Adaptive responses of scots pine to the impact of adverse abiotic factors on the rhizosphere

The impact of long-term seasonal soil freezing, drought, and waterlogging on the rhizosphere of young Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L., age class 1) has been simulated in experiments. The results have shown that cold stress exposure leads to reduction of the rates of linear and radial tree growth and of chlorophyll content in needles, a shift in the peak of starch content, and initiation of free amino acid deposition in the aboveground plant parts. Drought activates utilization of carbohydrate reserves and amino acid accumulation in the root bast, whereas soil waterlogging stimulates deposition of carbohydrates but causes a decrease in the levels of chlorophyll and amino acids in all plant tissues.     

洞庭湖流域生长季气象特旱对植被覆盖的影响

基于洞庭湖流域2000～2017年97个气象站点的综合气象干旱指数(CI)和MODIS增强型植被指数(EVI)资料,结合植被类型数据,采用最大值合成、相关分析等方法,分析了近18年来洞庭湖流域生长季(4～10月)植被(自然和人工植被)EVI与特旱强度的时空变化特征,探讨了自然植被和人工植被对特旱响应的敏感性。结果表明:在年际变化上,自然植被和人工植被区域的特旱强度最大值和EVI的最小值均出现在2011年;在季节变化上,生长季特旱强度分布为秋夏春季,自然植被EVI值明显高于人工植被,季节分布均为夏春秋季;比较而言,人工植被对特旱的敏感性高于自然植被,但两类植被对特旱的敏感性均随植被生长阶段而变化,其中两种植被EVI与特旱强度之间的最显著相关性均出现在8月;特旱强度和EVI能够很好地反映2011年春旱和夏秋连旱的时空变化过程。     

Land clearance not dieback continues to drive tree loss in a Tasmanian rural landscape

Tree cover has declined markedly since European settlement in the agricultural areas of Australia due to land clearing and natural and stress-induced senescence of remnant trees combined with widespread regeneration failure. These decreases in tree cover have seldom been quantified on a landscape scale, but are important in understanding losses in carbon storage and biodiversity across large areas of the continent. We used historical aerial photography and satellite imagery to study changes in tree canopy cover in the southern Tasmanian Midlands, one of the oldest agricultural regions in Australia. Tree cover at 1,000 random sites was assessed from imagery captured on four occasions between 1947 and 2010. Tree cover was stable between 1947 and the 1970s, but decreased from 33 % in the 1970s to 21 % in 2010. The decrease appeared driven by transition from some cover to no cover, rather than from more cover to less cover, because sites with tree cover in 2010 showed little net change during the study period. Statistical modelling showed soils derived from igneous rocks lost more cover than did the less fertile sedimentary soils, and contrary to the expectations, if drought was the cause of cover loss, sun-exposed north-facing sites did not lose more cover than south-facing ones. We argue that these temporal and spatial patterns of tree cover change are consistent with tree clearing rather than loss of remnant isolated trees due to drought-induced dieback.     

基于MODIS-EVI和CI的洞庭湖流域植被指数对气象干旱的响应

基于洞庭湖流域2000~2012年98个气象站点的综合气象干旱指数（CI）和MODIS增强型植被指数（EVI）数据，对研究时段内生长季干旱强度和EVI时空变化特征，典型春、夏、秋季干旱年月和湿润年月干旱强度和EVI的空间分布及相关性进行分析，旨在研究EVI指数能否反映大范围气象干旱事件，探讨该指数作为流域干湿状况度量标准的潜力。结果表明：（1）在年际变化上，EVI在2001、2005、2009年出现低谷值，与其对应年份的干旱强度出现高峰值；在季节变化上，干旱强度的高值段主要集中在夏秋季，低值段主要集中在冬春季；夏季EVI值最大，冬季EVI值最小；（2）去除年际变化和季节性影响的生长季干旱强度、EVI和森林覆盖率年际波动变化明显，并且干旱强度高峰值的年份对应EVI和森林覆盖率出现低值的年份；（3）典型干旱年月干旱强度高值区的空间分布与EVI距平低值区的空间分布存在高度一致性，其中夏、秋季干旱年月的干旱强度和EVI的相关系数分别通过了0.01、0.1的显著性水平检验；（4）除部分地区外，典型春夏秋季湿润年月的干旱强度空间分布与EVI距平的空间分布对应较差，两者的相关系数未通过显著性检验。上述结果表明，在典型干旱年月，流域植被的生长状况能够响应大范围的区域气象干旱情况。     

The source of anomalous radioactivity in the springs bordering the Sea of Galilee, Israel

Situated within the Jordan Rift Valley, along the shores of Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) which serves as the national water reservoir of Israel, are saline hot springs that are notable for their enrichment in radon and radium. Though the anomalous radioactivity has been known for almost half a century, the source of the radioactive anomalies has been a subject of conjecture. Radiometric analysis of a rock core drilled through Mt. Arbel, situated to the west of the lake, reveals that the oil shale sequence of the Senonian En Zetim and Ghareb formations is strikingly deficient in radium. Mt. Arbel has been cut by Rift Valley related faults that serve as conduits for ascending brines. The organic matter enriched sequence is encountered in the subsurface at elevations lower than the water level of the nearby radioactive enriched hot springs. It is thus concluded that hot ascending brines underlying the lake flush through the organic matter enriched sequence and remove a substantial percentage of 226Ra from the uranium enriched organic material, before draining to the outlets of the springs. Saline springs that are in contact with organic matter enriched sequence show excess of radium and radon, while fresh water springs in the same stratigraphic position show only excess of radon.     

洞庭湖流域近58年季节性干旱时空分布及大气环流分析

利用洞庭湖流域1960～2017年103个气象站点逐月降水数据、NCEP/NCAR再分析数据以及Z指数,对洞庭湖流域近58年来季节性干旱的时空变化和不同干旱范围等级的大气环流形势进行分析,以加强对季节性干旱的认识。结果表明:近58年洞庭湖流域Z指数存在显著的年际和年代际变化特征,表现为20世纪60年代偏旱,70与80年代干旱呈现出显著的年际旱涝转换,90年代较湿润,进入21世纪出现年代际旱涝转换。春、夏和冬季干旱多发生在1990年之前,且流域的季节性干旱在不同的年代际存在不同的空间分布特征。流域各站点多年平均干旱频率基本在10%～30%之间。从同期大气环流形势来看,EU型遥相关波列对流域各季节干旱均有重要影响,EAP型与Silk Road型遥相关在夏、秋季节对副高强度与位置有重要影响。干旱事件在春、冬季主要受制于北方冷空气的强弱,夏(秋)季在副热带高压偏弱(强)偏北时易发生较大面积干旱。     

长江流域的非平稳SPI干旱时空特征分析

全球气候变化背景下,由于降水时间序列存在非平稳性,导致利用传统的标准化降水指数(SSPI)估计的干旱可能存在较大偏差。文章基于GAMLSS模型,以气候指数作为解释变量进行参数拟合,建立一种基于可变参数的非平稳伽玛模型,计算非平稳标准化降水指数(NSPI),并与SSPI指数对比分析长江流域1962～2016年干旱时空变化特征,结果表明:(1)NSPI与SSPI变化基本一致,但非平稳伽玛模型比平稳伽玛模型更好地重现降水量以捕获当前全球气候变化背景下的降水变化。(2)长江流域1962～2016年干旱有加重趋势。上游干旱烈度、干旱历时、干旱强度和烈度峰值的变化速率分别为每10年上升0.064、0.041、0.023和0.027,而中下游则分别为0.151、0.089、0.021和0.030;干旱强度以轻至中旱为主。长江源头和四川盆地西南部干旱较严重,而金沙江和雅砻江上游及鄱阳湖南部的干旱相对轻微。(3)与SSPI相比,NSPI估计的相同干旱烈度和干旱历时的重现期较大,且估计的干旱事件相对集中。NSPI的干旱风险表明长江源头、金沙江下游和洞庭湖流域中部是高风险集中区,而川江上游和鄱阳湖东南部是低风险集中区。(4)构建的非平稳伽玛模型估计的NSPI能较好的预测各干旱特征,且对干旱烈度和干旱历时的预测性能更好。     

Residual Effect of Induced Water Stress and Nitrogen Addition on the Mycobiota in Scots Pine Stands

Mycobiota (fungi, lichens and myxomycetes) was examined in permanent plots following experiments of artificial drought (D) and nitrogen addition (N) and compared with untreated forest (C), in Scots pine stand planted on Arenosols. Species diversity and relationships between fungal community structure and environmental variables (plant species numbers and cover, bryophyte cover, soil and bark pH, tree mortality) were explored. Both D and N treatments lead to decrease of fungal species in general, however, responses of individual trophic and ecological groups varied. The strongest effect of the treatments was observed for soil fungi, especially mycorrhizal: numbers of fruiting species and ectomycorrhizal root tips decreased, and species composition has changed. Saprotrophic fungi reacted by changes in species composition but not in numbers. Of the studied environmental variables, the most significant effect on mycobiota had bryophyte and vascular plant cover as well as vascular plant species numbers.     

基于EEMD和EOF的鄱阳湖流域近550 a来旱涝时空变化

利用鄱阳湖流域及周边地区5个站点1467~2016年旱涝灾害史料，结合《中国近五百年旱涝分布图集》数据和现代器测降水资料，基于相关系数权重法集成重建了鄱阳湖流域近550 a旱涝序列。采用集合经验模态分解和经验正交函数等手段分析了鄱阳湖流域近550 a来的旱涝时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）鄱阳湖流域旱涝序列的各IMF分量变化规律符合自然信号的非线性变化的特征，主要的高频变化周期有2~3 a、7~8 a；中低频变化周期有22 a、36 a；低频变化周期有110 a、220 a等。（2）旱涝序列空间场的EOF分解表明，前4个模态的累积方差贡献率为93.68%，收敛效果明显。第一模态为区域整体变化一致；第二、三模态分别代表南北方向和东西方向上旱涝变化不一致；第四模态代表赣南地区的极端降水类型。（3）主要空间模态的时间系数功率谱分析结果表明，旱涝空间场模态的变化周期与旱涝序列EEMD分解的结果基本一致。 关键词： EEMD；EOF；旱涝变化；时空特征；鄱阳湖流域     

基于模拟土壤含水量的长江上游#br# 干旱事件时空特征分析

干旱灾害是对我国农业生产和生态环境影响最为严重的自然灾害之一，研究干旱的时空变化特征对干旱的评估、预测有重要的指导意义。研究基于VIC（Variable Infiltration Capacity）模型模拟的50km分辨率的逐日土壤含水量数据，计算土壤含水量距平指数（SMAPI）并分析了长江流域上游1953~2013年历史干旱事件的时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）VIC模型能较好的模拟出1980~2000年长江流域上游出口宜昌断面的流量过程；（2）SMAPI指数能够反映长江流域上游实际干旱的发生、发展过程和严重程度，能够较好地再现历史干旱情形；（3）通过研究长江流域上游的干旱历时 面积 强度关系发现，干旱历时一定时，随着干旱面积的增加，干旱强度总体呈增强的趋势。研究结果对于深入认识长江流域上游历史干旱长期演变特征和增强区域防旱抗旱能力具有一定的理论和实用价值。 关键词： VIC模型；土壤含水量距平指数；时空特征；长江上游     

Radial increment of larch and pine in central Yakutia as dependent on climate change over the past 120 years

The results of studies on the radial increment of larch and pine in central Yakutia are presented. The application of dendroclimatological methods to the study of tree-ring chronologies has made it possible to evaluate tree growth response to the dynamics of climatic factors over the past 120 years. The results of analysis of radial tree increment show that the onset of the growing season has shifted to earlier dates by the end of the 20th century.     

Analyzing temporal–spatial characteristics of drought events in the northern part of Cyprus

Drought in the northern part of Cyprus has become a recurrent phenomenon. In the last few decades, Cyprus has experienced significantly severe drought events occurring periodically, and this trend is now continuing. With rainfall distribution varying considerably across the region and frequent drought conditions, the water resources, agriculture, economy and the environment have been adversely affected. This study aims to investigate spatial–temporal characteristic of drought using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) at multiple timescales (3, 6 and 12 months). Monthly time series of 36 years (1977–2013) rainfall data from nine weather stations are used to derive SPI values. Based on different drought categories, this study focuses on propagation of drought from one timescale to another and estimating critical rainfall values during moderate, severe and extreme drought conditions. The analysis revealed that there is a strong correlation among different timescales in detecting drought events. On average, 79 and 78% of 3-month timescale drought propagated into 6- and 12-month drought events, respectively, while 90% of 6-month timescale drought events propagated into 12-month drought events. The derived critical rainfall value for extreme droughts over a 12-month timescale was less than 255 mm/year in the town of Alsancak, while for Guzelyurt, a major citrus growing city, this figure was less than 135 mm/year. The results are validated through drought events detected at various regions of the Mediterranean basin and local flood occurrences during the wet periods and decline in water tables at drought seasons.     

Productivity of mosses and organic matter accumulation in the litter of sphagnum larch forest in the permafrost zone

Productivity of the moss cover and necromass accumulation in the litter of a sphagnum larch forest have been estimated on the basis of tree age. It has been shown that the total carbon stock in the litter of a 100-year-old stand, including organic matter not destroyed by fire, exceeds the corresponding value for the tree stand itself by more than an order of magnitude. The accumulation of organic matter on the soil surface inhibits the growth of larch. In particular, this factor impairs hydrothermal conditions in the soil and causes a rise of the permafrost table; as a consequence, lower layers of the root system die off.     

Exploration of the Climate Sensitivity of Xylem Parenchyma in Pinus sylvestris L. in the Forest-steppe of Southern Siberia

Russian Journal of Ecology - The forest-steppe ecotone in southern Siberia is the natural transition zone from the dry steppe in the south to the wetter taiga in the north, where tree growth is...     

It is Always Dry Here: Examining Perceptions about Drought and Climate Change in the Southern High Plains

ABSTRACT

Drought is defined, experienced, and communicated about in multiple ways. This case study examines individual definitions of drought (timing, impacts, and severity) and attitudes about climate change. Household surveys (n?=?120) were conducted in Cimarron County, Oklahoma and Union County, New Mexico using a stratified random sampling method to select farmers, ranchers, and town residents. Information about drought is primarily communicated between neighbors, friends, and family, as well as media and local governing agencies. Residents perceive the recent drought to be the worst drought on record, regardless of previous drought experiences. Residents reported widespread drought-related impacts on agriculture, environment, and society. Most residents see drought as cyclical and driven by natural causes, rather than human causes. We recommend adaptive drought communication engage more fully with identity, place, and history. Climate information should be presented in a relevant manner to diverse agricultural stakeholders with differing attitudes about climate change, management, and climate information.     

Impact of industrial pollution on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) radial growth in the areas of mineral fertilizer factory “Achema”

The aim of research was to assess the changes of annual radial increment of Scots pine forests in the vicinity of intensive and moderate industrial pollution of “Achema” factory producing mineral fertilizers. Our results indicate that the radial growth of the pine tree can be divided into three different periods: growth promotion, growth inhibition and growth recovery. Low levels of nitrogen emissions were beneficial for tree growth: the radial increment in the intensive and moderate pollution zones increased by 15–25% and 10%, respectively compared to control. During the growth inhibition period, the total annual industrial emission was 37–40 kt, and 40–45% radial growth loss was observed for the closest and 15–20% for the most distant stands. The radial growth decrease slowed down and the recovery of damaged stands began in 1990–1992 then air pollution was considerably reduced. The rate of forest recovery was high for the most damaged stands: their radial growth was close to control in 2000–2011.     

基于GIS的重庆市再生稻光热资源适宜性区划

根据四川盆地东南部再生稻生长发育、产量形成与气象条件的关系，结合重庆市气候资源特点，指出影响重庆再生稻的主要气候问题是：再生稻生育期间的光热条件、抽穗扬花期的低温阴雨和休眠芽萌发期的高温干旱。以此为基础，本文选取对再生稻生长发育及产量形成影响较大、且分布差异显著的气象因子：生育期间的积温和日照时数作为再生稻气候生态区划指标；在1〖DK〗∶25万DEM的基础上，利用ARCGIS软件计算得到区划指标的空间分布，制作了精细化的重庆市再生稻光热资源适宜性区划，将重庆市再生稻栽培区划分为光温丰富再生稻适宜栽培区、热量丰富光照较丰再生稻适宜栽培区、光照丰富热量较丰再生稻较适宜栽培区和光热较丰再生稻较适宜栽培区4种类型区，对各类型区气候资源和气象灾害特点进行了分区评述；并从再生稻与其它晚秋作物协调发展、年度种植计划制定、高产栽培等方面针对性地提出了对策措施建议，促进了重庆市再生稻生产的健康发展     

Impacts of elevated atmospheric CO(2) on forest trees and forest ecosystems: knowledge gaps

Atmospheric CO(2) is rising rapidly, and options for slowing the CO(2) rise are politically charged as they largely require reductions in industrial CO(2) emissions for most developed countries. As forests cover some 43% of the Earth's surface, account for some 70% of terrestrial net primary production (NPP), and are being bartered for carbon mitigation, it is critically important that we continue to reduce the uncertainties about the impacts of elevated atmospheric CO(2) on forest tree growth, productivity, and forest ecosystem function. In this paper, I review knowledge gaps and research needs on the effects of elevated atmospheric CO(2) on forest above- and below-ground growth and productivity, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, water relations, wood quality, phenology, community dynamics and biodiversity, antioxidants and stress tolerance, interactions with air pollutants, heterotrophic interactions, and ecosystem functioning. Finally, I discuss research needs regarding modeling of the impacts of elevated atmospheric CO(2) on forests.Even though there has been a tremendous amount of research done with elevated CO(2) and forest trees, it remains difficult to predict future forest growth and productivity under elevated atmospheric CO(2). Likewise, it is not easy to predict how forest ecosystem processes will respond to enriched CO(2). The more we study the impacts of increasing CO(2), the more we realize that tree and forest responses are yet largely uncertain due to differences in responsiveness by species, genotype, and functional group, and the complex interactions of elevated atmospheric CO(2) with soil fertility, drought, pests, and co-occurring atmospheric pollutants such as nitrogen deposition and O(3). Furthermore, it is impossible to predict ecosystem-level responses based on short-term studies of young trees grown without interacting stresses and in small spaces without the element of competition. Long-term studies using free-air CO(2) enrichment (FACE) technologies or forest stands around natural CO(2) vents are needed to increase the knowledge base on forest ecosystem responses to elevated atmospheric CO(2). In addition, new experimental protocols need to continue to be developed that will allow for mature trees to be examined in natural ecosystems. These studies should be closely linked to modeling efforts so that the inference capacity from these expensive and long-term studies can be maximized.     

An economic assessment of drought effects on three grassland systems in Switzerland

This paper analyzes the economic impacts of summer drought on Swiss grassland production. We combine field trial data from drought experiments in three different grasslands in Switzerland with site-specific information on economic costs and benefits. The analysis focuses on the economic implications of drought effects on grassland yields as well as grassland composition. In agreement with earlier studies, we found rather heterogeneous yield effects of drought on Swiss grassland systems, with significantly reduced yields as a response to drought at the lowland and sub-alpine sites, but increased yields at the wetter pre-alpine site. Relative yield losses were highest at the sub-alpine site (with annual yield losses of up to 37 %). However, because income from grassland production at extensive sites relies to a large extent on ecological direct payments, even large yield losses had only limited implications in terms of relative profit reductions. In contrast, negative drought impacts at the most productive, intensively managed lowland site were dominant, with average annual drought-induced profit margin reductions of about 28 %. This is furthermore emphasized if analyzing the farm level perspective of drought impacts. Combining site-specific effects at the farm level, we found that in particular farms with high shares of lowland grassland sites suffer from summer droughts in terms of farm-level fodder production and profit margins. Moreover, our results showed that the higher competitiveness of weeds (broad-leaved dock) under drought conditions will require increasing attention on weed control measures in future grassland production systems. Taking into account that the risk of drought occurrence is expected to increase in the coming years, additional instruments to cope with drought risks in fodder production and finally farmers’ income have to be developed.     

清代1644~1911年期间珠江流域旱涝灾害时空特征分析

通过收集和整理1644~1911年珠江流域旱涝灾害历史文献资料，利用受灾县次划分旱涝等级法重建268a来的旱涝等级序列。并运用滑动平均、累积距平、EEMD、IDW等方法分析旱涝序列的时空特征。结果表明：清代1644～1911年珠江流域旱涝灾害频发，且涝灾的频次略多于旱灾，可以将1644～1911年珠江流域旱涝灾害划分为3个偏旱期和2个偏涝期，旱涝变化存在年际（准2 a、准5 a）、年代际（准10 a、准24 a和准54 a）和准世纪际（准134 a）上的3类变化周期。清代珠江流域旱涝灾害的受灾县次比在空间上存在明显的差异性，总体上洪涝灾害多于干旱灾害。珠江流域各府（州）的干旱灾害空间分布不均匀，整体上由东向西递减，洪涝灾害的频次空间分布上具有区域相连性，主要集中广东、江西两省以及云南省中部地区。