武汉东湖富营养化现状分析及治理对策

随着人口的增长和经济的快速发展,东湖的水环境污染日益严重,尤其以富营养化的危害最大。采用营养状态指数法,对武汉东湖十个湖区进行了富营养化评价,得出富营养化的水体占到整个面积的62.21%,中营养的水体占到37.79%。磷是东湖富营养化的主控因素,在明确水体中磷富集的主要原因是点源污染的前提下,分析了东湖现有治理措施和存在的问题,建议东湖富营养化的治理要因湖区而宜,在彻底控制点源污染的同时,结合生态建设,用人工湿地的方法控制面源污染,并对富营养化严重的湖区,采取底泥疏浚工程削减内源营养盐。在东湖富营养化治理的同时,必须加强对东湖的管理,健全环境立法,强化环境监督,将东湖污染的控制纳入法制化轨道。     

Structure of fouling communities formed by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Halichondria panicea</Emphasis> (Porifera: Demospongiae) in the White Sea

The structure of fouling communities formed by the sponge Halichondria panicea in the White Sea is described. On artificial substrates exposed in the sea for a long time, this sponge forms overgrowths on the colonies of long-lived organisms such as the mussel Mytilus edulis or the ascidian Styela rustica. The biomass of algae and sedentary animals (other than H. panicea) on the substrate is markedly smaller in areas colonized by this sponge than in neighboring sponge-free areas. Conversely, the biomass of both sedentary and errant polychaetes is greater in H. panicea colonies than in adjacent fouling communities.     

Ethological Structure of Freshwater Benthic and Nektobenthic Communities and Its Changes under the Influence of Abiotic and Anthropogenic Factors

Classification of the mode of life and behavior of zoobenthic, nektobenthic, and neustonic organisms was used as a basis for elucidating the formation of ethological structure of their communities in small lakes and streams of northeastern Fennoscandia. It is shown that the general response of these communities to anthropogenic impact is manifested in the reduction of the number of ethological groups. The specific response to eutrophication and heat pollution involves a decrease in the relative biomass of clingers and burrowers and an increase in the biomass of sprawling–walking and wormy animals; the response to toxic pollution and acidification is manifested in the prevalence of sprawlers–walkers.     

Assessing the Eutrophication of Shengzhong Reservoir Based on Grey Clustering Method

Abstract

Reservoir water environment is a grey system. The grey clustering method is applied to assessing the reservoir water environment to establish a relatively complete model suitable for the reservoir eutrophication evaluation and appropriately evaluate the quality of reservoir water, providing evidence for reservoir management. According to China’s lakes and reservoir eutrophication criteria and the characteristics of China’s eutrophication, as well as certain evaluation indices, the degree of eutrophication is classified into six categories with the utilization of grey classified whitening weight function to represent the boundaries of classification, to determine the clustering weight and clustering coefficient of each index in grey classifications, and the classification of each clustering object. The comprehensive evaluation of reservoir eutrophication is established on such a foundation, with Sichuan Shengzhong Reservoir as the survey object and the analysis of the data attained by several typical monitoring points there in 2006. It is found that eutrophication of Tiebian Power Generation Station, Guoyuanchang and Dashiqiao Bridge is the heaviest, Tielusi and Qinggangya the second, and Lijiaba the least. The eutrophication of this reservoir is closely relevant to the irrational exploitation in its surrounding areas, especially to the aggravation of the non-point source pollution and the increase of net-culture fishing. Therefore, it is feasible to use grey clustering in environment quality evaluation, and the point lies in the correct division of grey whitening function     

长江三峡水库水污染控制若干问题

论述了三峡水库几个重要水环境问题,对近年来三峡水库水污染控制科学研究工作进行回顾,评述了一些重要研究成果,就三峡水库水质模拟、水体富营养化、水库泥沙截留淤积和重金属污染等问题进行了深入探讨。基于国际水协会最新推出的河流水质模型,提出了三峡水库水环境模拟研究的观点和方法;基于湖泊（水库）生态动力学模型原理,在对水体中磷元素预测的基础上,从营养盐含量、水深、流速、温度因素等与富营养化非线性映射关系出发,初步建立三峡水库水体富营养化人工神经网络模型,对三峡水库水体富营养化潜势进行研究,分析讨论了一些初步结果;论述了水库泥沙截留淤积及其与水体中污染物,特别是重金属污染的相互作用;建议三峡水库近期内应予以重视的一些重要水环境科学问题。     

Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems: A global assessment

We provide a global assessment, with detailed multi-scale data, of the ecological and toxicological effects generated by inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Our synthesis of the published scientific literature shows three major environmental problems: (1) it can increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in freshwater ecosystems without much acid-neutralizing capacity, resulting in acidification of those systems; (2) it can stimulate or enhance the development, maintenance and proliferation of primary producers, resulting in eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems; (3) it can reach toxic levels that impair the ability of aquatic animals to survive, grow and reproduce. Inorganic nitrogen pollution of ground and surface waters can also induce adverse effects on human health and economy. Because reductions in SO2 emissions have reduced the atmospheric deposition of H2SO4 across large portions of North America and Europe, while emissions of NOx have gone unchecked, HNO3 is now playing an increasing role in the acidification of freshwater ecosystems. This acidification process has caused several adverse effects on primary and secondary producers, with significant biotic impoverishments, particularly concerning invertebrates and fishes, in many atmospherically acidified lakes and streams. The cultural eutrophication of freshwater, estuarine, and coastal marine ecosystems can cause ecological and toxicological effects that are either directly or indirectly related to the proliferation of primary producers. Extensive kills of both invertebrates and fishes are probably the most dramatic manifestation of hypoxia (or anoxia) in eutrophic and hypereutrophic aquatic ecosystems with low water turnover rates. The decline in dissolved oxygen concentrations can also promote the formation of reduced compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide, resulting in higher adverse (toxic) effects on aquatic animals. Additionally, the occurrence of toxic algae can significantly contribute to the extensive kills of aquatic animals. Cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and diatoms appear to be major responsible that may be stimulated by inorganic nitrogen pollution. Among the different inorganic nitrogenous compounds (NH4+, NH3, NO2-, HNO2NO3-) that aquatic animals can take up directly from the ambient water, unionized ammonia is the most toxic, while ammonium and nitrate ions are the least toxic. In general, seawater animals seem to be more tolerant to the toxicity of inorganic nitrogenous compounds than freshwater animals, probably because of the ameliorating effect of water salinity (sodium, chloride, calcium and other ions) on the tolerance of aquatic animals. Ingested nitrites and nitrates from polluted drinking waters can induce methemoglobinemia in humans, particularly in young infants, by blocking the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin. Ingested nitrites and nitrates also have a potential role in developing cancers of the digestive tract through their contribution to the formation of nitrosamines. In addition, some scientific evidences suggest that ingested nitrites and nitrates might result in mutagenicity, teratogenicity and birth defects, contribute to the risks of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and bladder and ovarian cancers, play a role in the etiology of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and in the development of thyroid hypertrophy, or cause spontaneous abortions and respiratory tract infections. Indirect health hazards can occur as a consequence of algal toxins, causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, pneumonia, gastroenteritis, hepatoenteritis, muscular cramps, and several poisoning syndromes (paralytic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning). Other indirect health hazards can also come from the potential relationship between inorganic nitrogen pollution and human infectious diseases (malaria, cholera). Human sickness and death, extensive kills of aquatic animals, and other negative effects, can have elevated costs on human economy, with the recreation and tourism industry suffering the most important economic impacts, at least locally. It is concluded that levels of total nitrogen lower than 0.5-1.0 mg TN/L could prevent aquatic ecosystems (excluding those ecosystems with naturally high N levels) from developing acidification and eutrophication, at least by inorganic nitrogen pollution. Those relatively low TN levels could also protect aquatic animals against the toxicity of inorganic nitrogenous compounds since, in the absence of eutrophication, surface waters usually present relatively high concentrations of dissolved oxygen, most inorganic reactive nitrogen being in the form of nitrate. Additionally, human health and economy would be safer from the adverse effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to the Black Sea in 1970–2050

Increased nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) inputs are major causes of eutrophication in the coastal waters of the Black Sea. The objective of this study is to analyze the past and future trends in river export of nitrogen and phosphorus to the coastal waters of the Black Sea and to assess the associated potential for coastal eutrophication. The Global NEWS-2 (Nutrient Export from WaterSheds) model was used for this purpose. Currently, most eutrophication occurs in the North Black Sea and the Azov Sea. In the future, however, this may change. We analyzed trends up to 2050 on the basis of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) scenarios. The results indicate that nutrient loads in rivers draining into the North Black Sea and the Azov Sea may decrease in the coming decades as a result of agricultural trends and environmental policy. However, in these scenarios, the targets of the Black Sea Convention are not met. In the South Black Sea, there is currently little eutrophication. But this may change because of increases in nutrient inputs from sewage in the future.     

Periphyton Developed on Artificial Substrates: Effect of Substrate Type and Incubation Depth

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of substrate type and incubation depth on periphyton that had developed on artificial substrates. Uniform rectangular tiles made out of artificial substrates: glass, ceramic, willow tree and yew tree, were fixed on a floating buoy and deployed at three different depths in a photic zone of the Sava Lake (Belgrade, Serbia). Non-taxonomic attributes in the developed biofilm were estimated week-by-week from the start of the experiment in July, until its end in September 2014. Through assessment of substrate type and depth of incubation effect we concluded that these parameters for the fact influence periphyton development and composition. Glass was preferred by autotrophic component over ceramic and wooden substrates. In general, substrate type effect was diminished by increasing incubation depth. When non-taxonomic parameters are to be used in biomonitoring studies, our results suggest that glass substrate and shallow layer of water column (up to 50 cm) for incubation should be preferred.     

Assessing the Eutrophication of Shengzhong Reservoir Based on Grey Clustering Method

Reservoir water environment is a grey system. The grey clustering method is applied to assessing the reservoir water enviromnent to establish a relatively complete model suitable for the reservoir eutrophication evaluation and appropriately evaluate the quality of reservoir water, providing evidence for reservoir management. According to China＇s lakes and reservoir eutrophication criteria and the characteristics of China＇s eutrophication, as well as certain evaluation indices, the degree of eutrophication is classified into six categories with the utilization of grey classified whitening weight function to represent the boundaries of classification, to determine the clustering weight and clustering coefficient of each index in grey classifications, and the classification of each clustering object. The comprehensive evaluation of reservoir eutrophication is established on such a foundation, with Sichuan Shengzhong Reservoir as the survey object and the analysis of the data attained by several typical monitoring points there in 2006. It is found that eutrophication of Tiebian Power Generation Station, Guoyuanchang and Dashiqiao Bridge is the heaviest, Tielusi and Qinggangya the second, and Lijiaba the least. The eutrophication of this reservoir is closely relevant to the irrational exploitation in its surrounding areas, especially to the aggravation of the non-point source pollution and the increase of net-culture fishing. Therefore, it is feasible to use grey clustering in environment quality evaluation, and the point lies in the correct division of grey whitening function     

长江流域大型水库富营养化特征及成因分析

在对长江流域27座大型水库营养状况调查评价的基础上,深入分析了大型水库富营养化的特征和成因。结果表明水库富营养化状况与水库类型、水库流域的位置和水库的功能存在着明显的关系,湖泊型水库富营养化程度高于河道型水库,以灌溉为主的水库富营养化程度高于以发电为主的水库;调查的14座河道型水库和13座湖泊型水库中,分别有21.4%的河道型水库和69.2%的湖泊型水库达到富营养化水平;以发电为主的水库30%已达到富营养标准,而以灌溉为主的水库中达到富营养的占53.8%。另外,水库的富营养化程度与水文情势的变化密切相关,通过水位或水滞留时间的调节,对营养物质、藻类组成和现存量进行调控,影响水库富营养化进程。最后,提出对水文情势的调控是控制水库富营养化的有效措施之一。     

Activity of Beavers as an Ecological Factor Affecting the Zooplankton of Small Rivers

The role of beavers in the transformation of small rivers is elucidated by analyzing the taxonomic and trophic structure of zooplankton in ponds differing in age, water flow rate, and the degree of overgrowing with higher aquatic plants. The building activity of beavers in the river system promotes the formation of biotopes of the ecotone type, in which the planktonic invertebrate community develops some features similar to or different from those of zooplanktonic communities from lakes and rivers undergoing anthropogenic eutrophication. The main distinctive feature of response to this activity in zooplankton is that its development reaches a plateau at the early and middle stages of succession, compared to that under conditions of anthropogenic eutrophication. For small rivers, the concept of zoogenic eutrophication (in addition to anthropogenic) is proposed.     

基于贝叶斯公式的湖泊富营养化随机评价方法及其验证

为了准确评价湖泊所处的营养状态,进而为湖泊富营养化的防治提供科学依据,提出了基于贝叶斯公式的湖泊富营养化随机评价方法。该法通过计算单个水质指标属于某个评价级别的概率,由最大似然分类原则确定单个水质指标的评价级别,并采用加权平均法推求湖泊富营养化多个水质指标的综合评价级别,具有方法简单、计算工作量小的特点。经全国30个湖泊实测水质资料的验证,随机评价方法与模糊评价方法和灰色评价方法相比较,有29个湖泊评价结果的差异小于等于一个级别,其比例为96.6％,说明这三种富营养化评价方法的计算精度相当。根据各项评价指标与叶绿素的相关系数,计算各项水质指标在富营养化评价中所占权重的方法,适用于浮游植物型湖泊,如果采取等权重方法,则适用于任何类型的湖泊。确定湖泊富营养化评价的水质指标个数和种类的选择具有不确定性,确定湖泊富营养化的评价级别和各个级别对应的水质标准浓度也具有不确定性,因此湖泊富营养化的评价方法具有不确定性。应采用多种途径对湖泊富营养化的评价方法进行研究,并取长补短,使评价结果更趋合理。     

南水北调东线湖群水体营养状态评价及其限制因子研究

湖泊富营养化问题是我国湖泊保护面临的紧迫问题,开展湖泊营养状态评价及其限制因子研究,对于富营养化湖泊治理和生态系统修复具有重要意义。该研究以南水北调东线工程调蓄湖群-高邮湖、洪泽湖、骆马湖、南四湖、东平湖为研究区域,于2018年4月非调水期和10月调水期对调蓄湖群109个样点开展了系统监测,采用综合营养状态指数法对调蓄湖群营养状态进行了评价,运用多元统计分析方法分析了湖群富营养化特征及其限制因子。结果表明:同一水期内调蓄湖泊间水质指标不尽相同,各调蓄湖泊非调水期水质优于调水期,影响水质达标的主要因子为总氮和总磷。调蓄湖群调水期均处于轻度富营养状态,非调水期均处于中营养状态,非调水期优于调水期。透明度和叶绿素a是决定调蓄湖群富营养化水平的限制性因子。     

Correction to: Opportunities to reduce nutrient inputs to the Baltic Sea by improving manure use efficiency in agriculture

While progress has been made in reducing external nutrient inputs to the Baltic Sea, further actions are needed to meet the goals of the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP), especially for the Baltic Proper, Gulf of Finland, and Gulf of Riga sub-basins. We used the net anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs (NANI and NAPI, respectively) nutrient accounting approach to construct three scenarios of reduced NANI-NAPI. Reductions assumed that manure nutrients were redistributed from areas with intense animal production to areas that focus on crop production and would otherwise import synthetic and mineral fertilizers. We also used the Simple as Necessary Baltic Long Term Large Scale (SANBALTS) model to compare eutrophication conditions for the scenarios to current and BSAP-target conditions. The scenarios suggest that reducing NANI-NAPI by redistributing manure nutrients, together with improving agronomic practices, could meet 54–82% of the N reductions targets (28–43 kt N reduction) and 38–64% P reduction targets (4–6.6 kt P reduction), depending on scenario. SANBALTS output showed that even partial fulfillment of nutrient reduction targets could have ameliorating effects on eutrophication conditions. Meeting BSAP targets will require addressing additional sources, such as sewage. A common approach to apportioning sources to external nutrients loads could enable further assessment of the feasibility of eutrophication management targets.

     

Hunting Selectivity and Its Influence on the Structure of Sable Populations in the Cis-Ural Region

The structure of commercial sable samples from the Cis-Ural region was studied taking into account hunting method (shooting or trapping). The proportion of adult animals was found to be significantly lower in samples taken during the first half of the hunting season, compared to the second half, indicating predominant harvesting of young animals. To estimate the degree of hunting selectivity (I), the ratios of demographic groups among shot and trapped animals were calculated. The results confirmed the fact of selective hunting for underyearlings both by shooting (I = 1.49–1.60 for the Cis-Ural region and I = 2.46–3.37 for the Western Sayan Mountains) and by trapping (I = 2.80–4.37), especially during the first half of winter. Samples taken during the second half of the season were characterized by prevalence of adult animals making up the reproductive core of the population (I = 1.43–2.07). It is considered that the process of reproduction in Cis-Ural sable populations in the 1960s to 1980s was stimulated by intensive commercial hunting. To maintain reproduction of sable populations at a safe level, it is necessary to reduce the period of hunting in the first quarter of the year. It is proposed to use the phenomenon of hunting selectivity for managing sable populations, regulating their exploitation, and improving the economic productivity of habitats. Commercial hunting in terms of its impact on the population can act as a factor of conscious or unconscious artificial selection.     

Heterotrophic Nano- and Microplankton under Conditions of Anthropogenic Eutrophication of the Bay of Novorossiisk

Seasonal and long-term dynamics of heterotrophic plankton in the Bay of Novorossiisk are discussed. It is shown that specific variation in the biomass of nanoheterotrophs and infusoria is associated with the processes of anthropogenic water eutrophication. The biomass of infusoria has increased ten times and that of zooflagellates two times since 1985–1986. Infusoria of the genera Strombidium, Strobilidium, and Mesodiniumare dominant in the protozoan plankton. The annual average level of Oligotrichadevelopment in the bay is characteristic of eutrophic water bodies (112–417 mg/m³); in the spring–summer season, however, it may increase to 500–1034 mg/m³. In the part of the bay near the port, which is exposed to a strong anthropogenic impact, the biomass of ciliate protozoa can reach 2 g/m³.     

Coastal marine eutrophication assessment: a review on data analysis

A wide variety of data analysis techniques have been applied for quantitative assessment of coastal marine eutrophication. Indicators for assessing eutrophication and frequency distributions have been used to develop scales for characterizing oligotrophy and eutrophication. Numerical classification has also contributed to the assessment of eutrophic trends by grouping sampling sites of similar trophic conditions. Applications of eutrophication assessment based on Principal Component Analysis and Multidimensional Scaling have also been carried out. In addition, the rapid development of Geographical Information Systems has provided the framework for applications of spatial methods and mapping techniques on eutrophication studies. Satellite data have also contributed to eutrophication assessment especially at large scale. Multiple criteria analysis methods can integrate eutrophication variables together with socio-economic parameters providing a holistic approach particularly useful to policy makers. As the current concept of eutrophication problems is to be examined as part of a coastal management approach, more complex quantitative procedures are needed to provide a platform useful for implementation of environmental policy. The present work reviews methods of data analysis used for the assessment of coastal marine eutrophication. The difficulties in applying these methods on data collected from the marine environment are discussed as well as the future perspectives of spatial and multiple criteria choice methods.     

基于探索性数据分析的汉丰湖富营养化驱动因子研究

为了探究汉丰湖富营养化驱动因子和营养状况，基于2014年水质监测数据，应用探索性数据分析方法初步研究了汉丰湖水动力条件与环境因子的相关性、水质主成分、相关环境因子熵权和营养健康指数。回归分析结果表明：水位与透明度呈正相关，流量与DO呈负相关，与流速呈负相关的因子为Chla、CODMn、NH+4-N和DTP；主成分分析提取的3个主成分分别反映了营养盐、有机污染以及藻类信息；DO、TN和TP的熵权表明汉丰湖水体的富营养状况受制于耗氧有机污染和氮、磷营养盐；营养健康指数S1>S3>S6（湖心）>S7（湖尾）>S5（湖首）>S4>S2。汉丰湖水体营养状况介于中营养到轻富营养，其中南河营养状态较高，湖心营养程度高于湖首和湖尾。减少有机污染物、营养盐的输入和改善局部水域的水动力条件可抑制藻类生长，有利于防治富营养化。 关键词： 探索性数据分析；汉丰湖；富营养化；驱动因子；水动力条件；主成分；熵权；营养健康指数     

湖北省主要大中型水库富营养状况及特征分析

水库在城市供水、工业用水、水产养殖、农业灌溉、水利防汛以及景观旅游等方面发挥着重要的作用，但随着社会经济的发展，部分水库的富营养化状况日益严重，成为影响社会经济发展的重大环境问题。通过在2010年的3、6、7、10月对湖北省30座主要大中型水库进行布点采样，对水体的水质状况分别进行了调查、监测，采用《地表水环境质量标准》湖库标准进行水质类别分析，采用湖库营养状态指数法对湖泊富营养化评价, 并运用因子聚类分析方法对这些水库进行了类型划分。结果表明：30座大、中型水库有14座水库水质类别为Ⅱ类~Ⅲ类, 占467%; 有8座水库水质类别为IV类，占267%；有8座水库水质类别为Ⅴ类或劣Ⅴ类，占267%；除白云湖水库为轻富营养化外，其余29座水库均属中营养状态；氨氮、磷作为营养物质是这些水库富营养化的主要影响因素，溶解氧对水体富营养化有重要影响，总氮、水温和有机物污染对水体富营养化产生较大影响；30座水库聚类分为城市工业废水污染源型、生活污水污染源型、农业非点源污染源型和养殖轻污染型4种水库类型。针对水库的污染类型，分别提出了减缓防治措施     

城市湖泊富营养化对水生植物叶片C、N、P化学计量特征的影响

为研究城市湖泊富营养化对水生植物叶片元素组成的影响,在植物生长季,对南京3个湖泊的6种常见水生植物进行碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量学研究,并分析驱动水生植物叶片元素变化的关键环境因子。结果表明:(1)水生植物叶片C、N、P含量变化范围分别为397.03～672.70、10.63～39.16及1.15～13.30 mg/g,叶片C/N、C/P及N/P变化范围分别为13.15～50.36、31.39～458.60及1.88～19.06,其中叶片P含量变异最大,叶片C含量变异最小;(2) Spearman相关性分析表明,芦苇(Phragmites australis)、睡莲(Nymphaea tetragona)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)叶片元素组成与湖泊富营养化综合指数具有显著相关性,叶片P含量随湖泊富营养指数升高而增加,叶片C/P及N/P随之减小;(3) RDA分析表明,春季水生植物叶片C、N、P含量及C/N/P变化主要受水体高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))和底泥总有机碳(SOC)含量的共同影响,夏季主要受水体总磷(TP_W)浓度的影响,秋季主要受底泥总磷(TP_S)含量的影响。