高矿化度稠油采出水处理实验

为解决稠油采出水合格、有序排放问题,针对稠油采出水高矿化度、可生物性差,完全采用好氧工艺处理污水难度较大的水质特点,通过对车510稠油采出水进行分析,提出了实现采出水达标排放的技术路线,并开展稠油采出水达标处理的现场实验。结果表明采用"混凝沉降+水解酸化—接触氧化"工艺处理该采出水,其出水水质中COD_(Cr)≤120mg/L、石油类≤10mg/L、挥发酚≤0.5mg/L,可达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中二级指标。     

煤层气采出水达标排放处理工艺试验

文章探讨了一些常规的及新兴煤层气采出水处理方法,并在鄂东区块某公司开展了曝气生物滤池处理方法试验。结果表明:处理后满足GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类标准,DB 61/224—2011《黄河流域(陕西段)污水综合排放标准》(一级标准),CODCr去除率为50%～60%,NH3-N可降低到检出限0.04mg/L以下;最佳水力停留时间为6.7h(流量23L/h),处理成本可降到3元/m3以下。建议场站建设应早期规划集水设施敷设,以保证后续采出水集中处理,降低处理成本。     

页岩气增产采出水处理方法研究

针对页岩气增产采出水易起泡,难以平稳蒸发脱盐的问题,利用"预处理+多效蒸发"处理方法,对井站两种不同性质的采出水进行中试,连续监测各工艺单元处理后水质及蒸发出水水质。结果表明:通过破乳混凝、催化氧化、电荷中和及除硬等步骤,能够完全消除泡排水起泡性;中试稳定运行7d,两种泡排水蒸发出水水质稳定,COD浓度<55mg/L,NH4^+-N浓度<18mg/L,满足GB 8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准;Cl^-浓度<21mg/L,满足DB 51/190-1993《四川省水污染物排放标准》要求。     

页岩气采出水处理及回用现状分析

介绍了页岩气采出水的产排特征,国内页岩气采出水的处理及回用现状,并总结出3项采出水处理技术,即:回注、简单处理后回用及处理至SY/T 6596—2004《气田水回注方法》达标,进行回注,以采出水复配压裂液为主要污水。这3种处理方式可以处理页岩气采出水,为污水达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》做技术储备,并降低采出水对土壤、地表水等可能造成的环境污染风险。     

垂直流人工湿地处理稠油废水的实验研究

采用垂直流人工湿地模拟装置对新疆油田外排含盐稠油废水进行了处理。实验表明:对于进水CODCr为402～406mg/L,盐度5701～5712mg/L,石油类40.62mg/L的含盐稠油废水,该系统的出水指标为CODCr35～38mg/L,盐度1535～1542mg/L,湿地系统对CODCr和盐分的去除率达到91%和73%;当水力停留时间为11d以上,出水石油类<5mg/L,处理后出水CODCr、石油类达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)的一级标准。     

采用生化-化学技术处理吗啉生产废水

针对吗啉生产废水的特点,制定处理工艺路线,通过生化试验和化学氧化试验,研究该工艺对废水COD和氨氮的处理效果,并确定生化各段停留时间及氧化剂投加量等工艺参数,最终开发出一套处理吗啉生产废水的工艺路线。试验结果表明:生化段试验进水COD平均7 725 mg/L,平均出水COD为168 mg/L,COD平均去除率为97.7%;进水氨氮平均浓度489 mg/L,出水氨氮平均浓度为2.3 mg/L,氨氮平均去除率为99.5%。最后经化学氧化处理后,出水COD60 mg/L,氨氮5 mg/L,达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准。     

双滤料曝气生物滤池污水深度处理的研究

采用陶粒、沸石为滤料的曝气生物滤池对生物处理系统二级出水进行深度处理回用,研究了水力停留时间、气水体积比对污染物COD和NH3-N处理效果的影响。结果表明：水力停留时间为8 h,气水体积比为3∶1的工况下,处理效果较好。稳定运行后,出水COD、BOD5、SS、NH3-N、TP和色度平均值分别为15.6 mg/L、3.2 mg/L、8.5 mg/L、1.24 mg/L、0.40mg/L和8度,达到《城市污水再生利用—城市杂用水水质》（GB/T 18920-2002）标准,出水可用于道路清扫、绿化等。     

套管保护液对钻井废水处理效果的影响＊

通过研究高含硫气田钻井完井后套管保护液对钻井废水处理效果的影响,可知:采用混凝/二次絮凝/吸附工艺处理不含套管保护液的钻井废水时,出水COD<150 mg/L;当套管保护液加量>0.5 mL/L时,出水中COD随套管保护液用量增加而急剧升高,远大于150 mg/L;采用混凝/吸附/微电解组合工艺处理含套管保护液的完井钻井废水,出水COD<150 mg/L,满足GB 8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准的要求。     

臭氧气浮／微涡流絮凝分级处理含聚采出水

含聚合物采出水的有效处理和达标回注是解决油田环保风险和生产压力的关键问题。文章通过对长庆油田陇东区域某试验站的采出水水质进行调研和评价，发现处理后的含聚采出水平均悬浮固体含量高达102.5mg/L，无法达到Q/SY CQ 08011—2019《陇东油田采出水处理水质指标及分析方法》中规定的悬浮物≤50mg/L的回注标准。针对上述问题，分析了聚合物分子量及浓度对悬浮物去除的影响，根据聚合物含量提出不同的采出水处理工艺：针对聚合物浓度≥50mg/L的，形成高含聚合物废水的臭氧气浮处理技术，聚合物降解效率≥60％；针对聚合物浓度＜50mg/L的，形成了微涡流絮凝固液分离技术；在最佳搅拌条件和加药量下，处理后聚合物浓度≤10mg/L，悬浮物含量≤25mg/L，可达到 Q/SY CQ 08011—2019的回注标准。研究成果可以为后续开展含聚采出水现场治理提供技术支撑。     

生化处理技术在油田污水处理工程中的应用

介绍了新疆油田公司某作业区污水生化处理技术流程、原理、工艺特点、出水水质,分析了系统的运行效果和运行维护状况,进行了效益评价。经该工艺处理后,出水石油类0.434mg/L、COD 184mg/L、BOD85.4mg/L、挥发酚0.023mg/L,水质达到GB 5084—2005《农田灌溉水质标准》中灌溉荒漠植物标准,用于生态田植被灌溉,为油田处理含油废水提供了途径。     

辽宁省城市污水处理厂运行存在的问题及对策

城镇污水处理厂的稳定运行,是保障流域水环境质量的重要因素。本文介绍了辽宁省污水处理厂建设基本情况,分析了影响污水处理厂正常运行的主要问题,提出了保证污水处理厂正常运行的对策。     

Wastewater Effluent,Combined Sewer Overflows,and Other Sources of Organic Compounds to Lake Champlain1

Abstract: Some sources of organic wastewater compounds (OWCs) to streams, lakes, and estuaries, including wastewater‐treatment‐plant effluent, have been well documented, but other sources, particularly wet‐weather discharges from combined‐sewer‐overflow (CSO) and urban runoff, may also be major sources of OWCs. Samples of wastewater‐treatment‐plant (WWTP) effluent, CSO effluent, urban streams, large rivers, a reference (undeveloped) stream, and Lake Champlain were collected from March to August 2006. The highest concentrations of many OWCs associated with wastewater were in WWTP‐effluent samples, but high concentrations of some OWCs in samples of CSO effluent and storm runoff from urban streams subject to leaky sewer pipes or CSOs were also detected. Total concentrations and numbers of compounds detected differed substantially among sampling sites. The highest total OWC concentrations (10‐100 μg/l) were in samples of WWTP and CSO effluent. Total OWC concentrations in samples from urban streams ranged from 0.1 to 10 μg/l, and urban stream‐stormflow samples had higher concentrations than baseflow samples because of contributions of OWCs from CSOs and leaking sewer pipes. The relations between OWC concentrations in WWTP‐effluent and those in CSO effluent and urban streams varied with the degree to which the compound is removed through normal wastewater treatment. Concentrations of compounds that are highly removed during normal wastewater treatment [including caffeine, Tris(2‐butoxyethyl)phosphate, and cholesterol] were generally similar to or higher in CSO effluent than in WWTP effluent (and ranged from around 1 to over 10 μg/l) because CSO effluent is untreated, and were higher in urban‐stream stormflow samples than in baseflow samples as a result of CSO discharge and leakage from near‐surface sources during storms. Concentrations of compounds that are poorly removed during treatment, by contrast, are higher in WWTP effluent than in CSO, due to dilution. Results indicate that CSO effluent and urban stormwaters can be a significant major source of OWCs entering large water bodies such as Burlington Bay.     

CITY OF TUCSON WASTE WATER EFFLUENT DELIVERY FACILITY1

ABSTRACT: The Tucson area is totally dependent on ground water, which is in increasingly short supply due to excessive overdrafts. Tucson area waste water treatment plants discharge material quantities of secondary effluent downstream, which is lost to evapotranspiration and recharge of the ground water basin. The city and the four large mining companies who share the common Santa Cruz basin ground water, recognized the common water supply problem and agreed to fund a feasibility study for mining process use of the effluent to partly alleviate the overdraft of ground water. The study analyzed the projected waste water effluent resources, potential mining company demand for waste water effluent and possible interface of an effluent delivery facility with the proposed Central Arizona Project. The effluent resources were analyzed with respect to potential demand. An optimum alignment was selected. An optimum system was detailed through design schematics, amortized cost and finance requirements, and an implementation schedule. It was concluded that a waste water effluent delivery facility could be implemented which would utilize reclaimed effluent in quantities approximating 35 percent of basin overdraft and which would provide revenue for full cost recovery over a 20 year operation period. The mining companies are studying the internal economic impacts of the project.     

Assessing the application of an additive model to estimate toxicity of a complex effluent

A number of industries monitor levels of chemicals in their effluent, but few have undertaken prolonged biological monitoring of this wastewater. The focus of the present study was to determine whether past chemical data for effluent from a lead smelter could be used to estimate its past toxicity. Since the interactive effects of metals in effluents are often assumed to be additive, it was hypothesized that an additive model, 100/[sigma(metal concentration in effluent/EC50 for individual metal)], could be used to generate an EC50 from chemical data (where EC50 is the concentration of test material that affects 50% of the test organisms). To test the approach, a larval development toxicity test with the marine polychaete, Galeolaria caespitosa, was used to test 26 separate samples of effluent from a lead smelter, generating empirical EC50 values. EC50 values for each individual metal in the effluent were also generated using the larval development toxicity test. The concentrations of trace metals in each effluent sample were determined and, using the additive model, EC50 values were calculated. For the majority of effluent samples tested, the additive model underestimated toxicity, suggesting the presence of additional unidentified contaminants in the effluent samples. Additionally, a nonlinear rather than linear regression curve was found to best describe the relationship between the model and empirically derived EC50 values. This relationship was then used to estimate past trends in toxicity of the smelter effluent. Forty-eight percent of the variability in measured toxicity was explained by the model, with the model underestimating toxicity in the majority of samples.     

Management of treated pulp and paper mill effluent to achieve zero discharge

Pulp and paper mills are one of the major effluent generating industries in the world. In most cases, mill effluent (treated or raw) is discharged back into a river, creek, stream or other water body; resulting in negative environmental impacts, as well as social concerns, among the downstream users. Pulp and paper mill effluent management, which could result in zero discharge into downstream water bodies, would present the best management option to address socio-environmental concerns. This paper presents such an effort aimed at closing the water cycle by using treated effluent from the mill to irrigate forage and fodder crops for producing animals feed. The treated effluent is delivered from the mill through gravity into a winter storage dam of 490ML capacity. For irrigation applications on 110ha of farmland, which is 42% of the total farmland, the water is pumped from the winter storage dam to five individual paddocks with Centre Pivot (CP) irrigators and one rectangular paddock with a Soft Hose Travelling (SHT) irrigator. From October 2001 to June 2006, a total of 2651mm of wastewater was applied at the farm. The impact assessment results, obtained from field monitoring, investigations and analysis, indicated that the closed water cycle effluent management strategy described had resulted in a lessening of the impact on water resources usually associated with paper mills. However, social attitudes to the use of crops that have been irrigated with recycled waters and the resulting impact on market value of the produce may still be a major consideration.     

A SCALED HYDRAULIC MODEL OF THE PEACH BOTTOM ATOMIC POWER STATION DISCHARGE1

ABSTRACT: A scaled hydraulic model was used as a schematic representation of the Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station (PBAPS) discharge into Conowingo Pond during critically low river flows. The model approximated flow and temperature patterns and the degree of recirculation are assessed. Under normal operation the effluent is carried downstream and dissipated within about two miles. However, during dry weather years, river inflows can decrease substantially, resulting in unknown recirculation of effluent and flow patterns in Conowingo Pond. This study was conducted to investigate and predict flow patterns in Conowingo Pond under critically dry weather conditions. A threshold river flow is also identified that indicates a measure of the river's ability to maintain downstream advection of the effluent. The study suggests a number of unexpected current patterns, potential recirculation of the effluent, and changes in the dilution of the effluent.     

REGIONAL SEWERING AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY1

ABSTRACT: Sewage effluent is commonly disposed of on land in arid regions, and the majority usually recharges the groundwater. Few evaluations have been made of the effect of effluent disposal on groundwater quality in the west. Groundwater hydrologists are rarely involved with treatment plant design and operation or effluent disposal in the San Joaquin Valley, California. The author's purpose is to evaluate the effect of regional sewering programs on groundwater quality in this valley. Research was conducted on past studies of sewage effluent disposal. An extensive water sampling program was undertaken near the Fresno Sewage Treatment Plant. Chloride contents were used to trace recharged effluent. The extent of recharged effluent was delineated and traced for about ten miles. Sampling between the plant and the urban Fresno area indicated a high probability of large-scale leakage of raw sewage into the groundwater.     

Clogging of an Effluent Dominated Semiarid River: A Conceptual Model of Stream‐Aquifer Interactions1

Abstract: Water managers in arid and semiarid regions increasingly view treated wastewater (effluent) as an important water resource. Artificial recharge basins allow effluent to seep into the ground relieving stressed aquifers, however these basins frequently clog due to physical, chemical, and biological processes. Likewise effluent is increasingly used to maintain perennial base flow for dry streambeds, however, little is known about the impact of effluent on streambed hydraulic conductivity and stream‐aquifer interactions. We address this issue by investigating: if a clogging layer forms, how the formation of a clogging layer alters stream‐aquifer connections, and what hydrologic factors control the formation and removal of clogging layers. We focused on the Upper Santa Cruz River, Arizona where effluent from the Nogales International Waste Water Treatment Plant sustains perennial flow. Monthly sampling, along a 30 km river reach, was done with two foci: physical streambed transformations and water source identification using chemical composition. Historical dataset were included to provide a larger context for the work. Results show that localized clogging occurs in the Upper Santa Cruz River. The clogging layers perch the stream and shallow streambed causing desaturation below the streambed. With these results, a conceptual model of clogging is established in the context of a semiarid hydrologic cycle: formation during the hot premonsoon months when flow is nearly constant and removal by large flood flows (>10 m³/s) during the monsoon season. However, if the intensity of flooding during the semiarid hydrologic cycle is lessened, the dependent riparian area can experience a die off. This conceptual model leads us to the conclusion that effluent dominated riparian systems are inherently unstable due to the clogging process. Further understanding of this process could lead to improved ecosystem restoration and management.     

制革工业废水处理技术之硫化物生物毒性研究及工程实践

制革废水中S^2-对生物的毒性较大,由此对处理系统产生不良影响,使制革废水处理达标成为难题。本文研究了硫化物生物毒性,得到了硫化物生物毒性相对临界浓度（200mg/l）,并在第一时间内运用于示范工程实践,取得了良好的效果,从而为制革工业废水处理技术的进一步发展打下了良好的基础。     

新农村建设污水处理工程实例

山海关区新民居污水治理工程采用水解酸化+接触氧化+曝气生物滤池为主的工艺进行污水治理,实际运行结果表明:系统运行稳定,处理出水COD≤48 mg.L-1,BOD5≤9 mg.L-1,SS≤10 mg.L-1,NH3-N≤4.5 mg.L-1,TP≤0.47 mg.L-1,处理出水达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准,出水用于农村绿化和农灌,经济效益和环境效益明显。