大棚式沼气工程在畜禽粪便污染治理中的应用

畜禽养殖污染已成为农村环境污染的主因,介绍了大棚式沼气工程在治理农村畜禽养殖污染上的应用,该技术可解决冬季沼气工程不产气问题,保障沼气工程正常运行,环境效益、社会效益显著。该技术为畜禽粪便污染治理提供了经验借鉴。     

畜禽粪便沼气发电模式的发展对策研究

我国畜禽粪便沼气发电模式刚刚起步。从近年的发展情况来看,已有大型企业投资建立畜禽粪便沼气发电厂,与畜禽粪便肥料化、饲料化相比,这种方式有其独特的发展特点。以德青源公司蛋鸡粪沼气发电模式为例,对其经济效益和发展特点进行分析和总结。在此基础上,利用SWOT分析方法对该种畜禽粪便处理模式所具有的优势、劣势、机会和威胁进行总结和归纳,为发展该种模式提供战略与对策上的支持。     

农业利用有机废弃物的生态工程

本文运用生态工程将农业利用有机废弃的主要用途划分为作饲料，肥料，能源，培养料和多层次循环利用５种方式，论述了中国农业利用有机废弃物的历史，现状与水平，对农业利用作秸秆，畜禽粪便，沼气发酵余物和机的主要秣工程技术。     

我国畜禽排泄物处理方式及其影响因素

随着我国畜禽养殖业的发展,畜禽粪便的排放量快速增加,并成为我国农村地区主要的污染源之一。本文通过对全国5省的养殖户进行实地调查,分析了2005年和2010年畜禽散养户和专业户畜禽粪便的处理方式、变化趋势及其主要影响因素。研究结果表明,我国粪便循环利用率在过去5年都呈下降趋势,废弃率明显增加;散养农户和专业养殖户在动物畜禽粪便处理方式上有较大差异;与散养相比,专业养猪的粪便循环利用率较低。统计分析结果表明,畜禽粪便处理方式与当地环境污染治理政策、家庭非农收入、播种面积等因素密切相关,且存在显著的区域差异。本文的研究表明,随着未来我国畜禽养殖进一步向专业化转变,以及农村劳动力成本的提高,畜禽污染可能出现进一步恶化的趋势,因此政府部门应尽快采取相应治理措施。     

以沼气为纽带的生态农业模式研究和应用

针对慈溪市城镇化而引起的粪便处置问题,通过沼气发酵进行无害化处理,其产生的沼气作为燃料,节省了农户的燃料费用,而沼液作为有机肥料施入农地,既节省肥料成本,改良了土壤,又提高了作物的产量和品质,从而取得了显著的生态效益和经济效益,值得在同类地区小城镇推广应用。     

畜禽粪便废弃物处理与低碳技术应用

近几年，国家提出了要积极应对全球气候变化，实行节能减排的政策。文章简要介绍了目前国内对畜禽粪便进行肥料化、能源化和饲料化的几项措施和技术，最后对我国畜禽粪便的利用提出了展望，并指出为了实现低碳农业，在国家进一步加大节能减排措施和未来技术更加成熟的前提下，畜禽粪便的高效循环处理是完全可以实现的。     

安徽省畜禽粪便污染现状及其防治对策

采用2007年畜禽养殖数据，利用各类畜禽粪便日排泄系数估算畜禽粪便量，在此基础上计算安徽省各地畜禽粪便农田负荷量，并对各地畜禽粪便污染现状进行评价。结果显示，安徽省畜禽粪便年产生量已达5603．2万t，阜阳市产生的粪便及各类污染物居全省首位；畜禽粪便农田年负荷量平均为13．5t·hm^-2，黄山市畜禽粪便污染负荷量最高。最后提出了相应的畜禽养殖业污染防治措施及管理方法。     

畜禽粪便回田后抗生素和重金属的残留和生态风险研究进展

畜禽粪便回田利用可以节约能源,将废物资源化利用,但对畜禽粪便的无害化处理还有所欠缺,残留粪肥中的重金属和抗生素通过施肥转移到土壤中,改变土壤微生物群落,最终被植物吸收,甚至可能危害人体健康。对畜禽粪便中重金属和抗生素来源进行分析,对全国不同地区施用粪肥后土壤和蔬菜中的重金属和抗生素现状进行概述,并探究在食用了被重金属污染土壤中生长的蔬菜后对人体健康的风险。最后为了提高畜禽粪便回田利用安全性,减少对人体的潜在危害,提出一些建议和展望。     

呼和浩特地区农田畜禽粪便负荷量调查研究

用猪粪当量负荷及有效耕地面积对呼和浩特各旗县区农田畜禽粪便负荷量进行了全面统计，从而获得了可比性较强又较符合实际的农田畜禽粪便负荷量。并且，对各地区畜禽粪便负荷量进行比较分析，进而为呼和浩特畜禽养殖企业的合理布局及畜禽粪便处理利用规划提供科学依据，     

厌氧发酵沼气工程的工艺及存在的问题

利用厌氧消化技术处理畜禽养殖废水，制取清洁能源——沼气，在治理污染的同时变废为宝，减少温室气体的排放，从而实现国民经济的可持续性发展。本文概述了集约化畜禽养殖场废污水处理中采用的厌氧发酵工艺，以及厌氧发酵沼气工程中存在的问题。     

循环经济理念下畜禽废弃物的资源化

运用循环经济理论,针对畜禽排泄物治理和科学利用,提出了畜禽粪便减量化、资源化措施。畜禽粪便作为新的资源在降低自然资源消耗的同时,给农业经济增长提供了有力的支撑。在循环经济模式下,人、畜禽养殖与生态环境之间互动影响已不再是破坏生态环境、限制经济发展的障碍,而是表现为一种社会、经济和环境"共赢"的有利局面。     

邢台市畜禽粪尿污染现状分析及对策

利用统计资料和文献数据,结合国内外研究,确定邢台市畜禽粪尿资源的计算参数和计算方法,估算了邢台市畜禽粪尿产生量及其中的氮磷养分的含量、CODCr含量和单位耕地负荷量,并分地区提出畜禽养殖污染负荷警报值,为邢台市畜禽养殖污染防治提供科学依据与技术支持。     

畜禽养殖清洁生产:国外经验与启示

畜禽养殖污染治理是很多国家面临的共同难题。本文从畜禽养殖清洁生产管理和政府规制两个层面入手,对发达国家在应用清洁生产技术、控制养殖规模和推行清洁性操作三方面进行了理论借鉴,并结合美国、欧盟和日本的清洁生产实践详细梳理了发达国家畜禽养殖清洁生产的经验。在此基础上,本文进一步阐述了当前我国畜禽养殖清洁生产的障碍性因素和应对策略,旨在加快推进我国畜禽养殖清洁生产的进程。     

韩国绿色种养循环农业发展概况与经验启示

联合国将碳中和视为当今世界最为紧迫的任务，而农业是温室气体排放最多的产业之一，各国相继出台政策积极开展农业农村减排工作。韩国自2012年开始逐渐减少海洋粪污排泄量，并大力实行绿色种养循环农业，解决本国内畜禽粪污问题。韩国作为中国的重要海上邻国，不论是从研究借鉴角度抑或生态系统共享角度，了解其环境保护政策都是十分必要的。本文从韩国实施的主要政策、各地区农地养分收支现状、代表性运营模式案例、政策关注焦点等方面介绍韩国绿色种养循环农业的发展概况，结合中国绿色种养循环农业现状开展研究。提出三点政策建议：第一，进一步完善畜禽粪污资源化利用机具补贴辅助管理系统，提高系统在农户中的普及率；第二，提高全民环保意识的同时，政府的角色不应局限自上而下的引导型，应该积极促进种植户和养殖户间的自发组织，并大力提倡吸纳社会资本，集结社会各方力量；第三，促进绿色种养循环农业产品的商品化和品牌化，从而调动农户参与绿色种养循环农业的积极性。     

Global Warming Impact of Electricity Generation from Beef Cattle Manure: A Life Cycle Assessment Study

We compare calculated greenhouse gas emissions for a North American beef feedlot operation, which includes biogas production by anaerobic digestion with subsequent electricity generation (the AD case), to the emissions for a “business as usual” case, which includes both a feedlot and an equivalent amount of grid-generated electricity. Anaerobic digestion, biogas production and electricity production are the major sources of differences in emissions. Fertilizer production, crop production, manure collection and spreading, as well as the associated transport stages are also considered within the LCA system boundaries; impacts on life cycle emissions from these sources are lower. Running a feedlot and producing electricity using typical grid power plants produces 3,845 kg CO_2?eq/MWh while running a feedlot, which generates biogas to produce electricity, produces 2,965 kg CO_2?eq/MWh. This savings of 880 kg CO_2?eq/MWh arises because the net power generation in the AD case emits about 90% less life cycle GHG emissions compared to grid-average electricity. The high overall emission levels arise due to emissions associated with enteric fermentation in beef cattle as the main source of GHG emissions in both the “business as usual” and the AD cases. It contributed 57% of total emissions for the feedlot /biogas /electricity system and 44% of total emissions for the feedlot /grid electricity system.     

Feedlot Biomass Co-firing: A Renewable Energy Alternative for Coal-fired Utilities

The swiftly growing feedlot industry in the United States upshots in the production of manure from one or more animal species in excess of what can safely be applied to farmland, in accordance with nutrient management plans. Disposal of the vast quantity of manure produced as a by-product of the cattle feeding industry is one of the major operating tasks of the industry. Aside from the traditional means of disposal as fertilizer, an alternative and attractive way of overcoming this threat is to develop processes that make use of manure as an energy resource. In the present study, the feasibility of using manure as a fuel in existing coal fired power plants is considered and appropriately termed Feedlot Biomass (FB). The technology of co-firing coal: feedlot biomass facilitates an environment friendly utilization of animal waste for the production of valuable power/steam concurrently addressing the renewable energy, groundwater contamination, and greenhouse gas concerns. Co-firing tests were performed at the Texas A&M University 30 kW_t (100,000 Btu/h) laboratory-scale facility. The trials revealed the enhanced combustion of the blends. The NO emissions were less for the blend even with higher nitrogen content of FB, as compared to coal.     

Closing the phosphorus loop in England: The spatio-temporal balance of phosphorus capture from manure versus crop demand for fertiliser

Every year 90 million tonnes of housed livestock manures are produced in the UK. This is a valuable reservoir of global phosphorus (P) and a point in the cycle where it is vulnerable to being lost from the terrestrial system. Improved manure management for the effective reuse of phosphorus is vital to simultaneously tackle a major source of water pollution and reduce our dependence on imported fertilisers. This paper quantifies, for the first time, the spatial and temporal challenges of recycling the required amount of manure P from areas of livestock production to areas of crop production in eight regions of England. The analysis shows that England has a P deficit and therefore the capacity to fully utilise the manure P on arable land, but that uneven spatial distribution of livestock poses a significant challenge to closing the P loop in agriculture. Two of the eight regions were shown to have surplus manure P, with the remaining six regions having P deficits, indicating that an annual export of 4.7 thousand tonnes P (2.8 million tonnes manure) must take place from the west to the east of the country each year to balance P supply and demand. Moreover, housed manure production peaks between October and February, requiring an excess of 23.0 thousand tonnes P (15 million tonnes manure) to be stored until it can be used for crop fertilisation from March onwards. The results demonstrate the scale of the challenge in managing manure P in an agricultural system that has separated livestock production from crop production, a pattern that is echoed throughout the developed world. To overcome the spatial and temporal challenges, a logistical system is recommended that will balance the nutrient potential (nitrogen and P content and availability) and pollution potential (eutrophication, greenhouse gas emissions, particulates and nitrous oxide from transport) for cost-effective and environmentally compatible redistribution of manure P from areas of surplus to areas of deficit, when required.     

Potential environmental benefits of ionophores in ruminant diets

A concern of the USEPA is the volatilization of NH3 from animal manure and CH4 produced from ruminal fermentation. Excess N in the environment has been associated with adverse effects on human health, and CH4 and N2O emissions are sources of greenhouse gases. The objectives of this paper are to summarize and quantify the benefits of ionophores, principally monensin, in decreasing NH3 and CH4 emissions to the environment and reducing resource utilization in cattle (Bos spp.) production. The data indicate that monensin in the diets of ruminants may decrease protein degradation in the rumen and may increase feed protein utilization by an average of 3.5 percentage units. These changes would have an effect in reducing N losses and decreasing fecal N and the amount of protein that must be fed to meet animal requirements. Additionally, CH4 is produced by enteric fermentation in ruminants, which is responsible for about 33 to 39% of CH4 emissions from agriculture. Ionophores can reduce CH4 production by 25% and decrease feed intake by 4% without affecting animal performance. The inclusion of monensin in beef and dairy cattle diets may benefit air quality by reducing CH4 and N emissions and water quality by reducing N in manure, which can potentially leave the farm through leaching into ground water and through runoff into surface water.     

Evaluating livestock system environmental performance with whole-farm nutrient balance

As a part of the USEPA's concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO) final rule, all CAFOs are required to develop and implement a nutrient management plan (NMP). The USEPA's emphasis on better management of nutrients appropriately targets a critical environmental issue associated with animal production. The concentration of animals in livestock feeding operations, often separate from feed grain production, requires importing of substantial quantities of feed nutrients. Due to the inefficiencies of nutrient utilization in livestock production, quantities of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in manure greater than can be utilized in local crop production often result. With the focus of the USEPA's NMP rules on internal farm manure management planning, nutrient concentrations resulting from animal concentration may not be adequately addressed by compliance with the USEPA rules alone. A review of two mandatory and two voluntary nutrient management strategies is made by comparing whole-farm nutrient balance for a case-study beef cattle feedlot. The results suggest that voluntary BMPs, such as modification to animal feeding program and exporting of manure, can have greater environmental benefits (30-60% reduction in P accumulation for case-study farm) than mandatory NMPs and buffers (5-7% reduction in P accumulation for case-study farm) for a typical beef cattle feedlot. Whole-farm nutrient balance procedures can also be valuable for reviewing the nutrient performance of livestock systems.     

Feasibility of mercury removal from simulated flue gas by activated chars made from poultry manures

Increased emphasis on reduction of mercury emissions from coal fired electric power plants has resulted in environmental regulations that may in the future require application of activated carbons as mercury sorbents for mercury removal. At the same time, the quantity of poultry manure generated each year is large and technologies that take advantage of the material should be explored. The purpose of the work was to obtain preliminary data to investigate if activated chars made from different poultry manures could adsorb mercury from simulated flue gas. In laboratory experiments, activated chars made from chicken cake and litter removed mercury from the gas as well as a commercial alternative. It was also found that acid-washing these chars after activation may improve pore structure but does not influence the mercury removal efficiency. Activated chars were also made from turkey cake and litter. These raw materials produced activated chars with similar pore structure as those made from chicken manure, but they did not adsorb mercury as well. Acid-washing the turkey manure-based chars improved their performance, but this step would add to the cost of production. Preliminary evaluations suggest that unwashed activated chars may cost as little as $0.95/kg to produce.