石油企业管理创新问题探讨

随着市场竞争的日益激烈，石油企业要在市场全球化和经济一体化的国际竞争中求得生存与发展，最重要的是要在企业层面进行管理创新。简述了管理创新的内涵和必要性，分析了国内石油企业管理创新的现状，并指出管理创新亟需解决的诸多问题。在调查研究基础上提出了石油企业管理创新的重点和基本途径，指出管理的新生力量在于不断创新，管理创新是企业生存和发展的主题，这对提高石油企业管理创新的能力和水平有一定的指导意义。     

Industrial development zone and South African environmental legal initiatives post-1994: a quest for sustainable industrial development

Many developing countries are currently undergoing increased industrialization, which has accelerated environmental degradation. This study aims to examine South Africa's industrial development path as a socio-economic strategy pursued along the rill-lines of sustainable industrial development (SID) in view of the post-1994 environmental legislative initiatives. An exploratory review guided the study analysis. As industrial development zones (IDZs), environmental sustainability research is virtually non-existent, leading to the poor understanding of this programme's role in SID. This study reveals that the government political commitment, 1996 South Africa's Constitution and National Environmental Act (No. 107 of 1998) are key pillars reconciling the environment and industrial development in diffusing apartheid legacies. Non-compliances re-occur in industries outside the IDZs due to shortage of environmental monitoring inspectors and government priorities changes. Therefore, there is need to ‘green’ IDZ stakeholders for proper environmental legislation implementation. Finally, the study highlights new potential directions for research into SID zoning.     

Measurement and assessment of carrying capacity of the environment in Ningbo, China

Carrying Capacity of the Environment (CCE) provides a useful measure of the sustainable development of a region. Approaches that use integrated assessment instead of measurement can lead to misinterpretation of sustainable development because of confusion between Environmental Stress (ES) indexes and CCE indexes, and the selection of over-simple linear plus models. The present paper proposes a comprehensive measurement system for CCE which comprises models of natural resources capacity, environmental assimilative capacity, ecosystem services capacity, and society supporting capacity. The corresponding measurable indexes are designed to assess CCE using a carrying capacity surplus ratio model and a vector of surplus ratio of carrying capacity model. The former aims at direct comparison of ES and CCE based on the values of basic indexes, and the latter uses a Euclidean vector to assess CCE states. The measurement and assessment approaches are applicable to Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and environmental planning and management. A case study is presented for Ningbo, China, whereby all the basic indexes of ECC are measured and the CCE states assessed for 2005 and 2010.     

基于(火用)分析法的煤炭工业生态链物质能量流动研究

从工业生态学角度研究了矿区工业生态系统的工业代谢和工业生态链，建立了矿区物质循环与能量流动分析和效率模型。根据生态效率的理念，矿区发展需要5项关键支撑技术，为合理选择煤炭的产业链延伸途径打下理论基础，促进了矿区的可持续发展。     

企业生态经营策略的影响因素分析——以滑雪度假企业经营为例

气候与环境变化不仅引起了各国政府制定对策,也逐渐推进企业实行生态经营策略。生态经营是实现持续发展的有效办法。通过对中韩两国8家滑雪度假企业的深入分析得知,影响企业生态经营策略的因素有企业规模、废弃物排放成本、资源化成本、产品特性、技术创新、政府政策等,企业经营所需资源的所属情况、企业的所有权构造、社会团体的活动也可能产生一定的影响。建议中国企业在政府与社会的推动下,结合企业文化建设,积极参与生态经营,实现低碳经济时代的可持续发展。     

我国环保产业现状及环保企业商业模式

我国环保产业处于发展的黄金时期,环保企业的商业模式决定其能否建立强大的产业基础甚至成为产业主导。文章从环保产业发展的外部政策环境、环保产业发展历程和细分产业相关企业商业模式等角度探讨了我国环保产业的现状,并分析了环保企业商业模式的发展方向。新的商业模式将培育出综合环境服务商和环境解决方案提供商。     

河北省太阳能产业可持续发展对策研究

针对太阳能产业发展现状,找出河北省太阳能产业发展过程中存在的问题,如产业环节附加值低、产用不平衡、缺乏激励政策、存在技术难题和污染、运维管理跟不上等。借鉴国内外成功经验,从光热和光电平衡发展、加大科技投入、加强政策和机制建设、实施多元化模式、控制产业污染、培养专业的运维队伍等几方面提出河北省太阳能产业可持续发展的对策。     

Promoting ecological sustainable planning for natural stone quarrying. The case of the Orosei Marble Producing Area in Eastern Sardinia

This paper presents an analysis of the main environmental impact factors (noise, vibration, fumes, dust, vehicle traffic) associated with marble quarrying and processing in the Orosei industrial area and their effects. Solutions are also proposed to prevent, mitigate and, where possible, eliminate the impact on the environment. Using three-dimensional topographic models, the authors simulated quarry and industrial processing development, with projections over the next 10, 30 and 50 years. The aim of these simulations was to establish land management planning guidelines for the optimal and environmentally sustainable development of the Orosei Marble industrial area. Lastly, careful quarry development planning is important both for enhancing LCA and for improving production processes through sustainable technologies that yield green label products meeting environmental performance standards.     

Valuing natural resources and the implications for land and water management

New models of sustainable development stress the importance of the efficient management of resources, including labour, capital equipment and natural resources. Overuse of the resource base today will lead to shortages tomorrow; yet it can be a difficult task persuading politicians and planners in developing countries of the importance of resource management. This paper suggests methodologies for doing so and argues the urgency of the task.     

Adaptive management for sound ecosystem management

Sound ecosystem management meshes socioeconomic attitudes and values with sustainable natural resource practices. Adaptive management is a model for guiding natural resource managers in this process. Ecosystems and the societies that use them are continually evolving. Therefore, managers must be flexible and adaptable in the face of uncertainty and lack of knowledge. To couple good science to management, it is important to develop goals, models, and hypotheses that allow us to systematically learn as we manage. Goals and models guide the development and implementation of management practices. The need to evaluate models and test hypotheses mandates monitoring, which feeds into a continuous cycle of goal and model reformulation. This paper reviews the process of adaptive management and describes how it is being applied to oak/pine savanna restoration at Necedah National Wildlife Refuge as an illustration. Our aim is to help managers design their own adaptive management models for successful ecosystem management.     

What factors determine whether a community will choose the pathway to sustainable development in China?

In this paper, we divide the communities in Central China into four groups, namely ecological high-poverty communities, non-ecological high-poverty communities, sustainable communities and non-ecological low-poverty communities. We use 2000 and 2006 data for 498 counties to conduct analysis and comparison between sustainable and unsustainable communities in order to define determinants of the development pathways to sustainable communities. The comparison of the variable means between the groups of ecological high-poverty communities and non-ecological high-poverty communities in 2006 indicates that there is no significant difference in the dimensions related to economy, society and environment, with the exception of average output value per industrial enterprise.

The non-ecological low-poverty communities are more likely to have a higher proportion of secondary industry, higher total industrial output value, higher average output value per industrial enterprise and higher intensity of infrastructure construction, compared to the sustainable communities. The factors that determine whether the communities will choose the pathway to sustainable communities are found to be landscape, social conditions of secondary industry and agriculture and economic development level. Hence, the policies that aim at promoting sustainability for the unsustainable communities will have to focus on different strategies and actions for non-ecological high-poverty and non-ecological low-poverty communities.     

Parkmanagement as a tool for careful industrial land‐use planning

During the second half of the 1990s the combination of ecological and economic targets in industrial land‐use planning became an official part of spatial‐economic policy in the Netherlands. A growing number of business locations are now being developed or re‐developed as ‘sustainable business sites’. At the same time, ‘parkmanagement’ came into existence as a new tool for development and control of business sites for industry and services. Parkmanagement is now regarded as one of the obvious instruments to realize sustainable (or ‘careful’) land use on business parks. However, there is now a question about whether it is wrong for local governments (which in the Dutch case are responsible for most land development schemes) to have so much participation in parkmanagement initiatives. There is a threat that local governments are welcoming parkmanagement as a fashionable way to impose new regulations on business establishments, and ignore the evidence from practice. Such evidence shows that parkmanagement is most successful when organized with the involvement of private enterprises. This would also be more in line with the modern interaction‐oriented planning theory (consensus planning). The paper describes the principal dilemmas facing local governments in business site development, the theoretical options for influencing the development process of the sites, and the set of actions that could be part of a parkmanagement strategy. These can be arranged on a ‘ladder’ or range of activities, from rather simple facilities serving individual companies' needs, such as maintenance and security, to more complex co‐operation projects in combined transport or energy supply, and ultimately lead to schemes for connecting material flows of production processes. The successive stages of the ladder of business site facilities can be combined with different forms and stages of process organization.     

在碳中和愿景下缩小贫富差距：协同理论、机制与路径

在向着全面建成社会主义现代化强国的第二个百年目标迈进的征程中,我国同时面临碳中和与缩小贫富差距等多项战略任务。尽管这些战略任务都属于可持续发展的内在要求,实现路径互联互通,政策效果相互影响,但由于分属不同的子系统,容易陷入管理实践各自为政、政策实施互为掣肘的僵局。收入提高的中低收入群体可能因为消费升级产生更多的碳排放,增加实现碳中和的挑战;碳中和实现路径也可能通过影响居民就业或家庭收支促进或阻碍迈向共同富裕的步伐。充分认识碳中和与缩小贫富差距之间的协同与权衡关系,通过整体协调和系统谋划下好"全国一盘棋",减少政策冲突和实践失误,是全方位落实可持续发展、处理好减排与发展关系的前提条件。通过对碳中和与缩小贫富差距协同治理的理论逻辑、影响机制和实践路径进行系统剖析与深入诠释,力求回答"是什么""为什么""怎么做"的问题,为促进碳中和与经济平等的路径选择及方案制定提供决策支持,对社会经济复杂系统下多个可持续发展目标之间的协同合作提供参考借鉴。     

Urban Environmental Management in Shanghai: Achievements, Problems, and Prospects

This article critically reviews the evolution of urban environmental management in Shanghai since 1978. Established in a transitional postsocialist economy and shaped by a spectacular urban redevelopment process, the current environmental management framework of Shanghai has succeeded in mitigating major industrial pollution and improving urban amenities with unprecedented pace and magnitude. However, it generally failed to take social equity and environmental justice issues into consideration. Based on Haughton’s models of sustainable urban development, this article proposes four priorities and five principles within the framework of a fair shares cities model for the future environmental management of Shanghai and briefly discusses their policy implications and implementation issues. The authors argue that Haughton’s approach is relevant to Shanghai’s case because the essence of his argument—the multidimensional equity principles—is the core of the concept of sustainable development.     

关于中国可持续农业问题的研究

农业可持续发展是国家可持续发展的根本保证和优先领域,实现农业可持续发展必须建立可持续农业。本文认为,高科技生态农业是中国可持续农业的唯一战略选择和最终出路。为实现这一战略选择,在继续贯彻实施计划生育和环境保护两个基本国策的同时,必须调整现有的农业结构和资源管理模式,制定可持续利用的资源管理政策,发展以生态农业为基础、以高新农业技术为手段的高科技生态农业。     

美国企业有毒废物排放管理现状及对中国的启示

工业生产中产生的有毒废弃物是我们生活环境的一大危险,每个企业都有责任安全有效地处理其在生产过程中产生的有毒废弃物。美国环保署通过《有毒物质释放清单》的方式,要求工业、企业每年上报其有毒废弃物的产生、管理、排放的详细情况。并对所有数据进行收集、整理、统计、分析后在美国环保署网站上公布。美国这种敦促工业、企业披露其废弃物管理方式的做法可以让公众知晓企业的排污行为,也可以促使企业采取更负责任的方式管理有毒废弃物质。在新形势下,中国即将迎来新一轮区域性结构调整的浪潮,各地政府在产业结构调整的过程中,必须全面考量未来重点发展的行业的环境可持续性。因此,继续建立一个类似于TRI的公开、便捷的各业企业污染物情况数据库,满足各地政府管理地区发展的需要。     

Sustainability metrics for the business enterprise

Sustainable development poses challenges and opportunities to the development and management of business and technological systems. Most significantly, sustainability moves beyond meeting an economic and environmental bottom line to a triple bottom line of integrated economic, environmental, and social factors. Over 30 years there has been a paradigm shift that has led to the greening of industrial practices with regards to the environment. As evidence continues to demonstrate linkages between environmental causes and effects, problem-solving techniques have been developed to meet both economic and environmental goals along with metrics to measure environmental performance. Today, sustainable development presents another paradigm shift and adds social considerations as a third element to the bottom line. This article describes the evolution from greening to sustaining and outlines the implication of developing metrics in the sustainable development context.© 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

浅论滇黔桂油田环境保护现状及对策

滇黔桂石油局把环境保护放在企业可持续发展的高度抓清洁生产,推行企业法人环保责任制和目标管理,开展清洁生产试点,生产环境友好产品,树立企业环保形象。文章就滇黔桂油田主要污染源现状、治理及管理措施进行了讨论并提出切合实际的建议。     

生态工业园区建设目标与措施初探

要创建和谐生态工业园区应做到：坚持“环保优先”，强化环保基础设施建设；以“发展高科技、实现产业化”为根本目标；调整产业结构，改变经济增长方式，实现可持续发展；加大力度促进企业发展；大力加强环保宣传。     

Emerging drivers and business models for equipment reuse and remanufacturing in the US: lessons from the biotech industry

While regulations have advanced product take-back in some markets, challenges to increasing product reuse and remanufacturing remain. Most research to date has focused on original equipment manufacturers taking back and remanufacturing their products, which is often problematic. The present study demonstrates that there are emerging opportunities for small companies with innovative business models to enter the market and advance product end-of-life (EoL) management. The paper examines the biotechnology industry – a growing sector with high spending on lab equipment and relatively short lifespans of research and development instruments. Building on previous research and analysis of industry practices and emerging drivers for product reuse and remanufacturing, the authors propose a framework for sustainable EoL management that includes five managerial drivers: financial benefits, space, ease/convenience, information, and sustainability goals. The paper concludes with discussion of the lessons learned and practical implications for managers in charge of purchasing or disposing of surplus equipment.