压裂返排液处理及循环利用技术研究与应用

以胍胶体系的压裂返排液为研究对象,分析了其水质特征和循环利用影响因素,并研究其返排过程及参数,形成了循环利用技术关键指标体系。同时开展了压裂返排液高效处理及循环利用技术研究和工程示范,现场试验结果表明,经氧化工艺处理后的胍胶压裂返排液的pH值7～7.5,悬浮物10 mg/L左右,石油类浓度14～30 mg/L,总铁含量0.2～0.9 mg/L,硼离子浓度2～10 mg/L,符合再次配制压裂液循环利用要求。该技术处理工艺简单、成本低,可有效降低施工现场的清水需求量,进而降低生产成本,提高生产效率,实现了压裂返排液处理回用的目的,有效利用油田外排污水,同时解决了压裂返排液的污染排放问题。     

压裂返排液中悬浮物去除的室内研究

文章以低浓度胍胶滑溜水+胍胶混合压裂返排液、EM30降阻剂滑溜水+胍胶混合压裂返排液、高携砂滑溜水EM30S压裂返排液为研究对象,通过100~10μm滤筒、20~1μm滤膜物理过滤的室内实验研究,优选了各级过滤的滤筒精度,研究了不同类型的压裂返排液的悬浮物去除效果。结果表明:压裂返排液本身悬浮物含量越小,过滤效果越明显,为压裂返排液过滤装置的设计和现场实施提供了实验基础。     

胍胶压裂返排液特性及处理技术

基于胍胶压裂返排液水量大、组成复杂、黏度高等水质特性，常规处理工艺很难实现其氧化破胶和离子去除，因此亟需优化升级现有处理工艺。文章总结了胍胶压裂液体系的构成及作用，研究了国内外压裂返排液的处理方式，通过探究返排液回注与回配处理技术的发展趋势，明确了破胶降黏对返排液处理的关键作用，建议应结合氧化破胶和离子去除，研发利用高价金属离子的类芬顿氧化剂，实现返排液的高效降黏脱稳，协同控制高价金属离子的影响，为胍胶压裂返排液高效低成本的资源化处理提供支撑。     

临兴致密砂岩气压裂返排液再利用技术

针对临兴区块致密砂岩气井压裂返排液的性能特点,结合压裂返排液中的有害指标,制定了压裂返排液复配压裂液的水质标准,形成了一套压裂返排液经适度处理后复配压裂液的低成本处理模式。结果表明:临兴区块压裂液配置水指标应满足pH值7～10、矿化度60 000mg/L、钙离子浓度600mg/L、镁离子浓度900mg/L、硼离子浓度10mg/L;经过破胶、pH值调整、絮凝和过滤工艺处理后的压裂返排液的主要有害指标COD、钙离子、镁离子、硼离子浓度大幅度下降,满足临兴区块压裂液配置水指标要求;根据处理工艺研制的压裂返排液处理装置在临兴区块LX-*1井和LX-*2井成功完成现场实验,复配压裂液满足压裂液现场施工要求。     

压裂返排液处理与回用技术实验

针对压裂返排液回用处理工艺技术,采用SM17-1H井压裂返排液样品,开展了返排液处理与回用实验研究。结果表明,压裂返排液采用氧化破胶、絮凝沉淀、两级精细过滤、脱硼组合工艺处理后,调整压裂返排液pH值为7.2～7.5,添加0.3%工业级NaClO,氧化20min,加入400mg/L工业级PAC,4mg/L分子量800万的阳离子型PAM,上清液透光率可达到94%以上,满足絮凝沉降的要求。处理后水经氧化絮凝处理后,硼离子经WH908或C700树脂吸附除硼后,硼含量降低到1.25mg/L,满足压裂返排液处理后重新配液的要求。此结果为压裂返排液处理和重复利用技术现场实验奠定了基础。     

胍胶压裂返排液高效处理技术在苏里格气田的应用

针对目前苏里格气田现场压裂返排液处理工艺复杂的情况,优化设计了"降黏—絮凝—气浮—压滤—精滤—回用"六步法压裂返排液在线处理工艺,可实现压裂返排液边返排边连续在线处理。处理后的液体可回用复配压裂液,再配液基液黏度、挑挂性能、交联时间等满足压裂作业现场连线混配施工要求,耐温耐剪切性能良好,满足携砂要求,具有工业化应用前景。     

水平井压裂返排液循环利用技术研究

文章以提高压裂返排液处理效率、水循环再利用为目标,针对长庆油田安平某水平井压裂返排液的性质特点,采用"混凝-沉降-精细过滤"处理工艺,对压裂返排液进行处理,处理后水样中Ca~(2+)和浊度均大幅下降,总硬度控制在300 mg/L。处理后的水配制的低温胍胶压裂液体系其耐温、抗剪切性能良好,具有良好的流变性能、破胶性能,不产生多余的残渣,能够满足现场压裂施工作业要求。各项性能评价说明采用该技术处理后的水可循环用于配置压裂液。     

低浓度胍胶压裂返排液进集输系统技术研究与应用

针对低浓度胍胶压裂返排液黏度较高、处理困难的问题,在大量的现场调研和室内实验的基础上,形成了破稳降黏、电位和pH值调节、预处理、进集输系统的低浓度胍胶压裂液处理思路,筛选了破稳降黏剂、氧化-还原电位调节剂、pH值调节剂和预处理剂等5种压裂返排液处理剂,经过室内实验和现场实验,实现了处理后的压裂返排液直接进集输系统的目的。     

陆相页岩气压裂返排液循环利用技术概述

针对陆相页岩气压裂返排液的性质特点,提出了"氧化降黏—絮凝沉降—固液分离—多级过滤"四步法处理工艺,处理后的水含油量和铁离子含量约1 mg/L、悬浮物含量约10 mg/L,并且考虑到陕北水资源缺乏,将处理后水循环利用.重新配置页岩气压裂液,其性能符合要求.能够满足现场压裂施工要求。     

吐哈油田压裂返排液重复利用技术

针对吐哈油田某区块体积压裂用水量以及返排液量大,拉运和处理成本高的问题,开展压裂返排液重复利用研究。设计并研发了一套可移动撬装式污水处理装置,经该设备处理后的水质分析结果表明,原液中95%以上的悬浮物被分离,含油量以及粒径中值均较低,液体的透明度得到明显改善。采用处理后的返排液复配低浓度胍胶压裂液,在76℃、170s~(-1)下交联初期黏度可以达到600mPa·s,100min后黏度约保持在100mPa·s,岩心伤害率只有17.17%,该压裂液具有耐温抗剪切性能好、携砂能力强、低伤害、破胶快速彻底的特点,能够满足现场施工和应用。     

钢铁企业废水污染物形态分析及混凝深度处理试验研究

利用过滤试验与粒径分布试验分析了钢铁工业达标外排废水的各类污染物特征,结合正交试验对混凝处理效果及混凝工艺中各主要影响因素的影响情况进行研究。结果表明,废水中颗粒物主要以粗分散胶体和悬浮态物质为主,PAC／PAM联用对钢铁废水具有较好的处理效果,可有效降低主要影响废水回用的铁锰类污染物,还去除了大部分的有机物及磷类等污染物,各项出水水质指标均达到《城市污水再生利用工业用水水质》（GB／T19923—2005）所规定的循环冷却水回用水质标准。     

QUALITY STUDY OF GRAYWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: A residential single family dwelling was retrofitted to recycle graywater for landscape irrigation and toilet flushing. The objective of this study was to determine improvements in graywater quality by evaluating five simple graywater treatment systems that were easily adapted to the household plumbing. The treatment systems consisted of (1) water hyacinths and sand filtration, (2) water hyacinths, copper ion disinfection, and sand filtration, (3) copper ion disinfection and sand filtration, (4) copper/silver ion disinfection and sand filtration, and (5) 20–μm cartridge filtration. Water quality parameters measured were fecal and total coliform indicator bacteria, nitrates, suspended solids, and turbidity. Reductions in bacterial concentration, suspended solids and turbidity were achieved by all systems tested. Treatment reduced nitrate concentrations to an average of 2.6 mg/liter. Reductions in suspended solids, and turbidity were influenced more by the quality of the graywater entering the treatment system than the efficiency of the systems themselves. The water hyacinths and sand filtration system provided the best graywater quality in terms of the concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria. The system providing the best water quality in regard to average suspended solids after treatment was the water hyacinths, copper ion, and sand filtration system, and the best average turbidity was achieved by the copper/silver ion generating unit with sand filtration. All systems were capable of significant reductions in fecal indicator bacteria, suspended solids, and turbidity; however, additional treatment or disinfection would be necessary to further reduce the level of coliform and fecal coliform bacteria to achieve regulatory standards in the State of Arizona.     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COMBINED WATER QUALITY INDEX1

ABSTRACT: Use-oriented benefits and treatment costs analysis has been incorporated into a water quality index to show an economically optimized concentration for the treatment of the pollutants and the resulting water quality. This combined water quality index can be used in decisionmaking at the federal and local government levels. Five major pollutants, i.e., coliforms, nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended solids, and detergent, have been considered for the municipal waste water. With each higher level of improvement the treatment costs increase accordingly and the benefits associated with the reuse of this treated waste water will increase too but not for the nutrient removal in agricultural use. The optimal concentration is determined when the marginal costs equal the marginal benefits. The combined water quality index is the combination of the maximum net benefits and the water quality index of the optimized residual concentrations. This water quality index is zero dollars for the Tucson region in this study. The possible reclaimed use of municipal waste water is for agricultural irrigation and recreational lakes for the Tucson region.     

Performance analysis of on-farm irrigation tanks on agricultural drainage water reuse and treatment

Water reuse and pollutant removal efficiency analysis of the on-farm irrigation tanks (OFTs) was carried out in rice paddy field region of Zhanghe Irrigation District, Southern China through field experiments during the rice growing season of 2009–2011. Water flow measurements indicate that 20.6–68.9% of drainage water captured by OFTs was reused for supplemental irrigation. Rainfall was the most important factor that determines the water reuse efficiency (WRR) of OFTs, since higher rainfall resulted in higher surplus irrigation water draining out of OFTs without reuse, and thus decreased WRR. Fully using the storage capacity for storing return flow, and releasing totally for supplemental irrigation also enhanced WRR of OFTs. Water quality analysis shows that OFTs removed 47.2% of total phosphorous (TP) and 60.8% of total nitrogen (TN) of inflow and have a great effect on increasing sedimentation for return flow as the mean of removal efficiency of pollutant load (REL) for suspended solids (SS) amounted to 68.4%. For water treatment effectiveness of OFTs, high hydraulic retention time (HRT) is most beneficial to increase REL of TN whereas REL of TP is not sensitive to HRT. These results confirm that OFTs can effectively increase agricultural return flow reuse and remove pollutants. As the cascade OFTs irrigation system recycle return flow for several times, the irrigation water demand from outside of region was reduced significantly for rice production. Coupling with the effect of cyclic irrigation on the nutrients recycling by paddy fields, OFTs irrigation system also considerably mitigate the N and P off-site emission. Therefore, it is advisable to integrate the role of OFTs on water reuse and treatment for water saving irrigation and ecological management of paddy fields landscape.     

气田压裂返排液回用影响因素研究

针对气田压裂返排液回用配制压裂液的水质要求,研究了pH值、金属离子、细菌和泡沫对处理后液体配制压裂液的影响。结果表明,通过调节pH值、控制金属离子浓度、加入杀菌剂和消泡剂可以达到回用配制压裂液的要求。其中,pH值应控制在6.5左右;当Na2CO3和NaOH的复配比为800/600、NaOH投加量为300mg/L时,能有效去除Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe3+等离子的影响;杀菌剂采用气田压裂专用杀菌剂;消泡剂采用二甲基硅油。实验在气井井场采用撬装微涡流混凝装置处理气田压裂返排液,并对上清液回用配液,回用率达到98.4%。     

油田压裂废液处理及回注实验

油田压裂废液具有高COD、高悬浮物等特点,处理达标难度大。以悬浮固体含量、悬浮固体颗粒粒径中值和含油量为指标,实验研究了混凝、微滤膜过滤技术参数,最佳条件为:絮凝剂投加量800～1 000mg/L,助凝剂投加量9～10mg/L,快速搅拌G值250～300s--1,慢速搅拌G值约50s--1,经50、10μm两级微滤膜过滤后悬浮固体含量、粒径中值、含油量满足SY/T 5329-2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》标准要求。该方法工艺简单,成本低,在一定程度上解决了压裂废液难处理的问题。     

污水处理系统中悬浮物形成机理与处理方法

文章以风城油田稀油污水处理为例,分析污水处理系统中悬浮物的形成机理,并对污水含油、悬浮物、固体含量、粒径中值、聚合物含量、细菌、温度、硫化物、二价铁、pH值等水质指标进行分析,找出影响污水处理的主要因素,并对油水悬浮物处理方法进行室内分析及现场物理、化学方法实践,解决污水处理系统中悬浮物问题。     

FIELD MEASUREMENT OF FLOW VELOCITIES,SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATIONS,AND TEMPERATURES IN LAKE OKEECHOBEE1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a field investigation of collecting hydrodynamic and sediment data in Lake Okeechobee with analyses examining mechanisms affecting sediment resuspension in the lake. Lake Okeechobee is a large subtropical lake located in south central Florida. Three‐dimensional flow velocities, suspended solids concentrations (SSC), and temperatures at four locations were measured from January 18 to March 5, 2000. Analyses of these data indicate that wind is the dominant factor in driving flow velocities and therefore transporting suspended solids. Wind direction also affects the SSC, especially in the north central and west littoral areas of the lake. The surface and bottom velocity components frequently flow in opposite directions, forming a stratification of the water column and preventing suspended solids from settling out. This retention of SSC in the water column may have a strong impact on the water quality of Lake Okeechobee. This study provides valuable storm event data and mechanism analyses, which will improve our understanding of the transport of suspended solids, thermal exchanges, and flow patterns within Lake Okeechobee.     

Sedimentation basin performance at highway construction sites

Sedimentation basins (SBs) are commonly used during highway construction for erosion and sedimentation pollution control as well as for attenuation of overland storm waters. In order to evaluate the sediment removal capacity of these SBs, four basins were selected for monitoring from a new highway construction that extends I-99 to I-80, in Pennsylvania. Between September 2004 and August 2005, ten sampling trips were conducted during which basin inlet and outlet water samples were obtained. The SB samples were analyzed for pH, color, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), total and dissolved iron, magnesium, manganese, aluminum, calcium, sulfate and phosphate. The data showed peaks in concentrations of TSS, total aluminum, total manganese, total iron and total phosphate that closely correlated to localized rainfall peaks. For certain samples, the concentration of TSS in the outlet was higher than the TSS concentration at the basin inlet, suggesting sediment re-suspension. In general SBs managed high flows during wet weather events, but were not effective in capturing particulates. This paper discusses the need for Best Management Practices (BMPs) for the design of SBs that reflect contemporary concerns for management of particle removal and to control the release of particulate-bound metals. This paper also evaluates the water quality impacts of naturally occurring acidic drainages into SBs, as several acidic seeps with pH in the range of 5-6 and having high dissolved concentrations of metals (Fe, Mn, Mg and Ca), sulfate and phosphate were observed draining into the SBs.     

污水在线监测系统的建设与使用

文章介绍了在线监测系统的仪器配备、测量原理、设备特点及使用情况。污水在线监测系统通过对COD、氨氮、悬浮物、水中油、硬度五种监测仪器的组合,实现了油田污水再利用方面水质化验的简化工序,对水质污染物进行实时监测。运行经验表明,依靠该系统测量的数据可有效提高污水的监测水平,使之达到生产要求,对监测不合格的污水及时调整和处理,并可进行远输、传控。