离子选择电极测定釜溪河水中的氟

水中氟的测定用比色法手续繁琐,采用离子选择电极测定具有选择性好,快速准确,在总离子强度调节缓冲液中,氯化钠可以调即离子强度,而柠檬酸钠可以消除Fe~(3 ),Al~(3 )的干扰。在pH值为5—6时测定较适宜。天然水中氟含量较低,地面水含氟量一般每升含0.2—0.5毫克之间,自来水中要求含氟量每升不超过1.0毫克,有些地下水含氟量较高,可达每升数毫克。水中氟含量的测定方法有茜索锆比色法,茜素络合剂比色法,对磺基苯偶氮变色酸锆比色法,用比色法测定氟,需要蒸馏或萃取等费时费事,特别是在测定微量的氟时,若蒸镏操作不严密,反而给测定结果带来较大的误差,因此令人感到检洲氟化物快速而可靠的方法颇为重要,采用离子选择电极测定微量的氟化物,方法准确、快速,简便,灵敏度高,不破环试样等优点,所以很快地得到人们的重视,在美国已将氟电极法作为水中氟化物的标准分析方法之一,本文采用标准加入法,使用上海生产PF—1型氟电极,对自贡市釜溪河水中的氟进行测定,现将方法小结如下。     

硼酸吸收液对含氨样品测定的影响

纳氏试剂比色法测定氨,用硫酸溶液吸收馏出液,对测定结果无影响;若用硼酸作吸收液,特别是微量测定,要将pH值调至10.0±0.5,才能达到溶液显色反应所要求的碱度,确保测定的精密度和结果的准确度.     

二氧化硫测定的实验室质量控制

以甲醛缓冲溶液吸收－盐酸副玫瑰苯胺分光光度法测定空气中的二氧化硫,方法灵敏度高,选择性好,避免了使用含汞的吸收液,但如果实验条件控制不好,试剂空白值及标准曲线的斜率就会不符合《空气和废气监测分析方法》中规定的值,本文着重从操作技巧方面对二氧化硫测定的实验室质量控制进行分析,仅供参考。     

用微分脉冲极谱法测定天然水中纤克/毫升级锰

本文论述了以微分脉冲极谱法为基础用于测定淡水,河口水和海水中纤克/毫升级的锰的方法,用柠檬酸盐——硼酸盐溶液将水样绥冲在pH9.5,该缓冲液也用作支持电介质。该法不受天然水中可能存在的潜在干扰化合物的影响。而且,铁(在抗坏血酸盐——硼酸盐缓冲溶液中,pH9.5)或铬(在抗坏血酸盐——氨——氯化铵缓冲溶液中,pH9.8)可与锰一起测定。报道了阿诺(Arno)河中锰、铁和铬的浓度的某些测定结果。     

pH值对废水中氨氮监测结果的影响

在相同水温条件下,采用中华人民共和国国家环境保护标准HJ537—2009（（水质氨氮的测定蒸馏一中和滴定法》测量水中氨浓度时,不同的pH值会对废水中氨氮浓度的监测结果造成影响。pH值对测定水样氨氮含量监测结果的影响呈先增大后下降的趋势,在pH值为6。0～7．4之间测定水样氨氮含量最大。     

三种COD检测方法的比对研究

以标准水样和实际废水为检测对象,分别采用重铬酸盐法、HACH比色法及在线分析法进行COD比对试验。结果表明:三种方法对标准溶液、进水水样(高浓度)进行测定,均具有较高的精密度和准确度;重铬酸盐法、在线分析法对出水水样(低浓度)进行测定,具有较高的精密度;HACH比色法对出水水样(低浓度)进行测定,精密度低,方法不可取。     

纳米聚合铝制备及影响因素的研究

采用缓慢加碱法和一次加碱法制得纳米聚合氯化铝,使用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法对制得样品进行表征,探讨了pH值对表征的影响,制备过程中制备方法、碱化度、制备温度、AlCl3浓度和NaOH浓度的影响.     

哈希比色法与重铬酸盐法测定水中COD的对比分析

文章通过空白、标准样品、实际样品测定实验及色度影响实验,对两种COD测定方法进行比对,验证方法的准确度和精确度。结果表明:哈希比色法在测定色度小的水样时,多次测定均值与重铬酸盐法测定结果相差不大;测定色度较大水样时,可以利用色度与测定结果偏差的相关性进行结果修正。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定食品中的铝

采用硝酸-高氯酸消解,电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES法)测定食品中铝。结果表明,消解液可以直接用水定容上机;在A l浓度0~6mg/L范围内,相关系数R2=0.9996,优于国标比色法(0~3μg范围内,R2=0.981);该方法检出限为0.15mg/kg,极大地优于国标比色法(12.5 mg/kg);同一样品比较,本法RSD为5.8%,而国标比色法只能达10%;该法回收率在92%~97%之间,对GBW 10016茶叶标准物质测定值也在可接受范围内。     

不同预处理对纳氏试剂比色法测氨氮的影响

用纳氏试剂比色法测污水中氨氮含量,为了消除干扰物质对测定的影响,需根据水体受污染程度,对水样通过絮凝沉淀法或蒸馏法进行预处理.本文通过试验论证了即使对较清洁的水,也以蒸馏法预处理为佳,蒸馏法预处理后的测定值更接近真值.     

生物技术处理废(污)水的应用现状及整改措施

长庆石油勘探局生物技术处理废（污）水的工艺中存在着如下问题：活性污泥法处理水的水质不稳定;接触氧化法缓冲池较小,氧化塘法处理污水效率低,出水水质达不到要求。为解决上述问题,提出各项整改措施。经过整改后,装置运行率、处理达标率都会有很大提高。     

光度法测定挥发酚的实验研究

文章对挥发酚测定过程中可能影响检测结果的因素进行研究。探讨实验用无酚水的制备与保存,无酚水的替代用水,蒸馏预处理的技术要求,标准曲线制作的方法改进,加药比色中常见的问题。得出:在挥发酚的测定实验中,要使用无酚水或等质量的实验用水进行试剂配制和样品测定,要进行蒸馏预处理等,提高了测定数据的准确性。     

基于十圩港考核断面达标的入江支流污染来源研究

泰州靖江市新十圩港大桥省考断面近年来水质出现超标现象,为了控制该断面水质达标,不让超标水汇入长江.基于水文、水质和污染源资料,建立了靖江市十圩港河流一维水环境数学模型.利用控制断面达标法、污染影响分担率计算法得到十圩港河道的水环境容量与各镇分担率.与现状污染物入河量对比,从而确定了研究区域内各类污染物的削减量;根据各入...     

电位滴定法测定水中高锰酸盐指数

提出实验室用电位滴定测定水中高锰酸盐指数的方法。在国标法的基础上研究及优化了标定方法和实验方法,用电位滴定仪测定水中高锰酸盐指数,方法的检出限约为0.15mg/L,测定下限为0.60mg/L。实验证明,标准样品测量值均在推荐值范围内,对0.6mg/L,5.0mg/L,8.0mg/L浓度的NaC2O4标准溶液进行5次测定,得到的相对标准偏差分别为1.59%,0.97%,0.73%。在做低浓度的水样时,高锰酸钾溶液的浓度可以选择0.005mol/L。     

Field-Based Evaluation Tool for Riparian Buffer Zones in Agricultural Catchments

Riparian buffer zones can improve water quality and enhance habitat, but a comprehensive yet rapid method that can assist the resource manager in assessing the effectiveness of buffers is not available. The aim of this paper is to describe and illustrate the use of a newly developed field-based evaluation tool for riparian buffer zones in agricultural catchments. The Buffer Zone Inventory and Evaluation Form (BZIEF) incorporates criteria-based scoring systems developed from literature review, subsequent peer-review, and then a pilot field study. Use of the BZIEF is demonstrated by comparing buffer zones in three catchments established for water quality and habitat improvement under the Water Fringe Option agrienvironment scheme in England in order to assess whether the buffers were likely to provide environmental enhancement. Results among the three catchments were generally similar; buffer zones scored highly for their abundant vegetation cover, lack of erosion, stream habitat quality, and sufficient width. Furthermore, previous grassland or arable land use did not substantially affect buffer zone ratings. However, the BZIEF indicated that inappropriate soil characteristics in one catchment were likely to constrain buffer zone effectiveness for improving water quality. In another catchment, poor riparian vegetation diversity and structure may yield ineffective habitat enhancement, according to the BZIEF. It was concluded that the BZIEF might be a useful tool for buffer zone comparison and monitoring, even though more work is needed to test and validate the method. For example, the BZIEF could be used to target appropriate locations for buffer zones and is flexible, so could be adapted for different policies, objectives and regions.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定地表水体中多氯联苯

建立以液液萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定地表水中7种Aroclors(Aroclor1016、Aroclor1221、Aroclor1232、Aroclor1242、Aroclor1248、Aroclor1254、Aroclor1260)的方法。通过对7种Aroclors色谱图分析,确定7种Aroclors定量峰,共计22种多氯联苯单体。采用Aroclor标准溶液进行校准曲线、方法检出限、准确度及精密度分析。实验结果显示,线性关系良好,相关系数均在0.995以上,检出限范围为0.001～0.003 g/L,对0.20 g/L的水样进行回收率及精密度测定,加标回收率为81.2%～112%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为7.1%～13.8%。     

锑电极测试油田污水pH值方法的试验研究

为了在线测试中原油田污水水质改性后碱性废水的ｐＨ值,进行了锑电极酸度计测试油田污水ｐＨ值方法的试验研究。该酸度计主要由刮板电机、清洗刮板、温度测量电极、锑电级、参比电极、防护罩等组成。室内实验中锑电极测定两种标准缓冲液的ｐＨ值,当温度小于６０℃时,最大绝对误差为０．２３;温度为７０℃时为０．４６。在采油二厂濮二联合站进行半年的现场监测对比实验,相对于标准电极,该电极测量的最大绝对误差为０．３２,相对误差３．９％,比玻璃电极和复合电极精密度略低,但能够满足现场监测要求,且寿命较长。     

Efficacy of Vegetated Buffers in Preventing Transport of Fecal Coliform Bacteria from Pasturelands

An experimental study was conducted in Tillamook, Oregon, USA, to quantify the effectiveness of edge-of-field vegetated buffers for reducing transport of fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) from agricultural fields amended with dairy cow manure. Installation of vegetated buffers on loamy soils dramatically reduced the bacterial contamination of runoff water from manure-treated pasturelands, but the size of the vegetated buffer was not an important determinant of bacterial removal efficiency. Only 10% of the runoff samples collected from treatment cells having vegetated buffers exhibited FCB concentrations >200 colony forming units (cfu)/100 mL (a common water quality standard value), and the median concentration for all cells containing vegetated buffers was only 6 cfu/100 mL. The presence of a vegetated buffer of any size, from 1 to 25 m, generally reduced the median FCB concentration in runoff by more than 99%. Results for FCB load calculations were similar. Our results suggest that where substantial FCB contamination of runoff occurs from manure-treated pasturelands, it might be disproportionately associated with specific field or management conditions, such as the presence of soils that exhibit low water infiltration and generate larger volumes of runoff or the absence of a vegetated buffer. Buffer size regulations that do not consider such differences might not be efficient or effective in reducing bacterial contamination of runoff.     

Spatial analysis of land use impact on ground water nitrate concentrations

In spatial analyses of causes or health effects of environmental pollutants, small units of analyses are usually preferred for internal environmental homogeneity reasons but can only be done when fine resolution data are available for most units. Objectives of this study were to determine which land use practices were spatially associated with ground water nitrate concentrations across Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada, and which spatial aggregation is the preferred unit of analyses. Nitrate concentrations were determined for 4855 samples from private wells. Validated field-by-field land use data were available. Average nitrate concentration and percentage of area for the 14 major land use categories in PEI were determined for each of three spatial aggregations: watersheds based on topography and hydrology; freeform polygon boundaries based on similar neighboring nitrate concentrations; and 500-m buffer zones around each well. Results showed that the percentages of potato, grain, and hay coverage were positive predictors of ground water nitrate concentrations. Percentage of blueberry was a marginally significant negative predictor in the watershed and freeform polygon models, and percentage of residential coverage was a positive predictor in the freeform polygon and buffer zone models. Spatial autocorrelation was present in the freeform polygon and buffer zone models even after land use was taken into account. In conclusion, analyses based on watersheds produced the best predictive model with the percentages of land cover of potato, hay, and grain being significantly associated with ground water nitrate concentrations, and the percentages of blueberry, clear-cut woodland, and other agriculture being marginally significant.