基于RS和GIS的青海湖流域植被覆盖度变化与驱动因子研究

基于2001—2010年MOD13Q1数据,采用像元二分模型估算近年青海湖流域的植被覆盖度,分析其时空变化规律,探讨植被覆盖度与气象因子、地形因子之间的关系。结果表明:在青海湖流域,年平均植被覆盖度呈中部高、西北低的态势,中高覆盖度面积最大,占流域总面积的60%以上;近10年流域平均植被覆盖度呈波动上升趋势,最大值出现在2010年;NDVI在年际尺度上与气温的相关性并不显著,但与降雨量呈显著正相关关系(R=0.79),降雨量与植被覆盖度年际变化总体趋势较为相似;植被覆盖度随高程和坡度的增大均先增大后减小,最大值出现在海拔3500—4000m、坡度2°—6°的缓平地上;阳坡的植被覆盖度大于阴坡,而平地最小。     

鄂尔多斯某区域石油开发生态环境变化分析

通过回顾鄂尔多斯盆地某地区石油开发以来区域生态环境变化,分析研究区目前的生态环境质量现状及石油开发等经济活动对区域生态环境的影响。利用GIS(地理信息系统)软件的最大值合成法(MVC)对研究区1989—2010年植被覆盖度遥感MODIS(中分辨率成像光谱仪)数据进行解译。研究结果表明:研究区石油开发以来,生态环境的变化特征能够反映出该地区社会经济发展客观规律以及随之带来的环境问题,对研究区制定环境保护与资源开发政策具有一定参考意义。     

Sentinel 2A影像去云下的丘陵地区植被覆盖度反演

光学遥感影像作为一种重要的数据源,被广泛应用于植被覆盖度反演,但南方丘陵地区常年多云雾,受云雾污染,像元质量下降。受丘陵地形的限制,地块破碎化严重,加之南方丘陵植被类型多,植被光谱变化较大,这些因素造成了植被覆盖度提取的准确度降低。为了提高丘陵地区植被覆盖度反演的精度,提出一种整合光学与SAR影像的反演框架。以Sentinel1A和Sentinel 2A影像作为遥感数据源,首先利用Sentinel 1A的光谱特征去除Sentinel 2A影像上的云像元,再使用光谱归一化减弱植被的光谱变化,在此基础上将扩展线性光谱混合模型用于反演植被覆盖度。结果表明:该框架能有效恢复云污染的像元,端元和影像归一化后,降低光谱异质性,反演丘陵地区植被覆盖度的精度较高,均方根误差为0. 14,相关系数为0.95,接近地表植被覆盖的真实情况。     

遥感技术在攀枝花矿区生态环境监测中的应用

攀枝花市矿产资源丰富,矿山的开采对该地区的生态环境造成了一定程度的干扰。论文应用遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)等技术手段对攀枝花市2000年、2005年和2010年土地利用/植被覆盖信息进行提取,对该区域2000~2010年10年间土地利用/植被覆盖动态变化进行定量分析,得到该区域因矿山开采造成其他土地利用/植被覆盖类型面积变化信息以及对研究区生态环境的影响,从而为矿产资源的可持续发展以及矿区生态环境的恢复重建提供了科学的依据。     

青海玛多托索湖和它的鸟岛

1987年6月20日至7月15日,由中科院西北高原生物研究所、中科院动物研究所,新疆沙漠土壤生物研究所和美国蒙大那大学共同组成的中美联合动物考察队在青藏高原玛多县托索湖地区进行了为期20余天的考察。有关湖区的植被、鸟岛情况报道如下。     

成都市区植被变化的遥感动态监测

利用1987年和2000年的TM影像,对成都市区植被动态变化进行了分析.首先, 利用1:25万数字地形图对2000年的TM影像进行几何校正,并将1987年的TM影像与其配准.其次,利用TM影像的第四和第三波段计算植被指数,根据植被指数提取植被.第三,对成都市区1987～2000年的植被进行了动态变化分析.研究表明,1987～2000年成都市区植被有增有减,但总的趋势是减少:增加部分集中在老城区,是人工绿化的结果;减少部分主要集中在市区西北和西南的面状区域以及因城市道路扩展而占用的线状区域,这是城市化的必然结果.     

用环境小卫星遥感数据分析攀枝花市苏保区植被覆盖变化情况

利用环境小卫星遥感数据,可以计算特定区域的归一化植被指数,进而定量分析其植被覆盖情况。以"四川攀枝花苏铁国家级自然保护区"为研究对象,选取下载了相应区域2009年和2015年的环境小卫星遥感数据,经过辐射定标、图像校准等预处理后,计算得到归一化植被指数和植被覆盖度,通过对植被覆盖度数据进行统计和分析比较,结果表明该自然保护区及周边区域2015年植被覆盖度比2009年有明显增加。     

利用数码相片对冬小麦生物量的试算

数码相片属于地面遥感资料的一种,被广泛应用于实地调查中.然而,目前利用数码相片对植被生物量进行推算的研究很少.利用数码相片提取小麦生长期的小麦覆盖度,结合地面实测叶面积指数(LAI)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)和小麦生物量,分析小麦覆盖度与LAI,NDVI,生物量与小麦覆盖度、LAI,NDVI各自的相关系数,建立各自合适的回归模型推算冬小麦的生物量.结果表明,在小麦生长期,小麦覆盖度与LAI,NDVI的相关系数R2分别达到0.765,0.896,生物量与小麦覆盖度、LAI,NDVI的相关系数R2分别为0.774,0.876,0.712,生物量与其小麦覆盖度、LAI,NDVI之间具有很高的相关性,多元回归分析效果更好,系数R2达0.891.结果说明,在不破坏植被生长状态的情况下,基于数码相片可有效地推算小麦的生物量,这为大面积实地测量和遥感监测作物长势及其生物量估算提供了理论参考依据.     

2000—2010年医巫闾山国家级风景名胜区生态系统功能变化评估

以遥感数据和地面数据为基础,借助地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感技术(RS)对医巫闾山国家级风景名胜区2000—2010年生态系统功能进行研究,为能更好地保护风景名胜区的环境提供参考。结果表明,医巫闾山国家级风景名胜区的土地利用基本无明显变化;水源涵养能力和土壤保持能力有少量增强,主要是由于植被覆盖度的增加;植被净初级生产力有所下降,10年间下降5.27%;生物多样性有少量提高。总体来说,10年间,医巫闾山国家级风景名胜区生态系统功能基本处于稳定状态,表明现有的管理条例有效地保护了区域的生态功能。     

瓦里关地区气溶胶光学厚度的观测研究

文章利用中国大气本底基准观象台(CGAWBO)瓦里关基地2009年9月至2010年8月的CE-318全自动跟踪太阳光度计观测资料,分析了该地区气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)的变化特征和Angstrom指数分布规律。瓦里关AOD具有早晚出现双峰值的日变化规律,季节变化中春季出现最大值,夏天受降水等影响波动较大但平均值最低。春季黑碳气溶胶浓度也出现最高值,表明瓦里关春季受人为排放的影响最明显,瓦里关地区的AOD日变化与能见度的变化相关性较好。     

Changes in Connecticut salt-marsh vegetation as revealed by historical aerial photographs and computer-assisted cartographics

Procedures are discussed for the interpretation of historical aerial photographs for salt-marsh vegetation mapping, as are techniques for computer-assisted analysis of digital vegetation maps. The mappings indicate an increase in the coverage by the low marsh speciesSpartina alterniflora Loisel. at three marsh sites studied in photographs from the period 1934–1981. It is hypothesized that changes in salt-marsh vegetation may be in response to natural tidal fluctuations or to management practices.     

Assessment of Vegetation Establishment on Tailings Dam at an Iron Ore Mining Site of Suburban Beijing, China, 7 Years After Reclamation with Contrasting Site Treatment Methods

Strip-mining operations greatly disturb soil, vegetation and landscape elements, causing many ecological and environmental problems. Establishment of vegetation is a critical step in achieving the goal of ecosystem restoration in mining areas. At the Shouyun Iron Ore Mine in suburban Beijing, China, we investigated selective vegetation and soil traits on a tailings dam 7 years after site treatments with three contrasting approaches: (1) soil covering (designated as SC), (2) application of a straw mat, known as “vegetation carpet”, which contains prescribed plant seed mix and water retaining agent (designated as VC), on top of sand piles, and (3) combination of soil covering and application of vegetation carpet (designated as SC+VC). We found that after 7 years of reclamation, the SC+VC site had twice the number of plant species and greater biomass than the SC and VC sites, and that the VC site had a comparable plant abundance with the SC+VC site but much less biodiversity and plant coverage. The VC site did not differ with the SC site in the vegetation traits, albeit low soil fertility. It is suggested that application of vegetation carpet can be an alternative to introduction of topsoil for treatment of tailings dam with fine-structured substrate of ore sands. However, combination of topsoil treatment and application of vegetation carpet greatly increases vegetation coverage and plant biodiversity, and is therefore a much better approach for assisting vegetation establishment on the tailings dam of strip-mining operations. While application of vegetation carpet helps to stabilize the loose surface of fine-structured mine wastes and to introduce seed bank, introduction of fertile soil is necessary for supplying nutrients to plant growth in the efforts of ecosystem restoration of mining areas.     

聚丙烯酰胺与植物联合抑尘效果的试验研究

如今颗粒物是我国大气环境污染的首要污染物之一,而土壤扬尘是大气颗粒物的主要来源,已经严重影响到大气质量及人们的生存环境,而聚丙烯酰胺不仅能促进植物生长,还能使土壤颗粒和孔隙结构保持稳定,控制土壤扬尘,因此通过聚丙烯酰胺与植物联合作用控制土壤扬尘排放对提升城市环境大气质量具有重要意义。本文在基于现有文献数据的基础上,以四川彭州市附近农田边裸露土壤为研究对象进行人工模拟对照试验,探讨了聚丙烯酰胺不同用量下与植物联合作用对抑尘效果的影响,以期为土壤扬尘污染的控制提供科学依据。研究表明:PM_2.5和PM₁₀的排放浓度随着聚丙烯酰胺的浓度增加而增加,随植被覆盖度的增加而减小。与植被覆盖作用相比,聚丙烯酰胺和植被覆盖的同时作用能更好的降低PM_2.5和PM₁₀排放浓度,PM_2.5浓度较之前平均下降了32.9%,PM₁₀浓度较之前相比平均下降了37.1%。通过对比实验数据可知,聚丙烯酰胺浓度在20 g/m²到25 g/m²时,整体抑尘效果最好,在施工7天时,PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度平均下降了63.4%和77.9%,在施工1个月时,PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度平均下降了和43.8%和56.3%。实验结论为利用聚丙烯酰胺和植物联合作用可以显著降低各时间段的土壤扬尘含量,为科学的治理土壤扬尘提供了理论参考。     

Water‐Yield Reduction After Afforestation and Related Processes in the Semiarid Liupan Mountains,Northwest China1

Abstract: The increase of coverage of forest/vegetation is imperative to improve the environment in dry‐land areas of China, especially for protecting soil against serious erosion and sandstorms. However, inherent severe water shortages, drought stresses, and increasing water use competition greatly restrict the reforestation. Notably, the water‐yield reduction after afforestation generates intense debate about the correct approach to afforestation and forest management in dry‐land areas. However, most studies on water‐yield reduction of forests have been at catchment scales, and there are few studies of the response of total evapotranspiration (ET) and its partitioning to vegetation structure change. This motivates us to learn the linkage between hydrological processes and vegetation structure in slope ecosystems. Therefore, an ecohydrological study was carried out by measuring the individual items of water balance on sloping plots covered by different vegetation types in the semiarid Liupan Mountains of northwest China. The ratio of precipitation consumed as ET was about 60% for grassland, 93% for shrubs, and >95% for forestland. Thus, the water yield was very low, site‐specific, and sensitive to vegetation change. Conversion of grassland to forest decreased the annual water yield from slope by 50‐100 mm. In certain periods, the plantations at lower slopes even consumed the runon from upper slopes. Reducing the density of forests and shrubs by thinning was not an efficient approach to minimize water use. Leaf area index was a better indicator than plant density to relate ET to vegetation structure and to evaluate the soil water carrying capacity for vegetation (i.e., the maximum amount of vegetation that can be supported by the available soil water for an extended time). Selecting proper vegetation types and plant species, based on site soil water condition, may be more effective than the forest density regulation to minimize water‐yield reduction by vegetation coverage increase and notably by reforestation. Finally, the focuses in future research to improve the forest‐water relations in dry‐land areas are recommended as follows: vegetation growth dynamics driven by environment especially water conditions, coupling of ecological and hydrological processes, further development of distributed ecohydrological models, quantitative relation of eco‐water quota of ecosystems with vegetation structures, multi‐scaled evaluation of soil water carrying capacity for vegetation, and the development of widely applicable decision support tools.     

Long lasting nitrate leaching after bark beetle attack in the highlands of the Bavarian Forest National Park

During the past decade bark beetle (Ips typographus) attacks killed nearly all of the Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] stands in the unmanaged zone in the highlands of the Bavarian Forest National Park. This study was conducted to predict if and how long the catastrophic event might cause elevated nitrate NO3(-) concentration in seepage water, and if the presence of ground vegetation may reduce NO3(-) leaching. A chronosequence approach was used to investigate NO3(-) leaching before and after the death of trees. Additionally, the impact of ground vegetation coverage on NO3(-) leaching was determined. Flux weighted yearly NO3(-) concentrations were significantly elevated in the first 5 yr after the dieback compared with intact stands (27 micromol(c) L(-1)), with highest concentrations in the fifth year after the dieback (579 micromol(c) L(-1)). Lowest NO3(-) concentrations were observed 17 yr after the dieback (10 micromol(c) L(-1)). Suction cups in places without ground vegetation showed significantly higher NO3(-) concentrations of 163 to 727 micromol(c) L(-1) (Year 2-5 after the dieback) than suction cups without vegetation. However, net uptake of N by ground vegetation observed during the first 7 yr after the dieback was low on a plot scale. Compared with other severe disturbances in forests, NO3(-) concentrations were elevated for a longer period. Due to high rates of precipitation, NO3(-) dilution occurred and concentrations remained mostly below the European critical level for drinking water. Part of the observed heterogeneity in NO3(-) concentrations could be attributed to different patterns of ground vegetation coverage.     

干旱荒漠区植被恢复与重建的探讨

西北干旱荒漠区生境严酷，物种贫乏，植被稀疏低矮，加上不合理的开发利用，致生境恶化。利用当地有限的水源来实现干旱荒漠区的植被恢复，防止流沙蔓延，可以从以下两方面入手：一方面，以裸地为立地条件，利用当地的关键种(keystone specics)或优势种(dominant species)，选择合适的生境，采用人工种子库和幼苗移植等方法，促使已缺失的植物种在目的地重新定居；另一方面，利用灌丛效应选择合适物种加以配合，提高干旱荒漠区的植被盖度。研究表明：以上两种途径对实现干旱荒漠区的植被恢复和重建是可行的。     

西部的生态恢复与水土保持对策

水资源和土地资源的不合理开发利用是造成西部严重生态环境问题的根源。因此,西部的生态恢复,必须从解决水生态失衡和控制严重的水土流失、土地荒漠化入手,以提高植被整体覆盖度为手段,逐步达到恢复西部生态环境功能的目的。     

黄河中游多沙粗沙区侵蚀环境若干要素分析

通过黄委会对黄河中游多沙粗沙区范围的界定和有关学者对该区黄土区、风沙区和基岩区三种产沙区类型的划分，分析了影响该区土壤侵蚀的主要环境因素，如降水和风力、下垫面组成、地形和植被等因素，同时就该区内人为因素对土壤侵蚀的影响进行了分析，并提出了综合环境要素影响流域侵蚀的概念。