生物质炭与土壤的相互作用对BDE-47吸附行为的影响

本研究将人工制备的生物质炭以0%~2%范围的量添加到受试土壤中,通过比较生物质-土壤体系的理论吸附容量和实际吸附容量,初步阐明生物质炭与土壤的相互作用对BDE-47在土壤中的吸附行为的影响。当生物质炭的添加量为0.1%、0.5%、1.0%时,生物质炭与土壤的相互作用对BDE-47的吸附行为的影响不明显;当生物质炭添加量为2.0%,BDE-47的吸附平衡浓度Ce为0.95μg/L时,生物质炭与土壤的相互作用可以抑制土壤对BDE-47的吸附,使吸附能力降低了33%,而当Ce为9.5μg/L时,生物质炭与土壤的相互作用可以促进土壤对BDE-47的吸附,使吸附能力提高了146%。生物质炭与土壤的相互作用可以影响BDE-47在土壤中的吸附行为,影响程度的大小与生物质炭的添加量和吸附平衡浓度有关。     

功能性生物炭的制备及其在重金属污染土壤修复领域应用的研究进展

生物炭因其具有含碳量高、孔隙发达、官能团丰富等特点,被广泛应用于改良土壤、增加碳汇、修复环境污染等农业和环境保护领域。近年来,研究发现利用物理、化学或生物方法对生物炭进行改性处理制备具有新性能、新结构的功能性生物炭材料,可以显著提高其吸附能力。本文综述了制备功能性生物炭常用的化学改性处理方法,阐述了功能性生物炭与土壤重金属之间可能存在相互作用机制及功能性生物炭在土壤重金属污染修复中的应用,对功能性生物炭在土壤重金属污染领域今后的研究方向做出了展望。     

石英砂深度处理聚驱采油废水的研究

利用石英砂对模拟聚驱采油废水进行深度处理,依靠吸附作用去除水中的HPAM。考察了石英砂粒径、投加量、搅拌速度、pH以及吸附时间对HPAM去除率的影响。当搅拌速度为250r/min,pH值为2～8,吸附时间为150min,石英砂粒径为35～80目、投加量为1.4g/mL时,HPAM的去除率可达到80%以上。     

水处理用活性炭改性研究

研究了锆（Zr）和十六烷基三甲基氯化铵（CTAC）联合改性活性炭的制备，并考察Zr-CTAC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐和磷酸盐的吸附作用及相关吸附机制，着重论述了锆（Zr）和十六烷基三甲基氯化铵联合改性活性炭（Zr-CTAC-AC）对水中硝酸盐和磷酸盐的吸附去除作用，结果表明Zr-CTAC-AC对水中硝酸盐和磷酸盐均具备较好的吸附去除能力。     

不同pH值、不同比例的添加剂对土壤吸附铯的影响

铯极易被粘土矿物和有机质吸附而且不易解吸,在示踪水土侵蚀、处置核废物方面有着积极的作用。不同的pH值、不同比例的添加剂都会影响土壤对核素铯的吸附,实验证明两种土壤对核素铯的吸附在pH=4～7时很大,pH=7时达到最大;四种添加剂粗沸石、人造沸石、Ca（OH）2、MnO2只有粗沸石的加入量与铯的吸附比成正相关关系,可以提高土壤对铯的吸附能力。     

涂铁石英砂吸附水中Cr（Ⅵ）的研究

采用静态吸附和动态过滤的试验方法研究了涂铁石英砂（IOCS）滤料对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的去除，并探讨其吸附机理。研究结果表明，Cr（Ⅵ）在IOCS上的吸附平衡符合Langmuir吸附模型。经氧化铁改性滤料表面电位带正电荷，对水中的Cr（Ⅵ）有良好的去除效果。pH值对Cr（Ⅵ）的去除影响较大，随着溶液的pH值升高，滤料表面电位减小，Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附率也减小。IOCS滤料去除Cr（Ⅵ）机理主要为静电吸附。     

应用高能辐照法制备新型高吸附聚丙烯功能纤维

文章通过高能辐照诱导接枝的方法,在聚丙烯（PP）纤维基体表面引入对苯乙烯磺酸钠（SS）单体,制备一种新型的高性能吸附材料,进而对油气田水环境中的微溶毒性有机物进行有效吸附。利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和静态接触角（CA）对接枝改性前后聚丙烯纤维基体表面的形态结构及疏水性能进行了表征。实验结果证明：功能纤维的接枝率可以通过改变接枝条件得到有效控制。此外,文章还以丙烯酰胺为被吸附有机物考察了纤维改性前后的吸附性能。当改性聚丙烯纤维的接枝率为15．35％时,其对水中丙烯酰胺的去除率从原纤维的25．4％提高到87．4％,极大提高了对油气田水环境中的丙烯酰胺等有机物的处理能力。     

东北草甸黑土对镉和锌的吸附行为研究

采用平衡吸附法,研究了镉和锌在草甸黑土上的吸附行为,探讨草甸黑土对镉和锌吸附的影响因素。结果表明,随着镉和锌离子平衡浓度逐渐升高,草甸黑土对镉和锌的吸附量起初迅速增大,随后增幅渐趋平缓;采用Langmuir型等温吸附曲线拟合,确定草甸黑土对镉和锌的最大吸附量为：镉（0.7335mg·g^-1）〉锌（0.5388mg·g^-1）,这表明草甸黑土对镉的吸附能力比锌强;腐植酸会增强镉和锌在草甸黑土上的吸附能力,EDTA却会减弱镉和锌在草甸黑土上的吸附能力;经过铵盐处理,草甸黑土对镉和锌吸附量大小为：硫酸铵〉氯化铵〉乙酸铵,这3种铵盐都抑制草甸黑土对镉和锌的吸附;在一定的浓度范围内,随着pH值逐渐增大,草甸黑土对镉和锌的吸附量逐渐增加。研究结论为预测镉和锌在草甸黑土中的运移和防治镉和锌的污染提供科学依据。     

改性玉米秸秆吸附去除废水中四环素的研究

应用平衡吸附法，研究了不同投加量（改性玉米秸秆）、温度及pH条件下，改性玉米秸秆对水体中四环素的吸附作用，并利用等温曲线及吸附动力学方程对试验结果进行了拟合。结果表明：在吸附剂用量0．4g，温度30℃，振荡时间30min，pH值7的条件下，对水体中四环素浓度为50．136mg／L的吸附率可达93．4％。四环素废水吸附均符合Langmuir及Freundlich等温模式。但Langmuir方程拟合得较好，Elovich方程能更好地拟舍改性玉米秸秆对水体中四环素的吸附动力学曲线。     

钢铁行业烧结烟气活性焦（炭）干法净化技术探讨

随着我国产业结构的调整,国家对钢铁行业烧结烟气污染物排放的控制力度不断加强。传统的以脱硫为主的单一污染物控制技术已经不能满足新的环境标准的要求,烧结烟气多种污染物协同处理技术的开发与应用已成为钢铁行业污染防治的必然要求。本文阐述了活性焦（炭）吸附法烧结烟气多污染物协同处理技术的工艺原理,并通过太原钢铁集团的工程应用实例证明了活性焦（炭）吸附法多污染物协同处理技术符合钢铁行业的发展需求,在我国具有广泛的应用前景。     

Woodland restoration in Scotland: ecology, history, culture, economics, politics and change

In the latter half of the 20th century, native pine woodlands in Scotland were restricted to small remnant areas within which there was little regeneration. These woodlands are important from a conservation perspective and are habitat for numerous species of conservation concern. Recent developments have seen a large increase in interest in woodland restoration and a dramatic increase in regeneration and woodland spread. The proximate factor enabling this regeneration is a reduction in grazing pressure from sheep and, particularly, deer. However, this has only been possible as a result of a complex interplay between ecological, political and socio-economic factors. We are currently seeing the decline of land management practices instituted 150-200 years ago, changes in land ownership patterns, cultural revival, and changes in societal perceptions of the Scottish landscape. These all feed into the current move to return large areas of the Scottish Highlands to tree cover. I emphasize the need to consider restoration in a multidisciplinary framework which accounts not just for the ecology involved but also the historical and cultural context.     

CHLOROPHYLL,PHOSPHORUS, SECCHI DISK,AND TROPHIC STATE1

ABSTRACT: The relationship between chlorophyll u, total phosphorus, secchi disk depth, and trophic state were examined using data on U.S. lakes collected by U.S. EPA's National Eutrophication Survey. By comparing predicted secchi disk depths with observed summer secchi disk depths in 757 lakes, it was determined that in many lakes non-chlorophyll related light attenuation is important in controlling the amount of chlorophyll u produced per unit of total phosphorus. Ranking of 44 lakes by 18 different trophic state measurements and single and multivariable indices were compared with rankings provided by mean summer ambient total phosphorus and chlorophyll u. The trophic state measurements and indices were much more successful in ranking the lakes against total phosphorus than chlorophyll u, indicating that there are differences in the relative trophic rankings of many of the lakes depending upon whether primary nutrients or biological manifestations are used as the ranking mechanism. If the manifestations of nutrients rather than their absolute levels are the primary criteria for beneficial use of lakes, the use of many of the commonly employed trophic state measurements, which assume or imply that there is a constant relationship between total phosphorus or secchi disk and chlorophyll, can lead to erroneous conclusions and unnecessary costly management controls. Secchi disk measurements may be more useful as a predictor of ambient lake total phosphorus concentrations than of chlorophyll.     

RUNOFF,EROSION, AND SOLUTES IN THE LOWER TRUCKEE RIVER,NEVADA, DURING 19691

The Truckee River heads in the Sierra Nevada at Lake Tahoe, and terminates in Pyramid Lake. During the 1969 water year, flow about 9 miles upstream from the mouth (974,000 acre-ft) was almost four times the long-term average, due mainly to heavy winter rains and spring snowmelt. A short period of low-altitude rainfall produced the highest concentrations of suspended sediment, whereas a much longer subsequent period of snowmelt yielded a much greater total quantity of material. The upper 90 percent of the basin yielded about 260 acre-feet (630,000 tons) of sediment at the Nixon gage, whereas an estimated 2,800 acre-feet (6.8 million tons) was contributed by erosion of about 200 acres of river bank below the gage. Solute content at the gage ranged from 80 to 450 mg/l, dominated by calcium, sodium, and bicarbonate, plus silica in the most dilute snowmelt and chloride in the most concentrated low flows. Solute load totaled about 130,000 tons, of which the principal constituents in Pyramid Lake-sodium plus equivalent bicarbonate and chloride-amounted to almost 40,000 tons. The total solute load during a year of average flow may be 45,000-55,000 tons, including 18,000-22,000 tons of principal lake constituents.     

回顾 总结 部署

3月26日至3月28日,备受关注的2003年度中国石油集团公司安全生产环境保护职业健康工作会议在青岛召开。 会议期间王海森主任做了题为“与时俱进,开拓创新,推进安全环境健康工作再上新水平”的报告,指出此次会议的主要任务是:总结回顾过去三年安全生产,环境保护和职业健康工作,分析形势,安排部署2003年工作,推进安全环境健康工作再上新水平。回顾三年的成绩,主要体现在:安全环保健康目标和责任制不断落实;安全环保健康规章制度逐步完善;安全环保机构得到加强和充实;健康安全环境管理体系全面推进;建设项目环境管理规范进行;安全环保科技创新…     

Sustainability,eco-efficiency,life-cycle management,and business strategy

This article outlines some of the rationale for integrating environment and sustainablility issues into core business practises and provides some guidance on how companies can begin to take a strategic view when selecting environmental management tools. Two of these tools, life cycle management and eco-efficiency, are outlined in brief.© 1999 Five Wind International. Reprinted with permission by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Atrazine, isoproturon, mecoprop, 2,4-D, and bentazone adsorption onto iron oxides

Iron oxides are important components influencing the adsorption of various inorganic and organic compounds in soils and sediments. In this study the adsorption on iron oxides of nonionic and ionic pesticides was determined as a function of solution pH, ionic strength, and pesticide concentration. The investigated iron oxides included two-line ferrihydrite, goethite, and lepidocrocite. Selected pesticides comprised atrazine (6-chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), isoproturon [3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea)], mecoprop [(RS)-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propionic acid], 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), and bentazone [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide]. The adsorption of the nonionic pesticides (atrazine and isoproturon) was insignificant, whereas the adsorption of the acidic pesticides (mecoprop, 2,4-D, and bentazone) was significant on all investigated iron oxides. The adsorption capacity increased with decreasing pH, with maximum adsorption reached close to the pKa values. The addition of CaCl2 in concentrations from 0.0025 to 0.01 M caused the adsorption capacity to diminish. The adsorption of bentazone was significantly lower than the adsorption of mecoprop and 2,4-D, illustrating the importance of a carboxyl group in the pesticide structure. The adsorption capacity on the iron oxides increased in the order: lepidocrocite < goethite < two-line ferrihydrite. The maximum adsorption capacities of meco-prop and 2,4-D on goethite were found to be equivalent to the site density of singly coordinated hydroxyl groups on the faces of the dominant (110) form, suggesting that singly coordinated hydroxyl groups are responsible for adsorption. Differences in adsorption capacities between iron oxides can be explained by differences in the surface site density of singly coordinated hydroxyl groups. The maximum measured adsorption capacity of mecoprop on two-line ferrihydrite was equivalent to 0.2 mol/mol Fe.