燃煤产生的NOx控制技术

为减少NOx的危害，改善城市环境与生态环境，必须加强对NOx的排放控制。本文在系统总结和分析国内外燃煤NOx污染控制技术及其经济特点的基础上，提出了我国燃煤NOx污染的控制方向。     

华南城市群酸雨的现状对比分析

酸雨是现代环境问题中最为重要的问题之一，全球工业化的大规模生产，特别是化石燃料的使用导致SO2的大量排放，城市区域形成的酸雨机率特别大，各国政府和环保部门已经高度重视。本文着重调查了中国华南地区的长沙、南昌、贵阳、福州、广州五大城市的酸雨现状并进行分析和比较，探讨了酸雨的分布特点、成因和危害。     

城市空气污染治理的政策建议

城市空气质量一定要达标,空气污染一定要治理。法律和科学都已给出明确的规定和理由。因此．当前的主要问题是采用何种手段达标的问题,如何调整和整合管理机构提高管理效率的问题．如何加快污染源达标排放等问题。本文建议：建立空气质量规划达标制度;建立空气质量管理分局;实施固定源排污许可证制度：实施成本有效的移动源排放控制政策：细化和量化面源的管理。     

城市空气质量管理战略

应对城市雾霾的重点是对以PM2.5、臭氧为主要污染物的固定源、移动源和面源排放进行控制管理。PM2.5、臭氧的达标需要实施远近统筹的管理战略,制定全面、细致、专业的达标规划,实施空气质量"日"管理。当前急需和可行的对策是实施固定源排污许可证制度和精细化的移动源排放管理,并改革现有以县级行政区为主的空气管理体制,建立专业化的空气质量管理机构和管理模式,实施空气流域管理。     

秦皇岛市空气质量指数AQI现状分析

通过对秦皇岛市2012—2013年的空气质量对比分析,得出2013年空气质量优良率明显下降,由2012年的96.5%下降到59.4%,其中,1月份空气污染最为严重,其次是8月份。秦皇岛市出现频率较高的前三个首要污染物分别为PM10、PM2.5、O3。提高秦皇岛市的空气质量应着重控制颗粒物和臭氧的排放及形成,更需注重1月份和8月份的空气质量状况。建议通过对重污染企业限排、机动车限行以及增加道路洒水次数等方法提高秦皇岛市的空气质量。     

环境小知识

API API是英文“Air Pollution Index”的缩写,意思是空气污染指数。API指数是由日常监测的大气污染物数据根据国家有关技术规良换算而来的，它以更简单更直观的方式展示了空气环境质量状况。为了及时准确地向各级人民政府和社会公众反映城市的空气质量状况，我国的空气质量周报采用空气污染指数（API）的形式报告。空气质量周报工作监测的项目布总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）或飘尘（PM10）、二氧化硫（SO2）、氮氧化物（NOx）或二氧化氮（NO2）。     

成渝经济区重点城市空气质量模糊综合评价

成渝经济区是中国新的经济增长极,随着经济的快速发展,城市空气污染日趋严重。通过收集成渝经济区7个重点城市2006～2010年空气污染指数数据,以平均空气污染指数、优良率、污染率和严重污染率为评价指标对城市空气质量进行模糊综合评价。结果表明城市空气质量优劣依次为南充、自贡、德阳、绵阳、重庆、泸州和成都。模糊综合评价应用于城市空气质量比较是合理的。     

国际

正全球众多城市空气污染超标据世界卫生组织更新的城市空气质量数据库显示,在全球103个国家和地区的3000多个监测空气质量的城市中,80%以上城市空气中的颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染水平超过世卫组织建议标准。世界卫生组织强调,颗粒物污染每年导致全世界300多万人过早死亡。但如果将颗粒物污染从70微克/立方米降到20微克/立方米,因空气污染导致的相关死亡可能减少约15%。     

泸州市大气降水的化学特征及其防治对策

本文讨论了泸州市2000年3月～2003年2月年度降水的酸碱性、离子组分变化规律与特征，指出泸州市酸雨污染应从总量上控制SO2并从源头上消减SO2的排放量，并预防城市机动车尾气NOx的酸雨沉降污染。     

《大气污染防治行动计划》实施环境效果模拟

本研究利用2010年污染源普查数据和MEIC排放清单建立全国大气污染物高时空分辨率排放清单,在此基础上利用2012年环境统计数据对其进行修订建立2012年全国大气污染物高时空分辨率排放清单;结合《大气污染防治行动计划》(以下简称《计划》)研究工作,测算了《计划》实施后在污染源综合治理、落后产能淘汰、能源结构调整方面对SO2、NOx、颗粒物、VOCs的减排量,同时对污染物新增量进行了预测,建立了《计划》实施后全国大气污染物高时空分辨率排放清单;利用CMAQ空气质量模型模拟分析了《计划》实施的空气质量改善效果。结果表明:《计划》实施后,将可以减少641万吨SO2、859万吨NOx、547万吨颗粒物(不含扬尘污染控制)、627万吨VOCs,全国、京津冀、长三角及珠三角区域PM2.5年均浓度将分别比2012年下降22.08%、33.99%、23.98%、24.04%。如果《计划》要求全部落实,可以实现空气质量改善目标。     

新疆“十三五”城市空气质量评价分析

"十三五"是新疆经济、社会和环境发展的关键期。基于2015-2020年新疆14个城市空气质量年平均数据,采用三年滑动平均方法对新疆"十三五"空气质量进行评价分析。结果表明:全区空气质量优劣依次是北疆>东疆>南疆,其中乌鲁木齐市三年滑动年均优良天数比例呈逐年上升趋势,而和田市与之相反,呈下降趋势,且三年滑动年均下降率达到34.73%,此外阿图什市2020年三年滑动年均变化率从-40.19%上升至35.52%,上升幅度较大,表明空气质量明显改善。城市重污染天数呈高低交错形势,整体变化不明显,其中2018-2020年哈密市三年滑动年均变化率,从-42%上升至64%,上升幅度较大,表明重污染较严重。城市PM_2.5年均浓度整体呈逐年波动下降趋势,而O_3年均浓度整体呈逐年波动上升趋势,且O_3三年滑动年均增长率占比远大于下降率,说明全区整体的臭氧污染情况不容乐观。上述评价结果可为我区空气质量管理提供参考。     

Economic assessment of the health effects related to particulate matter pollution in 111 Chinese cities by using economic burden of disease analysis

With China's rapid economic development, environmental problems have become more and more serious. Particulate air pollution is terrible in cities with large and dense population. It may lead to adverse health effects and economic costs. In this study, we calculated the health effects of pollution caused by particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 10mum (PM(10)) in 111 Chinese cities in 2004 according to statistical data and epidemiological exposure-response functions. Using economic burden of disease analysis, an economic assessment of these health risks was also presented. In contrast to many previous studies that have examined individual cities, this study covered most large and medium-sized cities in China, which accounted for more than 70% gross domestic product (GDP) of China in 2004. The total economic cost caused by PM(10) pollution was estimated as approximately US$ 29,178.7 million. Mega cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin contribute relatively more to the total costs. The results will help policy makers in formulating more effective countermeasures and increasing public awareness to enhance environmental protection.     

Impacts of pollution controls on air quality in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games

Air pollution has become one of the main environmental concerns in China since the 1980s due to China's rapid economic growth and resultant pollution. However, it is difficult to directly evaluate the anthropogenic contribution to air pollution in China. The 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing provided a unique opportunity for testing the contribution of anthropogenic pollution because of the clean-up controls on air quality in Beijing enforced over the period of the Games. In this case study, we monitored the concentrations of major air pollutants before, during, and after the Olympics at a suburban site in Beijing. Atmospheric concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, NH3, NO2, SO2, and the particulate ions NH4+, NO3-, SO4(2-) Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ all decreased during the Olympic period because of strict emission controls, compared with the same period from 2005 to 2007. For example, the average PM10 concentration (61 microg m(-3)) during the Olympics was only 37% of that (166 microg m(-3)) in the same month (August) from 2005 to 2007. However, just 1 mo and 1 yr after the Games had ended, mean concentrations of these pollutants had increased significantly again. This rapid "recovery' of air pollutant concentrations after the Olympics suggests that China needs to implement long-lasting decreases in its air pollution in Beijing and other major cities.     

2017～2018年荆州城区空气质量分布及重污染天气特征分析

利用2017年1月至2018年12月荆州城区3个国家环境空气质量监测点的污染物监测数据和荆州国家气象站地面气象要素观测数据,采用统计学方法,对荆州城区空气质量分布及重污染过程天气特征进行了初步分析,结果表明:空气污染综合指数冬季最高,春秋季次之,夏季最低;PM2.5、PM10、 CO和NO2的浓度在上午和傍晚至上半夜其...     

鹰潭市酸雨污染现状、趋势与成因分析

采用2001-2010年降水监测数据,全面系统地研究分析鹰潭市酸雨污染现状、变化规律,并从环境空气质量、区域污染物输送、气象因素和土壤性质等方面探讨酸雨形成的主要原因,得出区域输送是鹰潭市酸雨污染的主要因素。     

Do people have a negative impression of government on polluted days? Evidence from Chinese Cities

Chinese governments play a key role in providing environmental public goods. Urban air quality is a significant indicator with which people evaluate the effects of governments’ environmental regulations and investments. This study aims to investigate how people's impression of government varies with air pollution in Chinese cities. Using the Baidu online search index on the specific keyword ‘corruption’ to represent public attitude toward the government, our estimations show that an increase in air pollution level yields a significant increase in online searches on this word. Such an effect is more significant on heavily polluted or severely polluted days. In further estimations, we find that people will not pay more attention to the polluters themselves on polluted days. These results are consistent with previous studies that air pollution causes people to be more depressed, selfish and sensitive to fairness. We conclude that efforts on air quality improvement will create a positive impression of government.     

环境保护领域地方市级首次立法进展研究

为调研设区的市立法权放开后各地立法进展,通过全国各省市政府网站(除港澳台外)等公开渠道收集整理的各设区的市"首次立法"(第一部实体法,简称"首法")立法情况,发现截至2017年7月,全国89%新获立法权设区的市已完成"首法"立项,超一半新获立法权设区的市已顺利出台"首法"。从"首法"立项类型来看,约40%设区的市"首法"关注环境保护,仅次于城乡建设与管理类立法,表明环境保护是各地"首法"立法关注的重点领域之一。从地方环境"首法"立项类型来看,水环境保护领域条例立项数最多,其次是生态保护领域和大气污染防治领域;从地方环境"首法"立项分布来看,水环境保护类条例多分布于位于水系末端的沿海各省,大气污染防治条例则主要集中于京津冀及其周边空气质量较差的区域。当前国家高度重视生态文明建设,各地有必要抓住地方立法这一机遇,研究出台地方环境条例,助力地方环境管理水平的提升。     

宜宾市城市酸雨污染及防治对策

本文通过对宜宾市城市的地形、气候、气象特点、大气污染状况、降水质量状况以及酸雨成因的分析，提出了宜宾市城市酸雨污染的防治对策。     

大气污染治理的“兰州经验”——基于环境保护与国家治理现代化的考察

近年来,我国大气污染防治工作取得了一定成效,但大气环境整体形势仍然十分严峻,如何防治大气污染成为政府和人民高度重视的问题。兰州市在大气污染治理工作取得了瞩目的效果并在治理活动中形成了丰富的经验,大气污染治理的"兰州经验"为环境治理以及国家治理现代化树立了一个可资借鉴的样板。针对生态文明建设过程中的难题,兰州市在大气污染治理过程中较好地了协调经济发展和环境保护之间的关系,抓住了完善能源结构和产业结构调整这一核心环节。更为重要的是,"兰州经验"体现了国家治理现代化的公共性、共治性以及有效性的核心价值理念,突显了国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要价值。在切实有效的权力运行机制保障下,兰州市在环境治理工作中运用了法治思维和法治方法,以坚强的执行力确保工作实效,同时还实现了广泛的社会参与,使得治理模式更为科学与民主。     

Urban air pollution and atmospheric diffusion research in China

Air pollution has become a serious problem in China as a result of that country's efforts in the last 30 years to become a great industrial power. The burning of coal, which currently provides over 70% of all China's energy needs, is a major source of air pollution. Because Chinese coal is high in sulfur and ash content and because most combustion devices in China have low efficiencies, SO₂ and particulate emissions are a serious problem and are comparable to or exceed those found in many countries that are much more industrialized. Although most coal is burned in North China, acid precipitation is most severe in South China because of the lack of buffering loess dust found in the former region.The Chinese government has already taken major steps to mitigate air pollution, such as relocating polluting industries, supplying coal with lower sulfur content, using gas instead of coal for residential heating, and levying fines on industries that exceed pollution standards. Atmospheric environmental impact assessment (AEIA) is also required for all major new projects. This article describes three types of mathematical diffusion models and field and wind-tunnel experiments that are used in such assessments.The Chinese authorities believe that a range of technological, managerial, locational, and behavioral changes must be effected before the air of Chinese cities can be significantly improved.