西三角经济区产业结构与就业结构互动关系研究

在描述西部大开发以来西三角经济区产业结构和就业结构演变趋势的基础上,借助就业弹性和结构偏离度来分析该地区产业结构与就业结构的互动关系。结果表明:西三角经济区产业结构的演变明显超前于就业结构的演变;第一产业对剩余劳动力的吸收和转移压力较大;第二产业虽然是拉动地区经济增长的主力,但并没有带动大量就业增长;第三产业发展不足,面临着转型升级的压力。     

基于DEA的大连市产业结构优化评估

优化高效的产业结构是城市经济社会全面发展的必要条件,对产业结构优化程度进行评估是促进大连市产业结构调整、加快经济发展的有力手段.基于数据包络分析方法的C<'2>R模型,构建包括6个投入指标、4个产出指标的城市产业结构合理性评估指标体系,利用Matlab7.0软件对大连市产业结构合理性进行了评估分析,同时又通过与上海、深圳的第三产业比较分析发现,大连市产业结构合理化较高,但产业结构高级化方面较低,即第三产业所占比重较少,仍需通过相关手段发展第三产业.     

资源加科技石头变"金子"--西部资源开发,民企可为

西部大开发的实质就是西部资源大开发。要使西部资源开发取得预期的效果,就必须切实转变观念,摒弃重第二产业、轻第一产业和第三产业,重国家垄断、轻民营资本的传统观念,积极鼓励更多的民营企业介入资源开发领域。通过扶持优势民营企业在资源开发领域的发展,以优势企业为依托,进行存量资产调整或上新项目,是解决目前已步入困境的“四矿”（矿业、矿区、矿山、矿城）问题的重要途径。     

资源型城市产业结构动态调整的灰色关联分析——以国家级能化基地榆林市为例

产业结构的优化调整对资源型城市转变单一经济发展模式具有重要意义。基于榆林市产业发展的相关统计数据,在分析产业发展现状和产业体系形成路径的基础上,采用灰色关联分析法,就榆林市产业结构调整运行状况进行了相关分析。结果表明:榆林市产业结构呈现第一产业发展薄弱、第二产业主体独大、第三产业缓慢改观的欠合理发展现状。根据相关分析结果,提出以下建议:第一产业坚持打造全国知名的现代特色农牧基地,从粗放经营向品牌引领转变;第二产业应合理开采和提高转化效率,延长能化产业链条,推动高端能化产品、新材料和新兴技术产业的创新发展;第三产业应重点开发转战陕北红色旅游专线和塞北古城文化特色旅游资源,实施"全域旅游"创建工程,推进国内知名旅游基地建设。     

新形势下第三产业对环境的影响及监督管理对策

随着我国经济体制改革的深化，产业结构的调整，第三产业也焕发了勃勃生机，其在国民生产总值中的比重逐渐加大。然而第三产业在发展繁荣的同时，也给环境保护工作者提出了一系列新的问题。在我国目前业已成熟的第三产业中，对城市环境影响较大的主要是交通运输业、饮食服务业及旅游业等。经济的繁荣带来了交通运输业的发展，机动车数量也直线上升，截止1990年底，全国机动车数量高达693．12万辆。机动车运行中鸣笛发出的噪音可高达95－100分贝，而排放的尾气则富含氮氧化物、碳氢化物等有毒气体。近几年来，我国的餐饮服务业得到了很大的发…     

西部大开发:自然增长还是政策效应——基于合成控制法的研究

西部大开发是我国一项长期的区域发展战略,客观准确地评估其实施效果,对制定实施后续政策和其他区域发展政策具有借鉴意义。利用1980—2016年我国31个省份的面板数据,运用合成控制法评估了西部大开发对西部地区经济发展的影响。结果表明:①西部大开发对西部地区经济发展没有明显的改善作用;②显著促进了内蒙古、重庆、陕西和宁夏地区经济发展,抑制了广西、贵州、云南、西藏、甘肃和新疆地区经济发展,而对四川和青海无显著作用;③对第一、三产业具有促进作用,而对第二产业具有抑制作用。建议继续把基础设施建设放在首位,推进产业结构调整,使西部大开发真正促进西部地区的经济增长。     

城市化水平测度及其与水环境质量关联性分析

中国城市化正处在快速发展时期,城市化进程对水环境质量产生了重要影响.在对合肥城市化水平进行测度的基础上,利用灰色关联分析法对合肥城市化与巢湖水环境质量进行了关联分析.结果显示：合肥市产业结构对巢湖西半湖水环境质量的影响较大;在城市化发展初期,第二产业成为影响水质的主要因素;近年随着产业结构调整,第三产业比重逐步提高,成为水质改善的驱动力.因此,在合肥城市化进程中第二、三产业比重对水环境的影响不容忽视,应加强产业结构调整,促进城市化与水环境质量的协调发展.     

萧灼基:蓉城畅谈“资本市场”

日前,在成都“申奥成功与西部投资机遇论坛”上,著名经济学家萧灼基开宗明义阐述了中国股市发展面临的几大机遇：其一,政府对发展股市十分重视;其二,中国入世在即,既要提高国际竞争又要发展资本市场;其三,产业结构需要进行大调整,现在的调整并非昔日的那种简单“关、停、并、转”,而必须采取企业购并、资产重组等资本运作方式来进行;其四,目前居民个人存款已达7万亿元,这些闲散资金需要找到合适的投资渠道。     

生产性服务业集聚对经济高质量发展的影响研究——基于产业结构升级的调节效应

在分析生产性服务业集聚对经济高质量发展影响的理论机制的基础上，采用2010—2019年西部地区9个城市群的面板数据，构建中国西部城市群经济高质量发展评价指标体系，实证检验生产性服务业集聚对经济高质量发展的非线性影响，探讨产业结构升级的调节作用。结果表明：(1)生产性服务业集聚对西部地区城市群经济高质量发展具有非线性的倒U型影响。(2)不同产业类型、地区类型和城市群类型的生产性服务业集聚对经济高质量发展的影响存在异质性。(3)产业结构升级能够正向调节生产性服务业集聚与经济高质量发展之间的倒U型关系。(4)产业结构升级的调节效应具有异质性。     

结构红利与资源诅咒——西部大开发以来内蒙古产业结构变迁绩效评价

统计分析表明，西部大开发以来内蒙古经济存在越来越严重的就业-产值结构偏离趋势。采用shilt—share方法分别对西部大开以来内蒙古、西部和全国的劳动生产率进行分解和比较分析发现，内蒙古的结构红利不显著。因此，近年来内蒙古经济虽有良好的增长绩效，但其资源依赖型增长正通过价格机制和制度效率两个途径制约着产业结构的高级化与合理化变迁，即存在潜在的资源诅咒问题。     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.     

Bioremediation of Soils by Plant–Microbe Systems

Abstract

Sustainable ecosystems can be designed to eliminate environmental toxins and reduce pathogen loads through the direct and indirect consequences of plant and microbial activities. We present an approach to the bioremediation of disturbed environments, focusing on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. Treatment consists of incorporating a plant-based amendment to enhance ecosystem productivity and physiochemical degradation followed by the establishment of plants to serve as oxidizers and foundations for microbial communities. Promising amendments for widespread use are entire plants of the water fern Azolla and seed meal of Brassica napus (rapeseed). An inexpensive byproduct from the manufacture of biodiesel and lubricants, rapeseed meal is high in nitrogen (6% wt/wt), stimulates >100-fold increases in populations of resident Streptomyces species, and suppresses fungal infection of roots subsequently cultivated in the amended soil. Synergistic enzymatic and chemical activities of plant and microbial metabolism in root zones transform and degrade soil contaminants. Emphasis is given to mechanisms that enable PHC functionalization via reactive molecular species.     

Energetics and environmental costs of agriculture in a dry tropical region of India

The present article, based on a study of five village ecosystems, assesses the energy efficiency of rain-fed agriculture in a dry tropical environment and the impact of agricultural activity on the surrounding natural ecosystems. Agronomic yield is insufficient to meet the food requirement of the human population, hence 11.5%–49.7% of the required amount of food grains are imported from the market. Energy requirements of five studied agroecosystems are subsidized considerably by the surrounding forest in the form of fodder and firewood. Natural ecosystems supply about 80%–95% of fodder needs and 81%–100% of fuelwood needs. The output-input ratio of agriculture indicated that, on average, 4.1 units of energy are expended to obtain one unit of agronomic energy. Of this, 3.9 units are supplied by the natural ecosystem. In addition, 38% of the extracted firewood is marketed. The illegal felling and lopping of trees result in ever-increasing concentric circles of forest destruction around the villages and together with excessive grazing results in savannization. The forests can be conserved by encouraging fuelwood plantations (0.7 ha/ha cultivated land) and developing village pastures (1.6 ha/ha cultivated land) and reducing the livestock numbers. Agricultural production in the region can be stabilized by introducing improved dry farming techniques such as intercropping, planned rainwater management, and adequate use of fertilizers.     

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “METROPOLITAN WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS?”1

ABSTRACT The term “institution” and several variants are used frequently in the literature on metropolitan water management. The state-of-the art investigation on which this paper is based revealed that 1) many uses of the term do not include careful definitions; 2) many users of the term seemed unaware of the general, theoretical literature on the subject of institutions; 3) there was little consistency among uses, either in the practical literature dealing with water or in the conceptual literature dealing with theories of institutions or institutionalization; 4) some usages were without significant meaning; 5) in many cases the term was used as a kind of “black box” to account for behavioral, societal, or managerial factors; 6) the term was often used as a synonym for “organization”. This latter use is frequently found in federal reports, including National Water Commission studies, and is most unfortunate because it tends to slight significant social-psychological factors. A suggested definition is: “An institution is the structured result or outcome of a process by which values are articulated, arranged, and communicated, having continuity over time, and influencing behavior of persons who did not necessarily participate in formulating those values (norms).”     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.     

Waste minimisation in practice

One of the major hindrances to waste minimisation on a construction site is the difficulty in establishing a methodology and using this methodology to benchmark future construction projects. This paper introduces SMARTWaste, a software tool that has been used to audit, reduce and target waste arisings on a construction site. This tool tries to link the construction process and the waste hierarchy. That is reducing waste on a construction site rather than landfilling it. Three applications of the SMARTWaste software will be discussed using case studies from three different types of construction. An evaluation of these case studies shows that, by implementing a waste minimisation scheme on-site, you can improve material recovery for reuse. Also, by using the waste arisings as a benchmark you can reduce your waste arisings on future sites. Application of SMARTWaste or a similar waste minimisation tool on a wider basis could reduce waste arisings and could result in a built environment that consumed less natural resources and energy, and also produced less pollution and waste. Such a built environment would be environmentally and socially more responsive and responsible.     

COMPARISON OF TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUE OF COMMON CARP AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MONITORING1

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) collected from four sites in the Red River of the North in 1994 were analyzed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), selenium (So), and zinc (Zn). Concentrations differed among liver, muscle, and whole body. Generally, trace element concentrations were the greatest in livers while concentrations in whole bodies were greater than those in muscle for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and concentrations in muscle were similar to whole body for As and Se. Concentrations of Cr were lower in liver than either muscle or whole body. Correlations between liver and whole body concentrations were stronger than those between liver and muscle concentrations, but the strongest correlations were between muscle and whole body concentrations. Examination of tissue concentrations by collection sites suggested that, for a general survey, the whole body may be the most effective matrix to analyze.