促进能源技术革命,迎接环境问题挑战

能源是社会存在和发展的物质基础,能源的开发利用又是造成环境污染的主要来源之一。因此,依靠科技进步,促进新能源的技术革命,逐步建成“与环境相宜的清洁能源体系”是能源、环境协调发展的根本出路。     

可持续发展与生物技术问题研究

可持续发展问题的最终解决依靠科学技术的发展，生物技术在人口、资源、健康、医疗等方面能够起到关键作用。必须大力发展与农业、资源、环境、人口、能源密切相关的生物技术，推动我国在21世纪实现跨越发展，成为世界健康经济发展的主导力量。本文介绍了生物技术发展的特点及在促进可持续发展中的作用，并探索了利用生物技术推动可持续发展的措施。     

绿色低碳交通与产业结构的关联分析及能源强度的趋势预测

交通运输业的能源消耗和碳排放控制是经济可持续发展的重要问题,交通运输依靠科技进步和适应国民经济的发展和调整将逐步实现绿色低碳的变革,这是经济系统相互联系互为驱动的系统运行过程。本文依据系统运行趋势,利用灰色关联度研究了运输业能源强度与第一、第二、第三产业的关系和影响因素,结果表明交通运输业与第三产业的关联度最大,并应用GM(1,1)模型描述了运输业能源强度的未来时间响应函数。研究结果与运用的协整分析,因素分解等方法基本一致,且更直观地表现出宏观经济的协调性和统一性。     

中国农村居民可再生能源生活消费的碳排放评估

农村居民能源消费涉及能源安全、环境效应、新农村建设等多个方面,从发展趋势来看,在未来相当长的时期内,秸秆、薪柴等传统生物质能仍是我国农村居民的主要生活能源.本文在分析了我国农村居民可再生能源生活消费现状的基础上,测算了1998 -2007年农村居民可再生能源生活消费的碳排放,评估了农村居民可再生能源生活消费的环境效应.得出结论:在我国农村居民能源生活消费的过程中,碳排放的主体是秸秆和薪柴等生物质能的传统利用,其次是商品性能源的使用.在未来的发展过程中,农村居民能源消费必须依靠农村丰富的可再生资源,优化物质循环过程,变生物质能的传统利用为清洁利用,减少温室气体排放,实现改善农村环境,减缓和适应气候变化的总体发展目标.     

中国能源利用的环境安全及其评价研究

为了保障能源利用条件下的国家环境安全。通过比较环境安全评价和传统环境评价，提出环境安全度这一环境安全的定量指标。建立中国能源利用的环境安全评价体系。评价结果表明。中国以煤为主的能源利用结构对大气环境造成的压力是巨大的。如果不采取任何措施．无论是二氧化硫还是氮氧化物的排放在2010年和2020年都是不安全的。因而．必须制定能源环境协调发展的环境安全战略。制定相应的能源环境协调发展的政策．依靠科技进步削减能源环境污染。动用经济手段促进能源可持续利用。确保国家环境安全。     

苏州市经济持续发展过程中的资源与环境问题透析

苏州市位于长江三角洲经济区的核心部位 ,1980年代和 1990年代 ,依靠乡镇企业和开发区建设 ,经济迅速发展。但这种高投入的增长也使苏州市新世纪的持续发展面临着资源与环境的双重压力 ,尤其是地表水水质下降、地下水过度开采、湖泊富营养化以及耕地数量锐减、质量下降等一系列问题 ,直接导致苏州市水质型缺水和土地资源危机。在分析这些问题的基础上 ,从乡镇工业发展、城市化、化肥农药使用以及科技能力等方面阐述了资源与环境危机产生的原因 ,并有针对性地提出了 (1)树立可持续发展观 ;(2 )科学编制环境保护和资源高效利用总体规划 ;(3)优化产业结构 ,建立资源利用和环境逐步改善的良性循环机制 ;(4)提高土地利用效率和生活污染治理能力 ;(5)加快农业科技进步步伐等若干对策和建议。     

丹麦抓能效促环保的基本思路

１　丹麦能源构成与能源消耗的基本情况丹麦的能源主要由自产的原油、天然气、风能、生物质能以及进口的煤构成。在北海海域,丹麦自己有９个油田和３个天然气田。自１９９３年以后,丹麦的原油、天然气出口额超过进口额,成为净出口国。１９９７年净出口原油约２８０万ｔ,天然气２９．５亿ｍ３。１９９７年产油１３３７万ｍ３,产天然气７４．８亿ｍ３,使丹麦跻身于继英国、挪威之后的西欧第３大油气生产国。丹麦电力生产中,燃煤火电仍占绝对优势。１９９７年煤炭进口量为１３５０４万ｔ,主要来自南非、波兰、哥伦比亚和澳大利亚。火电…     

苏州市经济持续发展过程中的资源与环境问题透析

苏州市位于长江三角洲经济区的核心部位,1980年代和1990年代,依靠乡镇企业和开发区建设,经济迅速发展。这种高投入的增长也使苏州市新世纪的持续发展面临着资源与环境的双重压力,尤其是地表水水质下降;地下水过度开采,湖泊富营养化以及耕地数量锐减、质量下降等一系列问题,直接导致苏州市水质型缺水和土地资源危机。在分析这些问题的基础上,从乡镇工业发展、城市化、化肥农药使用以及科技支撑能力偏低等方面阐述了资源与环境危机产生的原因,并有针对性地提出了（1）树立可持续发展观;（2）科学编制环境保护和资源高效利用总体规划;（3）优化产业结构,建立资源利用和环境逐步改善的良性循环机制;（4）提高土地利用效率和生活污染治理能力;（5）加快农业科技进步步伐等若干对策和建议。     

试论改善发展的质量

本文结合中国国情，从经济发展的目标、边界、途径等方面论述了改善发展质量的基本内涵，提出经济发展应以满足社会基本需要为目标，经济发展必须与环境和资源的承载力相适应，依靠科技进步是提高发展质量的根本途径，同时须不断改善经济的内部结构，走资源节。     

论国际贸易与可持续发展

本文在分析了国际贸易对全球资源开发和经济发展的影响以及环境管理系统系列计划（ISO14000）对我国生产方式转变影响的基础上，提出了要依靠科技进步，通过国际贸易发展技术知识密集型产品替代资源密集型产品，发展外向型规模经济，设计后发型战略，促进我国的可持续发展。     

论高科技发展与环境承载力

本文从高科技发展角度论述了高科技发展与环境承载力之间的关系,并对已有的环境承载力理论做了补充和改进,使之更能体现可持续发展的新发展观。本文还对不同国家在处理高科技发展与可持续发展关系的途径做了概要阐释。最后指出,高科技污染也是一个不容忽视的问题。     

基于ILBM的太湖饮用水源地管理研究——以苏州市为例

饮用水源地管理是全球关注的热点,安全的饮用水源供给依赖于不断完善的管理机制,湖泊流域综合管理(ILBM)可以为水源地管理的完善提供很好的框架。湖泊流域综合管理框架由管理组织、政策、公众参与、信息、科学技术和资金六要素构成。基于该框架,文章对苏州太湖水源地管理现状进行了分析和诊断。研究发现,苏州市太湖水源地管理存在缺乏有效的管理组织协调机制、缺乏经济激励型和教育与公众参与政策、公众参与水平低、信息可信赖度差、科学技术与地方需求结合不紧密、资金投入不稳定等问题。基于ILBM管理框架,提出了水源地管理优化的政策建议。     

Discrete-choice experiments valuing local environmental impacts of renewables: two approaches to a case study in Portugal

Despite the often mentioned environmental benefits associated with transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, their use for electricity production has non-negligible negative environmental impacts. The most commonly mentioned in surveys concern different types of landscape impacts, impacts on the fauna and flora, and noise. These impacts differ by size and location of plants, and by source of energy, rendering the policy decision complex. In addition, there are other welfare issues to take into consideration, as positive and negative environmental impacts are not evenly distributed among population groups. This paper proposes to compare the welfare impacts of renewable energy sources controlling for the type of renewable as well as the specific environmental impact by source. To this end, two discrete-choice experiments are designed and applied to a national sample of the Portuguese population. In one case, only individual negative impacts of renewables are used, and in another case, the negative impacts interact with a specific source. Results show the robustness of discrete-choice experiments as a method to estimate the welfare change induced by the impacts of renewable energy sources. Overall, respondents are willing to pay to reduce the environmental impacts, thus making compensation for local impacts feasible. Moreover, the estimations reveal that respondents are significantly sensitive to the detrimental environmental effects of specific renewable energy sources, being willing to pay more to use these sources of energy relative to others.     

资源效率与科技创新

科技创新是解决资源效率低下的根本途径之一。一方面科技创新可以通过提高生产要素的边际生产力、研制和开发先进的技术设备和科学的生产方法提高不同品位资源转化率来提高资源使用效率 ,另一方面产业结构是“资源的转换器” ,而科技创新对产业结构的优化升级起着主导和决定性作用 ,科技创新通过促进产业结构的优化升级 ,实现资源在不同部门、产业间的优化配置 ,从而提高资源的配置效率。本文在分析科技创新动力来源的基础上 ,对如何为科技创新创造良好的外部环境提出了建议。     

Solar photovoltaic investments and economic growth in EU: Are we able to evaluate the nexus?

A core question in energy economics may be stated as follows: Is the cost–benefit analysis being correctly applied when we encourage investments in renewables, as an alternative to the traditional energy sources? The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth has been extensively treated within economics literature. Yet, literature on the nexus between specific energy sources and GDP is almost inexistent. In this article, we intend to explore the relationship between a certain type of renewable generation technology (solar PV) and GDP. The present and above all the planned energy mix might differ widely from one country to another. Thus, the analysis by source of energy generation becomes a helpful instrument for policy-making. Using a fixed effects panel data methodology and a sample of eighteen EU countries, we find that a 1 % increase in solar PV installed capacity and in electricity production from renewable sources has a positive impact on GDP of 0.0248 and 0.0061 %, respectively. We also conclude that a 1 % growth on greenhouse gas emissions positively affects GDP by 0.3106 %. Further evidence reveals that, in terms of country-specific analysis, Germany, France, Italy and the UK have the most significant estimations for fixed effects. In fact, Germany is a solar PV technology producer, France has a very active nuclear sector, with little pressure for both renewables development and CO₂ reductions, Italy had in this period a strong governmental support to this sector, and the UK has a strong connection between the solar PV and the industry sectors.     

Analysis on the Relationship between Socio-economy and Development of Science and Technology in Jiaxing City

Currently, the progress of science and technology has become a key factor in promoting economic development. And the backwardness of science and technology at the grassroots level has undoubtedly restricted the process of China＇s construction of socialist new countryside. Taking socio-economy and the development of science and technology in Jiaxing as a breakthrough point, and based on the related data of Jiaxing during 1998-2004, this paper analyzes thoroughly the interactive relationship between socio-economy and the development of science and technology. This paper strives to summarize the development track and model of the grassroots work of science and technology so as to provide local governments with references and grounds for drawing up policies for the local work of science and technology.     

Policy innovation for technology diffusion: a case-study of Japanese renewable energy public support programs

Due to local scarcity of fossil fuel reserves, deployment of renewable energy has been on the Japanese government energy policy agenda for decades. While a significant amount of government budget was being allocated to renewables Research and Development, in contrast very little attention was paid to public support for renewable energy deployment. Against this background, in 2003, the Japanese government enacted legislation based on the renewable portfolio standard (RPS) scheme, which requires electricity retailers to supply a certain amount of electricity from renewable sources to grid consumers. The RPS legislation had been expected to ensure market efficiency, as well as bringing a steady increase in renewable capacity. Later, in 2009, the feed-in tariff (FIT) scheme was introduced to let electricity utilities purchase electricity generated from renewable energy sources with regulated prices. This paper aims to use the choice of renewable policy as a case-study to understand barriers for policy transfer and innovation, mainly through comparative studies between RPS and FIT in Japan. The result of this study shows that, in Japan, most policy-makers face the ‘lock-in’ of existing technology, which frustrates the deployment of renewable energy. For this reason, there is reluctance to allow experimentation that could promote a shift to other energy sources. In order to achieve the rapid change towards green industry, innovation policy needs to be implemented through effective and efficient methods, such as a carbon tax for fossil fuels; enlargement of renewable energy deployment to sources such as wind, geothermal and solar; and conducting further studies toward public preference and willingness to pay for the new clean energy sources.     

发展乡镇企业与建设农村生态环境：对我国农村持续发展的探讨

文章论述了我国农村生态环境问题与乡镇企业发展形势，提出依靠科学技术发展乡镇企业，推动农村生态环境建设，促进我国农业持续发展的设想。     

碳中和的缘起、实现路径与关键科学问题：气候变化与可持续城市化

碳中和是我国应对气候变化的新目标,提出以来引起国内外广泛关注。碳中和目标实现是一个复杂系统科学问题,涉及大气圈、岩石圈、水圈、生物圈、人类圈等多圈层耦合过程与作用机制,需要跨学科交叉、综合与协同研究。简要梳理碳中和提出的气候变化和温控目标缘起,归纳碳中和实现的碳源、碳汇的多元路径,强调从碳源的需求侧推动可持续城市化对于碳中和目标实现的重要作用,并且可能是成本低、潜力大、更直接有效的方案途径。提出适应与减缓气候变化下碳中和与可持续城市化研究领域8个方面的科学问题：气候变化—碳中和—可持续城市化关联关系、中国及各地区碳中和实现的路线图与时间表、城市区域尺度碳排放的精准核算、绿色生活方式与低碳社会、绿色生产方式与低碳经济、能源结构优化、风险与不确定性和碳中和长效机制的治理创新等,以及该领域当前研究面临的机遇和挑战。     

Erratum to: Fuelling the English breakfast: hidden energy flows in the Anglo-Danish trade 1870–1913

The 1870–1914 globalization period had profound impacts on the international division of labour, with coal-endowed countries specializing in the production of energy-intensive manufacturing goods and others in the production of agricultural goods. This study analyses the environmental consequences of this specialization, by quantifying the flows of energy and hidden energy embodied in the bilateral trade between the UK, the industrial workshop of the world, and Denmark, a coal-poor country with an agricultural economy. We show that the transformations that occurred in Danish agriculture to meet the growing demand for breakfast foods in the UK required significant quantities of feed and coal. Denmark was a net importer of energy throughout the period and a net importer of hidden energy in 1870. However, by the end of this wave of globalization, Denmark had become a significant net exporter of hidden energy to the UK. This was due both to an increase in its land productivity and to the import of coal, grain and fertilizers from abroad.