基于遥感数据的生态脆弱区森林景观分类及格局研究——以香格里拉为例

以Landsat-7 ETM＋为数据源，在遥感（RS）和地理信息系统（GIS）技术的支持下，对云南省香格里拉县北部进行森林景观分类及其景观结构分析。结果表明，研究区以针叶林为主要森林景观，阔叶混交林的形状结构较为松散，景观破碎化程度最严重，人为干扰强烈。因此，需加强森林保护，减少人为干扰，防止景观破碎化程度的进一步加深。     

新疆落叶松林迹地生态环境与活地被物的研究

尝试用“简单分类结合逐步数量化统计分析”的方法，对新疆阿尔泰山地理自然气候差异明显的布尔津、富蕴两林区的新疆落叶松各类迹地上，与森林环境变化程度密切关联的活地被物种群数量结构特征及演变的趋势和规律进行了初步的研究探讨，从而为正确认识和评价阿尔泰山林区现行各种采伐方式的适用性和火灾对森林环境的影响程度，以及科学地制定合理的经营技术措施提供了有益的参考依据。     

森林“世界之最”

森林“世界之最”森林面积最多的洲是拉丁美洲，森林面积占全世界总面积的２４％，覆盖率达４４％；森林面积最少的洲是大洋洲，森林总面积只占全世界总面积的２％，覆盖率只有１１％；森林面积最多的国家是俄罗斯，有森林面积４．８亿公顷；森林覆盖率最高的国家是圭亚拉...     

森林旅游资源开发潜力定量评价研究--以武汉市为例

森林旅游资源定量评价是为发展森林旅游提供更为可靠的依据。研究了森林旅游资源开发潜力的定量方法，对武汉市森林旅游资源开发潜力进行了定量评价，得出了武汉市森林旅游资源的质量等级，为森林旅游的开发提供了可靠的依据。     

重点林区用材林资源资产评估模式研究——以贵州省黔东南州为例

用材林资源是重点林区财政及农户收入的主要支柱。随着森林分类经营的逐渐深入，用材林资源流转日益频繁。市场经济决定了现代木材市场的规范性，公平交易是用材林资源流转的根本需求，正确的评估方法不仅是林农利益的根本保障，也是国有资产不轻易流失的有效管理手段。通过对重点林区——贵州省黔东南州用材林资源的评估研究，以期为同类地区，尤其是重点林区的同类资产评估提供借鉴模式。     

国内资讯

森林可持续经营 第二届森林科学论坛一森林可持续经营国际学术研讨会近日在北京召开。森林科学论坛一森林可持续经营国际学术研讨会是中国林学会确定的森林科学论坛的第二次国际学术会议，由中国林学会、国际林联、世界自然保护联盟共同发起。本届论坛由中国林学会、北京林业大学共同主办，主题为“以应对气候变化下的森林可持续经营”。     

都江堰建森林野生动物园最高海拔4000米面积4万多亩

都江堰建森林野生动物园最高海拔４０００米面积４万多亩最近，经四川省林业厅批准，都江堰市将兴建森林野生动物园，这是目前全国规模最大的森林野生动物园。森林野生动物园位于龙池“都江堰国家森林公园”内。这里，最低海拔９００米，最高海拔４０００米，有森林面积４...     

浅析森林认证与江西林业发展

为了更好地促进江西省的森林认证工作，在论述了森林认证的概念、目的和特点基础上，分析了江西省林业发展的优势条件和不利条件。认为开展森林认证工作有利于促进江西省森林的可持续经营；有利于森林经营单位与林农的关系更加融洽；有利于保护生态环境和生物多样性；有利于江西林业与国际接轨，开拓国际市场。     

国际资讯

俄罗斯近日爆发森林大火，并迅速蔓延，烧毁大片森林、田野和房屋，席卷了19万公顷土地。林火引发的烟雾笼罩首都莫斯科，浓烟甚至蔓延欧洲。森林大火殃及俄罗斯军事基地，造成包括几百架战机在内的大量军事物资被烧毁。同时，森林大火肆虐和高温干旱导致俄罗斯粮食大幅减产，政府已决定临时禁止粮食及粮食产品出口。     

国际间签署协定削减森林退化致排放

近日在挪威首都奥斯陆召开的气候与森林大会上，50个发达国家与发展中国家签署了《消减森林砍伐与森林退化造成的温室气体排放》（REDD）协定，承诺拟在今后3年内共投入40亿美元以用于减少森林砍伐活动造成的温室气体排放。     

县级林相图GIS数据库构建及其数据质量控制研究——以四川省石棉县为例

林相图是林业基本用图,是林业生产、经营、规划设计的依据资料。林相图GIS数据库是林业GIS的基础。以石棉县为例,探讨了县级林相图GIS数据库构建的技术路线和数据质量控制方法,具有推广价值和借鉴意义。     

Forestry administration and policies in the Philippines

This article begins by summarizing the importance of the forestry sector in the Philippine economy It provides an overview of the multiplicity of Philippine governmental institutions involved in forestry in 1982 Then it discusses forestry laws in the country and concludes by examining fifteen critical forest policy issues: sustained yield management; area-specific logging bans; increased use of wood wastes; revision of forest charges; unprocessed log export ban; rationalization of the forest industry, acceleration of reforestation; protection of watersheds; recognition of the social dimensions of slash- and-burn agriculture; fuelwood supply; public land classification for forestry and agriculture, development of plantations for dendrothermal electricity; multiple-use management; preservation of mangrove areas, and improvements in administration and implementation.Research for this paper was supported by the East-West Center Environment and Policy Institute. The author would like to acknowledge the assistance of the Natural Resources Management Center of the Philippine Ministry of Natural Resources.     

The effectiveness of market-based conservation in the tropics: forest certification in Ecuador and Bolivia

During the last decade, forest certification has gained momentum as a market-based conservation strategy in tropical forest countries. Certification has been promoted to enhance forest management in countries where governance capacities are insufficient to adequately manage natural resources and enforce pertinent regulations, given that certification relies largely on non-governmental organisations and private businesses. However, at present there are few tropical countries with large areas of certified forests. In this study, we conducted semi-structured stakeholder interviews in Ecuador and Bolivia to identify key framework conditions that influence the costs and benefits for companies to switch from conventional to certified forestry operations. Bolivia has a much greater relative area under certified forest management than Ecuador and also significantly more certified producers. The difference in the success of certification between both countries is particularly notable because Bolivia is a poorer country with more widespread corruption, and is landlocked with less access to export routes. Despite these factors, several characteristics of the Bolivian forest industry contribute to lower additional costs of certified forest management compared to Ecuador. Bolivia has stronger government enforcement of forestry regulations a fact that increases the cost of illegal logging, management units are larger, and vertical integration in the process chain from timber extraction to markets is higher. Moreover, forestry laws in Bolivia are highly compatible with certification requirements, and the government provides significant tax benefits to certified producers. Results from this study suggest that certification can be successful in countries where governments have limited governance capacity. However, the economic incentives for certification do not only arise from favourable market conditions. Certification is likely to be more successful where governments enforce forestry laws, provide financial incentives for certified forestry, and provide land tenure security, and where large-scale and vertically integrated forestry operations are commercially feasible. For this reason, at present, there are few developing countries where forest certification is likely to achieve widespread success.     

Carbon accounting rules and guidelines for the United States forest sector

The United States Climate Change Initiative includes improvements to the U.S. Department of Energy's Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program. The program includes specific accounting rules and guidelines for reporting and registering forestry activities that reduce atmospheric CO2 by increasing carbon sequestration or reducing emissions. In the forestry sector, there is potential for the economic value of emissions credits to provide increased income for landowners, to support rural development, to facilitate the practice of sustainable forest management, and to support restoration of ecosystems. Forestry activities with potential for achieving substantial reductions include, but are not limited to: afforestation, mine land reclamation, forest restoration, agroforestry, forest management, short-rotation biomass energy plantations, forest protection, wood production, and urban forestry. To be eligible for registration, the reported reductions must use methods and meet standards contained in the guidelines. Forestry presents some unique challenges and opportunities because of the diversity of activities, the variety of practices that can affect greenhouse gases, year-to-year variability in emissions and sequestration, the effects of activities on different forest carbon pools, and accounting for the effects of natural disturbance.     

Factors influencing the sustained participation of farmers in participatory forestry: a case study in central Sal forests in Bangladesh

Wide acceptance of sustainable development as a concept and as the goal of forest management has shifted forest management policies from a traditional to a people-oriented approach. Consequently, with its multiple new objectives, forest management has become more complex and an information gap exits between what is known and what is utilized, which hinders the sustained participation of farmers. This gap arose mainly due to an interrupted flow of information. With participatory forestry, the information flow requires a broad approach that goes beyond the forest ecosystem and includes the different stakeholders. Thus in participatory forest management strategies, policymakers, planners and project designers need to incorporate all relevant information within the context of the dynamic interaction between stakeholders and the forest environment. They should understand the impact of factors such as management policies, economics and conflicts on the sustained participation of farmers. This study aimed to use primary cross-sectional data to identify the factors that might influence the sustained participation of farmers in participatory forestry. Using stratified random sampling, 581 participants were selected to take part in this study, and data were collected through a structured questionnaire by interviewing the selected participants. To identify the dominant factors necessary for the sustained participation of farmers, logistic regression analyses were performed. The following results were observed: (a) sustained participation is positively and significantly correlated with (i) satisfaction of the participants with the tree species planted on their plots; (ii) confidence of the participants that their aspired benefits will be received; (iii) provision of training on different aspects of participatory forestry; (iv) contribution of participants' money to Tree Farming Funds. (b) The sustained participation of farmers is negatively and significantly correlated with the disruption of local peoples' interests through implementation of participatory forestry programs, and long delays in the harvesting of trees after completion of the contractual agreement period.     

The role of cultural models in local perceptions of SFM--differences and similarities of interest groups from three boreal regions

Differences in the way local and regional interest groups perceive Sustainable Forest Management in regions with different forest use histories were studied using Southeastern Finland, the Mauricie in Quebec and Central Labrador in Canada as examples of regions with high, medium and low importance of commercial forestry. We present a conceptual model illustrating the cyclic interaction between the forest, cultural models about forests and forest management. We hypothesized that peoples' perceptions would be influenced by their cultural models about forests and would thus vary amongst regions with different forest use histories and among different interest groups. The weightings of the environmental, economic and social components of sustainability as well as themes important for each of the interest groups were elicited using individual listing of SFM indicators and group work aimed at developing a consensus opinion on a common indicator list. In Southeastern Finland the views of the different groups were polarized along the environment-economy axis, whereas in Central Labrador all groups were environmentally oriented. The social dimension was low overall except among the Metis and the Innu in Labrador. Only environmental groups were similar in all three research regions, the largest differences between regions were found among the forestry professionals in their weightings concerning economy and nature. As the importance of commercial forestry increased, a greater importance of economic issues was expressed whereas the opposite trend was observed for issues regarding nature. Also inter-group differences grew as the importance of commercial forestry increased in the region. Forest management and forest use can be seen as factors strongly influencing peoples' cultural models on forests.     

Current Status and Problems in Certification of Sustainable Forest Management in China

Forest certification is a mechanism involving the regulation of trade of forest products in order to protect forest resources and improve forest management. Although China had a late start in adopting this process, the country has made good progress in recent years. As of July 31, 2009, 17 forest management enterprises and more than one million hectares of forests in China have been certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Several major factors affect forest certification in China. The first set is institutional in nature. Forest management in China is based on centralized national plans and therefore lacks flexibility. A second factor is public awareness. The importance and value of forest certification are not widely understood and thus consumers do not make informed choices regarding certified forest products. The third major factor is the cost of certification. Together these factors have constrained the development of China’s forest certification efforts. However, the process does have great potential. According to preliminary calculations, if 50% of China’s commercial forests were certified, the economic cost of forest certification would range from US$0.66–86.63 million while the economic benefits for the forestry business sector could exceed US$0.66–86.63 million while the economic benefits for the forestry business sector could exceed US150 million. With continuing progress in forest management practices and the development of international trade in forest products, it becomes important to improve the forest certification process in China. This can be achieved by improving the forest management system, constructing and perfecting market access mechanisms for certificated forest products, and increasing public awareness of environmental protection, forest certification, and their interrelationship.     

Forest Insect Pest Management and Forest Management in China: An Overview

According to the Seventh National Forest Inventory (2004–2008), China’s forests cover an area of 195.45 million ha, or 20.36% of the total land area. China has the most rapidly increasing forest resources in the world. However, China is also a country with serious forest pest problems. There are more than 8,000 species of potential forest pests in China, including insects, plant diseases, rodents and lagomorphs, and hazardous plants. Among them, 300 species are considered as economically or ecologically important, and half of these are serious pests, including 86 species of insects. Forest management and utilization have a considerable influence on the stability and sustainability of forest ecosystems. At the national level, forestry policies always play a major role in forest resource management and forest health protection. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of both achievements and challenges in forest management and insect pest control in China. First, we summarize the current status of forest resources and their pests in China. Second, we address the theories, policies, practices and major national actions on forestry and forest insect pest management, including the Engineering Pest Management of China, the National Key Forestry Programs, the Classified Forest Management system, and the Collective Forest Tenure Reform. We analyze and discuss three representative plantations—Eucalyptus, poplar and Masson pine plantations—with respect to their insect diversity, pest problems and pest management measures.     

Insect pest management in forest ecosystems

Environmental Management - Understanding the role of insects in forest ecosystems is vital to the development of environmentally and economically sound pest management strategies in forestry Most...     

Using digital image projections to visualize forest landscape changes due to management activities and forest growth

A pedagogic problem in forestry and landscape management is to visualize future landscape effects of forest growth and current management activities in the forest. This paper presents a method for forecasting digital image projections of forest landscape dynamics. Static nonlinear regression functions estimate the digital numbers in a Landsat Thematic Mapper image. Regressors used are forest stand variables. By estimating the future forest stand data, based on intermediate treatment and growth, future satellite digital images are created. In a case study example, the future landscape of a forest block in the province of Västernorrland, Sweden, is projected to demonstrate the application of this visualization technique.