东北地区盐碱泡沼渔业开发技术

盐碱泡沼广泛分布于东北地区的中、西部，是该区域宜渔国土资源的主要类型之一．根据１９８８～１９９５年东北松辽平原农业综合开发的实践，本文以大安市试验示范区为例，初步介绍了盐碱泡沼渔业开发的６项主要技术措施，以供同类地区借鉴。     

大安古河道区的渔业开发利用

吉林省西部大安古河道区是松辽平原农业综合开发的重点区域之一．在对古河道区域内的渔业资源进行全面调查的基础上,本文初步探讨了区域内各类渔业资源的开发利用途径．     

东北松辽平原农业资源的开发措施

东北松辽平原农业资源的开发措施王春裕（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所，沈阳１１００１５）王曦（辽宁省科学技术信息中心，沈阳１１００１５）松辽平原是我国东北地区松花江与辽河的冲积平原，南北长１０００多ｋｍ，东西宽４００多ｋｍ，地势平坦，土质肥沃，河）１１...     

苏打盐碱地稻田养鱼

苏打盐碱地主要分布在我国东北地区,是松辽平原农业综合开发的重点对象之一。作者以吉林省西部大安市叉干镇科技示范区为例,介绍了苏打盐碱地井灌稻田养鱼开发的生态效益及关键技术。     

栽种沙枣以改善黄河三角洲地区生态环境

胜利油田位于我国黄河三角洲地区，潜水位高，水的矿化度大。生态环境恶劣，对植物尤其对木本植物的生长不利，整个地区生长的多是抗盐碱能力强的草本植物。针对油田的特殊环境条件，综合有关资料，介绍了以沙枣为代表的植物特性，特别强调了其抗盐碱、降低土壤矿化度和潜水位、增加土壤有机质和引起植被变化的特性。指出黄河三角洲也有些土质较好的、适于作物和木本植物生长的地区，改良盐碱地可以以这些地区为基点，放射性地向外逐步试验沙枣的种植，以探索改善生态环境的途径。努力做到边发展经济，边改善环境，达到经济效益、社会效益和环境效益三统一。     

查干湖的综合开发与利用

本文就松辽平原具有代表性的平原型半咸水湖泊－查干湖的生物源和理化环境状况进行了分析,并在此基础上探讨了渔业资源的综合开发,提出了切实可行的开发措施,以期为我国开发同类型湖泊提供参考。     

再生水景观河道生态修复水体净化效果研究

天津某再生水景观河道生态修复工程采用了生态修复处理技术以净化和保持河道水质。本文通过对该生态示范工程运行期间的水质净化效果的研究，为盐碱地区同类型景观河道的建设和水体富营养化的防治提供了工程经验和理论依据。     

亚欧第二大陆桥沿线中部地区生态环境现状及综合治理研究

亚欧第二大陆桥沿线中部地区生态环境现状及综合治理研究刘建甫，顾家（新疆维吾尔自治区科学技术委员会乌鲁木齐８３００１１）２沿线中部地区生态环境与经济发展要求的基本适应性分析２．１沿线中部地区的开发建设与生态环境变迁２．１．１前苏联在中亚三国的开发建设和...     

达川地区10年土地开发成效显著

1987～1996年，达川地区在土地复垦方面取得了较好成绩，共实施省、地、县复垦项目251个，区、乡以下自办开发项目1000多处，复垦面积1．46万ha，其中复垦耕地0．4万ha，净增耕地面积0．2万ha，实现新垦耕地与非农业建设用耕地增减持平有余，调整农业结构少占耕地1．1万ha．通过农业综合开发，以短养长、规模经营、加工增值等措施，该区土地开发呈现出高效益的局面，累计土地开发收入17．1亿元，生产粮食16．8万t。10年来，我们的主要作法是：①强化宣传教育，提高对资源开发重要意义的认识。全区每年利用6月国土宣传月和“6．25”土地日等…     

盐湖干涸尘暴起

《人民日报》报道，国家地质试。验测试中心的分析测试表明，北京沙尘暴含有盐碱成分。我国北方许多盐湖干涸，成为化学尘暴的源头。经测算，仅在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟的查干诺尔湖，每年被风刮跑的盐碱粉尘就超过600万吨。化学尘暴携带粉尘和盐碱等物质，可以远距离传输，并对人体造成较大危害。     

Does radioactive contamination affect the shell morphology of the pond snail <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lymnaea stagnalis</Emphasis> in the exclusion zone of the Chernobyl NPP (Ukraine)?

A distinct external shell abnormality, coarse seam, was found in a high percentage of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) collected near Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (NPP), Ukraine. The negative cytogenetical and hematological effects of long-term irradiation on pond snails in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone have been repeatedly reported; consequently, it has been assumed that radioactivity may also affect shell morphology. However, due to the absence of this shell abnormality in pond snails collected from two radioactive sites in Russia, it can be concluded that the appearance of abnormal shells in snail population near Chernobyl NPP cannot directly be explained by the radioactive contamination.     

我区城市排水生物稳定塘（污水库）功能,利用现状及对策简析

生物稳定塘在我区城市污水处理、利用中具有相当重要的作用,在今后相当长的时间内它将继续存在,生物稳定塘使用中存在的问题也反映了我区城市污水处理及排水利用系统的运行水平及要害问题,须通过综合决策、集中治理、强化管理等手段加以解决。     

Simulation of Temperature Mitigation by a Stormwater Detention Pond1

Abstract: A numerical model has been developed to simulate the hydraulic and heat transfer properties of a stormwater detention pond, as part of a simulation tool to evaluate thermal pollution of coldwater streams from stormwater runoff. The model is dynamic (unsteady) and based on principles of fluid mechanics and heat transfer. It is driven by hourly weather data, and specified inflow rates and temperatures. To calibrate and validate the pond model field data were collected on a commercial site in Woodbury, Minnesota. The relationship between pond inflow and outflow rates to precipitation was effectively calibrated using continuously recorded pond levels. Algorithms developed for surface heat transfer in lakes were found to be applicable to the pond with some modification, resulting in agreement of simulated and observed pond surface temperature within 1.0°C root mean square error. The use of an unshaded pond for thermal mitigation of runoff from paved surfaces was evaluated using the pond model combined with simulated runoff from an asphalt parking lot for six years of observed rainfall events. On average, pond outflow temperature was 1.2°C higher than inflow temperature, but with significant event‐to‐event variation. On average, the pond added heat energy to runoff from an asphalt parking lot. Although the pond added total heat energy to runoff, it did reduce the rate of heat outflow from the pond by an order of magnitude due to reductions in volumetric outflow rate compared with the inflow rate. By reducing the rate of heat flow, the magnitude of temperature impacts in a receiving stream were also reduced, but the duration of impacts was increased.     

生态塘技术特点及应用实例

用生态塘系统工艺处理石化废水,分析青肯泡石化废水生态处理系统和山东省东营市污水处理与利用生态系统的工程实例。工程运行结果显示:生态塘系统处理石化废水效果显著,出水分别达到GB 18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》二级和1A标准,生态塘系统处理石化废水具有投资少、维护和运行费用低、可改善和恢复生态环境等优点,是一种低成本高效益的生态工程技术。     

A MODELING APPROACH FOR OPTIMUM SEDIMENT DETENTION POND DESIGN1

ABSTRACT: A design procedure to determine optimum size for a sediment detention pond is presented. The procedure is based on simulating the sediment removal efficiency of the pond in conjunction with temporal variations in rainfall and potential land use and/or management options. The simulation procedure is based on a combined probabilistic-deterministic modeling approach. The probabilistic model generates daily rainfall with hourly increments for a selected site. The deterministic model simulates sediment yield and concentration for drainage area (pond inflow) and sediment trapping efficiency of the pond. The sediment yield and concentration in pond effluent is estimated from the difference between sediment inflow to the pond and sediment trapped by the pond. As an example, the procedure is applied to determine optimum design for a sediment detention pond in a surface mined area using several pond design options and alternative mining operation/land reclamation strategies.     

氧化塘技术处理采油废水运转效果监测及分析

氧化塘技术是处理工业废水常用的方法之一。对桩西采油厂的氧化塘设置了5个监测点位,每月监测4～8次。由监测数据可知,氧化塘温度决定藻类、细菌和其他水生物优势种属的演替;COD的去除效果受季节影响较小;塘内水流受风向影响较大;对石油类物质的去除效果比较稳定;挥发酚的去除与季节有较大关联;硫化物的去除率很高。分析结果表明,该氧化塘运转状况良好,但应注意来水状况。     

高效藻类塘在污水处理中的研究及应用前景

高效藻类塘是在传统稳定塘的基础上发展起来的极具推广价值的污水处理技术。它具有停留时间短,水深浅,对氮磷的去除效果好的特点。本文阐述了高效藻类塘的特点、影响因素及去除机理,并展望了其应用前景。     

Ammonia volatilization from marsh-pond-marsh constructed wetlands treating swine wastewater

Ammonia (NH3) volatilization is an undesirable mechanism for the removal of nitrogen (N) from wastewater treatment wetlands. To minimize the potential for NH3 volatilization, it is important to determine how wetland design affects NH3 volatilization. The objective of this research was to determine how the presence of a pond section affects NH3 volatilization from constructed wetlands treating wastewater from a confined swine operation. Wastewater was added at different N loads to six constructed wetlands of the marsh-pond-marsh design that were located in Greensboro, North Carolina, USA. A large enclosure was used to measure NH3 volatilization from the marsh and pond sections of each wetland in July and August of 2001. Ammonia volatilized from marsh and pond sections at rates ranging from 5 to 102 mg NH3-N m(-2) h(-1). Pond sections exhibited a significantly greater increase in the rate of NH3 volatilization (p < 0.0001) than did either marsh section as N load increased. At N loads greater than 15 kg ha(-1) d(-1), NH3 volatilization accounted for 23 to 36% of the N load. Furthermore, NH3 volatilization was the dominant (54-79%) N removal mechanism at N loads greater than 15 kg ha(-1) d(-1). Without the pond sections, NH3 volatilization would have been a minor contributor (less than 12%) to the N balance of these wetlands. To minimize NH3 volatilization, continuous marsh systems should be preferred over marsh-pond-marsh systems for the treatment of wastewater from confined animal operations.     

An investigation of double-glass-covered trapezoidal salt-gradient solar pond coupled with reflector

In the present study, a trapezoidal salt-gradient solar pond (TSGSP) has been investigated experimentally. The top surface of solar pond has been covered with double-glass cover in order to reduce the evaporative and convective losses from the top. This results in increase of temperature even in the top zone of the solar pond and leads to more volume utilization for heat storage in the pond. A reflector made of aluminium sheet has been used to enhance the solar intensity on the solar pond during sunny hours. A procedure, to determine optimum tilt angle of reflector in order to utilize maximum amount of solar energy at noon, has been proposed. The use of reflector enhanced the average solar intensity on the top surface of solar pond by 22%. The maximum average temperature of trapezoidal solar pond with glass cover and reflector has been observed to be 70.5°C. The thermal efficiencies of LCZ, NCZ and UCZ for the trapezoidal solar pond with double-glass cover and reflector have been estimated to be 32.73%, 23.22% and 5.30%, respectively. In addition to experimental investigation, the sunny area ratio of TSGSP has been theoretically computed and compared with the cuboid solar pond having same top surface area and depth in order to see the effect of pond shape on sunny area ratio. The average yearly sunny area ratio of trapezoidal solar pond has been determined to be 11% higher than that of cuboid one.     

WATER QUALITY STRATIFICATION IN SHALLOW WASTEWATER STABILIZATION PONDS1

ABSTRACT: The physical limnology of three modern wastewater stabilization ponds serving a small community in Minnesota was investigated over a 1-year period (July 1989 - October 1990). Water temperatures and associated meteorological parameters were recorded continuously; underwater light, dissolved oxygen, pH, and Secchi depth were measured intermittently (about weekly). Measurements of nutrients and planktonic species were made by other investigators. Water quality stratification dynamics were studied by analyzing variations of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH distributions with time and over depth. Intermittent stratification and mixing of the shallow waste stabilization ponds (1–2 m deep) were documented and related to weather. The strong response of the ponds to seasonal and daily weather variations was observed. Three types of pond stratification conditions have been identified: (1) completely mixed during consecutive day and night, (2) stratified during the day and well-mixed during the night, and (3) continuously stratified during day and night. A diurnal cycle of stratification dynamics was first noticed in late April and persisted through summer and into fall. Differences in light attenuation and hence temperature stratification and DO distribution between pond 1 (primary), pond 2 (second primary) and pond 3 (secondary) in the wastewater treatment system were documented and related to different waste loading conditions. Temperature stratification affects chemical, microbial, and planktonic processes in the ponds. Results presented in this paper can be used to provide guidance for water quality sampling in monitoring of pond performance. Information on true mixing conditions is also needed to gain better understanding of important factors affecting pond operation, and for process simulations and reactor modeling of waste stabilization ponds.