臭氧氧化法处理高浓度苯酚废水

采用臭氧氧化技术对高浓度含酚废水进行了研究.考察了臭氧进气量、反应时间、温度及溶液初始pH值等因素对苯酚COD的去除率的影响.研究表明:在一定范围内,随臭氧进气量的增加、反应时间的增长,COD去除率增大;温度对COD去除率的影响不大;溶液的初始pH值对臭氧氧化有比较重要的影响,在pH值为11～12左右时,COD的去除率最大;在臭氧氧化处理高浓度含酚废水的过程中,酚的降解规律符合表观一级反应.     

臭氧-生物活性炭工艺在废水处理中的研究与应用＊

概述活性炭吸附工艺、臭氧氧化工艺以及臭氧-生物活性炭工艺的降解机理、发展及应用;分析臭氧-生物活性炭工艺在国内外应用的典型案例,以及介绍该工艺在污水处理、污水深度处理以及中水回用方面的研究进展。     

臭氧降解有机污染物的反应机理及影响因素

论述了臭氧氧化有机污染物的反应机理,探讨了臭氧氧化反应的主要影响因素,及臭氧氧化反应器的材质要求,并对臭氧氧化技术在实践中的应用提出了基本的设计思路。     

超声/臭氧氧化处理含酚废水实验研究

在实验装置上对超声/臭氧联合处理含酚废水进行了实验研究。考察了废水初始pH值、反应时间、臭氧通入量、超声功率等因素对酚去除率的影响。研究表明,超声辐射在臭氧氧化过程中起加速反应的作用,而且随着超声功率的增大,加速反应的能力增强;废水初始pH值为11时酚去除效果最佳;随着臭氧通入量的增大、反应时间的延长,酚去除率不断增大;超声/臭氧处理酚废水过程中酚的降解规律符合表观一级反应。     

臭氧在"臭氧-生物活性炭"饮用水处理工艺中的作用研究

本文通过分析饮用水深度处理中试工艺各处理单元出水水质指标的变化研究臭氧在臭氧生物活性炭工艺中的作用。试验结果表明：在中试工艺中，臭氧具有很好的氧化、杀藻和消毒的作用；并且两级臭氧氧化分别对常规处理单元和颗粒活性炭去除污染物具有一定的促进作用。     

废水臭氧氧化技术及其工程应用

介绍了臭氧氧化技术工程应用的历程,归纳了废水臭氧氧化的反应机理以及废水处理应用的主要工艺。通过对国内外的废水臭氧氧化工程应用情况的介绍,明显看到国内应用臭氧氧化技术处理废水,无论是处理规模、装置数量,还是处理废水的种类都存在较大差距,显示出该技术在国内废水处理领域的广阔发展空间。     

多相催化臭氧氧化技术机理研究进展

多相催化臭氧氧化技术能够有效去除水中的微量有机物。尽管有越来越多的研究致力于多相催化臭氧氧化技术领域,以及各种新的催化剂的引入,但对于多相催化臭氧氧化技术机理尚不清楚。因此,本文针对多相催化臭氧氧化技术中常用的负载型金属、负载型金属氧化物以及活性炭三类催化剂的反应机理进行了探讨。此外还对机理研究中存在的问题进行了探讨。     

臭氧同时脱硫脱硝技术研究进展

对利用臭氧同时脱硫脱硝技术进行了综述，分析了臭氧对NOx的脱除机理。臭氧同时脱硫脱硝技术具有明显的一体化脱除特性，但臭氧的发生费用却制约了它的应用。介绍了目前国外在工程上应用的低温氧化技术（LOTOX），分析了其脱除效果及优缺点。     

垃圾渗滤液的臭氧处理

由于垃圾渗滤液具有复杂的水质特征，所以垃圾渗滤液的臭氧处理是十分必要的。本文介绍了基于臭氧的垃圾渗滤液处理技术的研究和应用现状，以及臭氧处理单元的发展和先进的臭氧化反应系统。总结了垃圾渗滤液臭氧处理的优缺点，预测了这一技术的发展趋势。     

mFe0-PS-O3耦合工艺处理压裂返排液反应机理研究

mFe~0-PS-O_3(微米级零价铁-过硫酸盐-臭氧)耦合工艺作为一种新型的高级氧化技术,相对于传统高级氧化技术,对有毒难降解污染物具有较高的去除率。文章对mFe~0颗粒的表征进行了分析,探讨了mFe~0和PS之间、mFe~0和O_3之间、PS和O_3之间的反应机理,在反应过程中,mFe~0、PS和O_3之间的协同作用能够产生大量的活性极强的羟基自由基和硫酸根自由基,可以有效降解水中有毒难降解的污染物质,且反应中生成的Fe(OH)_2/Fe(OH)_3絮体对污染物还具有吸附和絮凝作用。阐释了该工艺预处理页岩气压裂返排液的可行性。     

MOTIVATIONS AND BEHAVIORS THAT SUPPORT RECYCLING

This paper proposes that recycling researchers should pay attention to both attitudes towards recycling and the processes involved in recycling (recyclers' phenomenal experiences and organizing strategies). As predicted by Sansone and colleagues' model of how people induce themselves to engage in necessary but boring tasks, people who had reasons to persist at recycling (that is, who held strong prorecycling attitudes or had a social orientation towards recycling) were more likely to redefine recycling so as to emphasize its pleasures or the sense of satisfaction they gained from contributing to the environment. These people were also more likely to have developed a way of organizing recycling in their homes, to report few interferences with recycling, and—most important—to recycle on both short- and long-term bases. In accord with the model, people who became better recyclers by Time 2 had had stronger prorecycling attitudes at Time 1 than people who remained poor recyclers. Our results are consistent with the view that people who make a valued but uninteresting task more phenomenally interesting and more manageable are more likely to continue at the task. Sansone and colleagues' model provides a useful way to look at recycling and also suggests a new way that attitudes may be linked to behavior—via cognitive transformation of behavior.     

藻类在水体污染监测中的运用

利用藻类进行水体污染监测在水生生物监测中占有重要的地位。各种不同的水体污染对藻类的种类,数量,结构等产生相应的影响,在一定程度上表明了水质的某种变化。     

大叶碎米荠的开发与利用

我国野菜资源十分丰富,野菜大多具有较高的营养保健作用,开发潜力大,市场前景十分广阔。大叶碎米荠在民间食用较多,但其开发利用还未引起人们的重视。主要介绍了大叶碎米荠的营养价值、药用价值及其开发利用方式。     

Local Authority/AcademicCollaboration and Local Agenda 21 Policy Processes

This paper looks at a recent example of local authority/academiccollaboration over a protracted period of time from the different perspectives of those people who were directly involved in the process as key role players. The arena within which this collaboration took place (Local Agenda 21 policy-making in Manchester) has some particular characteristics of its own which influenced this process, and these are identified alongside some of the theoretical issues which affect the way collaborations of this kind are perceived and (much more rarely) are written about. The perspectivesof the client and of the contractor, as the authors reflect on their experiences in these roles, show that in practice processes of adjustment and of learning were taking place, because both sides for various reasons found that the dynamics of this situation meant that their preconceptions both of each other and of the contractual relationship they had thought they were entering had to be modified as the process unfolded. The paper concludes with both specific observations about this collaboration, and more general and more tentative comments about issues that might be experienced in future collaborations of this kind.     

基于元胞自动机和多智能主体的房屋选择模型

近几年,随着经济发展和城市化的加快,居民对住宅要求越来越高,而目前的房屋选择模型在实践运用过程中或多或少受到某一方面的限制,不能有效地模拟居民对房屋选择的各种爱好.在前人提出的种种模型的基础上,结合元胞自动机和多智能主体系统,提出了一种模拟房屋选择的动态综合仿真模型.通过反复验证,该模型有较强的实用性.     

Agricultural practices influence flow regimes of headwater streams in western Iowa

Agricultural tillage influences runoff and infiltration, but consequent effects on watershed hydrology are poorly documented. This study evaluated 25 yr (1971-1995) hydrologic records from four first-order watersheds in Iowa's loess hills. Two watersheds were under conventional tillage and two were under conservation (ridge) tillage, one of which was terraced. All four watersheds grew corn (Zea mays L.) every year. Flow-frequency statistics and autoregressive modeling were used to determine how conservation treatments influenced stream hydrology. The autoregressive modeling characterized variations in discharge, baseflow, and runoff at multi-year, annual, and shorter time scales. The ridge-tilled watershed (nonterraced) had 47% less runoff and 36% more baseflow than the conventional watershed of similar landform and slope. Recovery of baseflow after drought was quicker in the conservation watersheds, as evidenced by 365-d moving average plots, and 67% greater baseflow during the driest 2 yr. The two conventional watersheds were similar, except the steeper watershed discharged more runoff and baseflow during short (<30 d), wet periods. Significant multi-year and annual cycles occurred in all variables. Under ridge-till, seasonal (annual-cycle) variations in baseflow had greater amplitude, showing the seasonality of subsurface contaminant movement could increase under conservation practices. However, deviations from the modeled cycles of baseflow were also more persistent under conservation practices, indicating baseflow was more stable. Indeed, flow-frequency curves showed wet-weather discharge decreased and dry-weather discharge increased under conservation practices. Although mean discharge increased in the conservation watersheds, variance and skewness of daily values were smaller. Ridge tillage with or without terraces increased stream discharge but reduced its variability.     

BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE RESPONSE TO POLLUTION ABATEMENT: STRUCTURAL CHANGES AND FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS1

We examined changes in certain structural and functional aspects of the benthic invertebrate community in the Penobscot River, Maine, between 1974 and 1981. During this period, two pulp and paper manufacturers and three municipalities spent an estimated $33 million to reduce point source effluents harmful to aquatic life. We developed a biotic index based on objectively derived pollution tolerance values for resident taxa. Analysis of the benthic invertebrate community indicated that substantial improvement in water quality had resulted from pollution abatement. We established a four-group water quality classification scheme based on biotic index ranges, and showed that every site that was not in the best water quality classification in 1974 improved its classification to a better water quality group in 1981, and that the sites in the best group did not change. Relative abundances of functional feeding groups also changed, as were predicted by the river continuum theory. The effluents had acted as a “reset mechanism” that shifted polluted areas from autotrophic to more heterotrophic conditions. The direction of the shift was reversed in response to abatement efforts. Functional analyses of energy dynamics could lead to a more ecologically sound classification of water quality.     

传统活性污泥法与膜生物反应器污泥沉降性能的比较

针对污泥沉降性能，在运行条件相同的情况下对膜生物反应器(MBR)与传统活性污泥法(CAS)进行比较。结果表明：CAS工艺污泥沉降性能优于MBR工艺；CAS工艺出水水质受污泥沉降性能影响大；MBR工艺污泥沉降性能主要由反应器中累积的高浓度胞外聚合物(EPS)含量所影响，当EPS浓度大于100mg／g时，污泥沉降性能开始恶化；CAS工艺曝气池中EPS浓度没有累积；MBR工艺污泥颗粒平均粒径小于CAS工艺中污泥颗粒。     

Infill McMansions: Style and the psychophysics of size

The number and size of infill oversized houses, or McMansions, has increased in the U.S. and the world. To maintain desirable neighborhood appearances, communities should know what constitutes “too big.” This paper reports six studies that used color simulations of blocks of houses to examine compatibility and visual appeal in relation to attributes of the infill house and its context. Following psychophysical findings, the relative size of the infill house should have larger effects on response than its actual size. The studies confirmed that the infill ratio had more weight than size for perceived compatibility. Compatibility did not always translate into visual appeal. For visual appeal, infill style had larger effects than did size or size ratio, height had larger effects than width, and, for larger sizes and ratios, infill ratio had larger effects than actual size. To maintain visual quality in relation to infill houses, communities should first seek an architecturally compatible style, and then try to control its relative size (the infill façade area). Tests of responses to real infill houses can show how well these findings generalize.     

Dead indoor plants strengthen belief in global warming

Studies have revealed that heuristics and accessible schemas may affect people's judgments about global warming. In two studies, participants were asked to report on beliefs regarding global warming while seated in a room in which a small tree or several trees had been placed. In one experimental condition, the tree possessed its foliage whereas in the other, the branches were bare. It was found that participants were more likely to believe in global warming in presence of the tree without foliage (Study 1), that this belief increased in presence of three rather than one tree without foliage (Study 2), and that other beliefs not related to global warming were not affected by the experimental conditions. These results reveal that surrounding physical cues do affect beliefs about global warming. The spreading activation theory is used to explain these results.