particular because of inadequate technology, weak institutional mechanisms to enforce regulations, and low levels of sensitization among the public to deal with the problem. Mitigation measures are suggested to minimize the negative effects of waste management on climate change.     

MAP法处理高浓度氨氮废水技术研究进展

MAP法(磷酸铵镁沉淀法)是去除废水中高浓度氨氮的一种有效技术。本文叙述了MAP法去除废水中氨氮的反应机理,分析pH值、物质摩尔比,反应时间等影响因素。该方法具有去除率高、反应速度快、受外界环境影响小等特点,同时还实现了对氮的有效回收,具有较好的应用前景。     

Life cycle assessment of waste paper management: The importance of technology data and system boundaries in assessing recycling and incineration

The significance of technical data, as well as the significance of system boundary choices, when modelling the environmental impact from recycling and incineration of waste paper has been studied by a life cycle assessment focusing on global warming potentials. The consequence of choosing a specific set of data for the reprocessing technology, the virgin paper manufacturing technology and the incineration technology, as well as the importance of the recycling rate was studied. Furthermore, the system was expanded to include forestry and to include fossil fuel energy substitution from saved biomass, in order to study the importance of the system boundary choices. For recycling, the choice of virgin paper manufacturing data is most important, but the results show that also the impacts from the reprocessing technologies fluctuate greatly. For the overall results the choice of the technology data is of importance when comparing recycling including virgin paper substitution with incineration including energy substitution. Combining an environmentally high or low performing recycling technology with an environmentally high or low performing incineration technology can give quite different results. The modelling showed that recycling of paper, from a life cycle point of view, is environmentally equal or better than incineration with energy recovery only when the recycling technology is at a high environmental performance level. However, the modelling also showed that expanding the system to include substitution of fossil fuel energy by production of energy from the saved biomass associated with recycling will give a completely different result. In this case recycling is always more beneficial than incineration, thus increased recycling is desirable. Expanding the system to include forestry was shown to have a minor effect on the results. As assessments are often performed with a set choice of data and a set recycling rate, it is questionable how useful the results from this kind of LCA are for a policy maker. The high significance of the system boundary choices stresses the importance of scientific discussion on how to best address system analysis of recycling, for paper and other recyclable materials.     

Life cycle assessment of waste paper management: The importance of technology data and system boundaries in assessing recycling and incineration

The significance of technical data, as well as the significance of system boundary choices, when modelling the environmental impact from recycling and incineration of waste paper has been studied by a life cycle assessment focusing on global warming potentials. The consequence of choosing a specific set of data for the reprocessing technology, the virgin paper manufacturing technology and the incineration technology, as well as the importance of the recycling rate was studied. Furthermore, the system was expanded to include forestry and to include fossil fuel energy substitution from saved biomass, in order to study the importance of the system boundary choices. For recycling, the choice of virgin paper manufacturing data is most important, but the results show that also the impacts from the reprocessing technologies fluctuate greatly. For the overall results the choice of the technology data is of importance when comparing recycling including virgin paper substitution with incineration including energy substitution. Combining an environmentally high or low performing recycling technology with an environmentally high or low performing incineration technology can give quite different results. The modelling showed that recycling of paper, from a life cycle point of view, is environmentally equal or better than incineration with energy recovery only when the recycling technology is at a high environmental performance level. However, the modelling also showed that expanding the system to include substitution of fossil fuel energy by production of energy from the saved biomass associated with recycling will give a completely different result. In this case recycling is always more beneficial than incineration, thus increased recycling is desirable. Expanding the system to include forestry was shown to have a minor effect on the results. As assessments are often performed with a set choice of data and a set recycling rate, it is questionable how useful the results from this kind of LCA are for a policy maker. The high significance of the system boundary choices stresses the importance of scientific discussion on how to best address system analysis of recycling, for paper and other recyclable materials.     

岷江干旱河谷甜樱桃发展优势及栽培技术研究

岷江上游干旱河谷特有的生态环境条件适宜发展优质特色水果.甜樱桃作为该区域新兴特色水果之一,近5年来发展面积已超过了400hm2.甜樱桃的引种和规模化栽培表明,岷江上游干旱河谷区发展优质、高产甜樱桃具有独特的优势.总结了岷江干旱河谷栽培甜樱桃的成熟技术和管理措施,探讨了发展甜樱桃的巨大潜力,同时对存在的问题进行了分析,以期为汶川地震灾害农业产业的恢复重建和结构调整提出新的思路.     

环境工程与试验技术发展动态综述

环境适应性作为装备的质量特性之一越来越受到重视,而随着技术的进步,环境试验方法也得到了飞速的发展。本文对环境工程和试验技术的发展历程进行了回顾,并对环境试验的发展趋势进行了展望。     

四川省高等级公路环保现状与存在问题

自1990年以来，四川省高等级公路发展迅速，已建成近2000公里，同时，公路环保也取得了很大成就，所有高等级公路都编制了环评报告书，边坡，中央分隔带和互通式立交区的绿化率达70％以上，路边30m范围内重要敏感点或迁移或受到保护，服务区污水处理后达标排放，取弃土场施行绿化或复耕，水土流失得到治理，但建设期的环境管理还有待加强，环保绿化技术尚须进一步提高，环境监理要尽快开展。     

实施注采一体管柱技术 节能降耗减污增效

超稠油蒸汽吞吐注采一体管柱技术,是对多项稠油开采工艺技术进行实践、总结、分析而来。该项技术,解决了作业频繁的问题,实现了不动管柱直接转抽,并可以多次注汽、转抽;由此而改变传统的蒸汽吞吐注采工艺技术,做到注、采、焖、放一体管柱,减少作业工序和降低井筒热损失,降低环境污染及电能消耗,实现超稠油不动管柱开采,有效降低超稠油开采成本,提高了油井的生产实效,并取得可观的经济效益和环境效益,实现节能、降耗、减污、增效的清洁生产目标。     

烟气海水脱硫排水水质对周边海域的影响分析

从理论计算和国内外已投运工程的实际运行监测两方面，对海水脱硫排水水质进行了分析，结果表明在采用成熟工艺的前提下，海水脱硫的排水水质包括重金属等指标，全部可以达到我国海水三类标准，绝大部分指标满足海水一类标准，而且通过对国内外已经投运项目的长期监测，也未发现对周围海域的生态环境造成不利影响。     

生态环境科技进展与“十四五”展望

科技是国之利器,持续改善生态环境、建设生态文明、打造美丽中国,离不开强有力的环境科技支撑。本文梳理总结我国"十三五"时期的生态环境科技进展,在分析生态环境科技发展趋势和"十四五"科技需求的基础上,提出构建生态环境质量改善、风险防控、智慧监管三大技术体系和完善激发创新活力、提升创新效能的能力支撑体系的科技发展目标,以及坚持问题导向、系统治理、创新引领、协同增效和深化改革的原则,并从基础研究、技术研发、方法体系、应用示范、创新能力、成果转化六个方面系统设置重点任务,由此推动科技更好地支撑引领生态环境保护中心工作。