水生植物化感作用应急处置海洋赤潮和淡水水华

近年来,植物化感作用逐渐成为控制藻类暴发的一种新技术。根据国内外的研究成果,着重从水生植物化感作用、化感抑藻物质、应急处置藻类方法、海洋赤潮和淡水水华的应急处置及机理进行评述,并对该技术今后的发展予以展望。     

生物浮床技术研究进展评述

水体富营养,水中藻类大量生长,导致水体溶解氧下降,水生动植物死亡,水质恶化。生物浮床技术将植物种植在富营养水体中,通过植物生长吸收水中N、P等富营养物质,最终通过植物体的采收,将富营养化物质从水中带出。综述近年来生物浮床技术净化富营养化水体的研究成果,总结生物浮床的构建以及浮床栽培植物的种类,将生物浮床技术对富营养化水体的净化机制归纳为浮床植物吸收、浮床吸附、微生物分解利用及浮床、植物、微生物协同作用4个方面。在此基础上讨论目前生物浮床技术的优势、不足与发展前景,同时结合目前研究现状,提出生物浮床技术研究新方向。     

成都犀池拟浮丝藻水华成因探析

拟浮丝藻是我国水华蓝藻的一个新记录属,我国对此类水华缺乏研究,成都也未曾有此类报道。2008年7~8月,在原成都世界乐园犀池内首次暴发了大规模拟浮丝藻水华。为了解犀池拟浮丝藻水华的成因,对犀池2007~2008年监测资料进行了分析,研究表明:犀池富营养化正以每年平均8.1%的速率不断加剧,大规模发生拟浮丝藻水华的营养指数临界值为85,水温为25℃~30℃,pH=8.2~8.8,较小的氮磷比值(TN∶TP=10)有利于拟浮丝藻水华生长。     

阻燃剂的现状和发展趋势

从燃烧机理和阻燃机理以及主要研究现状方面介绍了阻燃剂,并就未来阻燃剂的研究方向进行了探讨。     

基于ISM和ANP的水库水华发生影响因素分析

为提高水库水华发生预警能力,从水华形成机理着手,引入营养盐条件、水动力条件、光热条件和浮游植物生长状况,建立水库水华发生影响因素模型。首先,基于文献研究,建立水库水华发生影响因素体系,共包含10个指标;其次,利用解释结构模型(ISM)建立水库水华发生影响因素递阶结构模型;最后采用网络层次分析法(ANP)构建权重模型,并借助Super Decision(SD)软件求解。结果表明:叶绿素a浓度、悬浮物浓度、磷浓度、氮浓度、铁等微量盐浓度、水流流速、温度和溶解氧为表层直接影响因素,光照和风速为深层根本影响因素;重要度排序为:叶绿素a浓度、悬浮物浓度、磷浓度、水流流速、氮浓度和溶解氧。     

环境小知识：什么是富营养化

富营养化指的是一种氮、磷等植物的营养物质含量过多所引起的水污染现象。当过量营养物质进入湖泊、水库、海湾等缓流水体后，水生生物特别是藻类将大量繁殖，使水中溶解氧含量急剧变化，以致影响到鱼类等的生存。在自然条件下湖泊会从贫营养湖过渡为富营养湖，进而演变为沼泽和陆地。不过这是一种极为缓陵的过程。但由于人类的活动，将大量工业废水和生活污水以及农田径流中的植物营养物质排入湖泊等水体后，     

什么是富营养化

富营养化指的是一种氮、磷等植物的营养物质含量过多所引起的水污染现象。当过量营养物质进入湖泊、水库、海湾等缓流水体后,水生生物特别是藻类将大量繁殖,使水中溶解氧含量急剧变化,以致影响到鱼类等的生存。在自然条件下湖泊会从贫营养湖过渡为富营养湖,进而演变为沼泽和陆地。不过这是一种极为缓慢的过程。但由于人类的活动,将大量工业     

水体富营养化

水体富营养化是指氮、磷等植物营养物质含量过多所引起的水质污染现象。当过量营养进入湖泊、水库、河口、海湾等缓流水体后，水生生物特别是藻类将大量繁殖，使水中溶解氧含量急剧下降，以致影响到鱼类等的生存。在自然条件下，湖泊从贫营养湖→营养湖→沼泽→陆地的演变过程极为缓慢；人类的活动将大量工业废水和生活污水以及农田径流中的植物营养物质排入湖泊等水体后，将大大加速水体的富营养化进程。水体富营养化后，由于浮游生物大量繁殖，往往呈现蓝色、红色、棕色、乳白色等。这种现象在江河湖泊中称为水华，在海中则叫做赤潮。     

论有机质在湖泊水环境中的作用

国内外学者在湖泊水环境方面开展了大量的研究,然而主要集中在各种形态氮、磷等营养盐上,对有机质的来源、循环及生态学效应的研究比较缺乏。近期研究表明：有机质是水体及沉积物中的重要组分,沉积物中有机质可经分解、矿化,释放到上覆水体,重新进入营养循环;同时,有机质对重金属及有机污染物的迁移转化有着重要影响。本文简要分析了湖泊有机质已有的研究进展,论述了有机质在湖泊水环境中的重要作用、主要技术突破及难点,指出有机质研究对水环境质量评价、污染控制和生态修复都具有重要意义。研究表明,开展有机质在水环境中循环转化、生物有效性及其与富营养化之间关系的研究,将是湖泊水环境研究领域未来的主要研究方向之一。     

生态浮床原位修复富营养水体研究进展

生态浮床作为水体原位修复的一种有效技术,在富营养水体生态修复中得到广泛的应用。在比较分析了目前常用原位治理技术基础之上,追述了生态浮床的发展历程,并对不同类别浮床结构及特点作了对比分析,认为采用组合式生态浮床是提高浮床净化效果的有效途径。综述了浮床植物筛选及近年来获发明专利授权的组合式浮床结构、发展及在受损水环境生态修复中的应用,从截留和植物吸收、生化作用和协同作用分析了生态浮床净化机理,展望了该技术在水环境生态修复未来发展方向。     

Eutrophication of Lake Waters in China: Cost, Causes, and Control

Lake water eutrophication has become one of the most important factors impeding sustainable economic development in China. Knowledge of the current status of lake water eutrophicatoin and determination of its mechanism are prerequisites to devising a sound solution to the problem. Based on reviewing the literature, this paper elaborates on the evolutional process and current state of shallow inland lake water eutrophication in China. The mechanism of lake water eutrophication is explored from nutrient sources. In light of the identified mechanism strategies are proposed to control and tackle lake water eutrophication. This review reveals that water eutrophication in most lakes was initiated in the 1980s when the national economy underwent rapid development. At present, the problem of water eutrophication is still serious, with frequent occurrence of damaging algal blooms, which have disrupted the normal supply of drinking water in shore cities. Each destructive bloom caused a direct economic loss valued at billions of yuan. Nonpoint pollution sources, namely, waste discharge from agricultural fields and nutrients released from floor deposits, are identified as the two major sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, all control and rehabilitation measures of lake water eutrophication should target these nutrient sources. Biological measures are recommended to rehabilitate eutrophied lake waters and restore the lake ecosystem in order to bring the problem under control.     

Ecological simulation model of Los Angeles Harbor

A quasi-steady state numerical ecosystem model was designed to help evaluate the potential impact of various scenarios of effluent treatment and of a landfill on the distribution of phytoplankton and inorganic nutrients in Los Angeles and Long Beach harbors Formulations included (a) tidal circulation, (b) phytoplankton growth and oxygen production as a function of temperature, light, and nutrients, (c) grazing by zooplankton, (d) respiration and nutrient regeneration by the benthos, (e) biochemical oxidation of organics, and (f) nitrification Phytoplankton nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, and oxygen were the state variables, which were simulated with diel and spatial variability for a range of seasonal conditions. Physical circulation was indicated to be a primary factor governing the distribution of state variables, and the landfill resulted in significant alterations. Simulated phytoplankton stocks approximated the upper range of reported concentrations, indicating a satisfactory prediction of bloom conditions. The model indicated that while light may usually regulate maximum phytoplankton levels, under bloom conditions nutrient limitation may also be important Most of the outer Los Angeles Harbor was affected by the effluent, as shown by comparison to the case with zero input Simulations for secondary versus primary treatment converged a short distance from the outfall in response to high BOD oxidation rates. In general, total phytoplankton crop was not greatly affected by the change from primary to secondary treatment, and predation on phytoplankton was small     

A Drinking Water Crisis in Lake Taihu, China: Linkage to Climatic Variability and Lake Management

In late May, 2007, a drinking water crisis took place in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China, following a massive bloom of the toxin producing cyanobacteria Microcystis spp. in Lake Taihu, China’s third largest freshwater lake. Taihu was the city’s sole water supply, leaving approximately two million people without drinking water for at least a week. This cyanobacterial bloom event began two months earlier than previously documented for Microcystis blooms in Taihu. This was attributed to an unusually warm spring. The prevailing wind direction during this period caused the bloom to accumulate at the shoreline near the intake of the water plant. Water was diverted from the nearby Yangtze River in an effort to flush the lake of the bloom. However, this management action was counterproductive, because it produced a current which transported the bloom into the intake, exacerbating the drinking water contamination problem. The severity of this microcystin toxin containing bloom and the ensuing drinking water crisis were attributable to excessive nutrient enrichment; however, a multi-annual warming trend extended the bloom period and amplified its severity, and this was made worse by unanticipated negative impacts of water management. Long-term management must therefore consider both the human and climatic factors controlling these blooms and their impacts on water supply in this and other large lakes threatened by accelerating eutrophication.     

湖泊蓝藻水华数字化预警系统构建探讨

构造湖泊蓝藻水华数字化预警系统是我国湖泊水环境管理的一个重要方向。本文探讨了构建湖泊蓝藻水华数字化预警系统的若干技术问题，包括：（1）数字化预警数学模式。提出需重视流域尺度的氮磷营养物和沉积动态输入以及营养物、沉积物对水生态结构动力过程的影响，建立非点源模型和湖泊生态结构动力学模型相耦合的预警数学模型模式；在此基础上提出了各种数学模型的可借鉴模式。（2）湖泊蓝藻水华预警监测技术。总结了常规水质监测的数据筛选方法，探讨了遥感技术和实时传输监测技术在水质监测中的应用模式，提出了实时监测和遥感监测需解决的技术难题和实现方法。（3）湖泊蓝藻数字化预警系统的设计。提出了数学模型系统、水质监控系统的网络化集成设计模式，提出了基于网络化地理信息系统的计算机应用软件实现模式。     

DEVELOPMENT OF NUTRIENT SUBMODULES FOR USE IN THE GRIDDED SURFACE SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS (GSSHA) DISTRIBUTED WATERSHED MODEL1

Abstract: A primary water quality problem caused by non-point source pollution (NPSP) is eutrophication, from excess nutrients in receiving water bodies. The control of nutrients arising from NPSP is difficult because the source areas can be hard to identify and typical treatment methods are infeasible due to the distributed nature of the pollutants. It may be possible to reduce nutrient related water quality problems through the restoration of highly disturbed watersheds with best management practices (BMPs). While restoration attempts may provide significant returns, they can be costly to implement and often are met with resistance in agricultural communities. Extending model results beyond the range of calibration to model future conditions such as for restoration scenarios requires the use of physically-based models that include the important processes that generate streamflow and material transport, uptake, loss, transformation, and recycling of nutrients and other material. The research and development objectives of the US. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) in Vicksburg, Mississippi, are to develop a watershed assessment and management model to simulate transport, uptake, loss, transformation, and recycling of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus and associated material such as sediment and organic matter. In this study we will discuss current efforts at the ERDC's Environmental Laboratory to develop a state-of-the-art watershed water quality model.     

西南地区高尔夫球场人工湖水体富营养化状况及其季节变化——以成都麓山高尔夫球场人工湖为例

为评价西南地区高尔夫球场人工湖的营养状态,并探讨影响球场湖泊富营养化的原因,2010年1月至12月,以成都麓山高尔夫球场为例,对球场的4个球道人工湖(12号球道、13号球道、14号球道和16号球道)水体的水体理化性质进行监测。结果显示:人工湖的富营养化程度呈季节性变化,其在试验期内综合营养状态已达到轻度富营养的状态。水体营养盐主要来自于球场草坪的施肥,氮、磷等营养物质随降水输入人工湖,从而引起的湖泊富营养化,尤其体现在多雨的夏季。     

黑龙滩水库水体生态系统酶活力及其生态学意义研究

本文黑龙滩水库水体生态系统中脲酶与磷酸酶活力及其与多种水质参数之间的关系进行了研究，结果表明：（１）酶活力与水质，水温变化呈出现一致的动态变化规律。（２）黑龙滩水库水体中脲酶来源与水生生物关系不大，而磷酸酶主要来自浮游植物和水生细菌。（３）水体中脲酶活力受水中总氮浓度瓣影响，而磷酸酶活力不受水中磷酸盐的抑制。     

Valuing algal bloom in the Black Sea Coast of Bulgaria: A choice experiments approach

Increased interest in water quality in coastal and marine areas stemming from the Water Framework Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive has led to important questions in relation to policies that address nutrient loadings. This paper presents the results from a choice experiment study to assess the recreational damage associated with algal blooms caused by nutrients flows into Varna Bay, Bulgaria. Varna Bay is an important beach destination on the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria. Algal bloom events have been experienced frequently in the area. A choice experiment questionnaire was developed and applied in the Varna Bay area to assess the extent to which the quantity of algal blooms and the duration of the bloom affect recreational activities. The amount of bloom was found to be important, as respondents were on average willing to pay a one off tax of 18.97 Leva (€9.73) for a program that provides beaches free from algal blooms.     

黑龙滩水库水质分布规律研究

通过黑龙滩水库中7个采样点,17个月21个指标的连续采样分析,数据显示出水库中水质理化指标,在水平分布上无大的差异。垂直分布上DO和CODMn变化较大,其浓度是随浓度而降低。其余指标在一年的周期内维持在稳定的水平上。除T－P外,水库中其余指标物在Ⅱ级标准内。T－P超标有富营养化的潜在危险。