上海人口郊区化与城市可持续发展

人口郊区化是大城市发展的必然趋势。本文分析了上海人口郊区化的特征及其动因 ,并阐述了人口郊区化对上海人口与经济、社会、环境的相互协调和实现可持续发展的作用。     

世博后上海人口分布新态势

世博后上海经济社会发展转型、现代化城市基础设施和全面调整优化空间载体战略布局等因素将对上海人口分布产生重要影响.该文利用灰色理论模型对人口分布变动进行预测,结果表明:2010-2020年期间,上海市人口继续向郊区集聚,近郊区是人口集聚和流动的最显著区域,同时远郊区常住人口集聚的增长速度开始超过近郊区,成为人口迁移和流动的主要区域.今后一段时期内近郊区和远郊区为上海产业发展和人口布局调整提供空间,近郊区和远郊区的新城镇将成为重点建设区域,上海将加快形成城乡一体化发展的新格局.建议:加强人口发展战略和规划研究,解决土地规划、产业规划和人口规划的问题,统筹考虑土地、产业、人口之间的协调发展;实施城市人口发展功能区战略,引导人口有序流动和迁移,使上海城市人口空间布局与城市形态、区域功能和资源环境协调发展;加强流动人口均等化服务,建立健全流动人口基本公共服务均等化投入保障机制.     

上海市人口分布变动的空间特征分析

空间自相关分析是一种空间统计的方法。可以揭示区域变量的空间结构形态。通过对2000-2003年期间上海市乡镇人口密度变化率的空间相关性分析，发现上海市近几年人口分布空间变动格局表现为以中心城区为中心的环状分布模式，中心城区和远郊区人口密度变化小。人口增长缓慢，而近郊区人口密度变化大，人口增长迅速。全市人口密度变化率存在着显著的空间集聚现象。四种类型的空间关联在空间分布上具有明显的规律性。研究结果表明，目前上海市人口郊区化趋势明显。高人口密度区域在不断向外扩张，人口分布与经济、交通等社会发展因素的关系日益密切。这些研究结果说明利用空间自相关统计方法能够扩展和加强对人口分布空间模式的研究．从而为经济总体布局和城市化建设提供辅助参考作用。     

江苏省生态足迹动态分解及区域差异

测算了江苏省2005~2015年间的生态足迹,构建LMDI生态足迹分解模型分析了土地结构、技术、经济和人口因素对生态足迹变动的影响,并利用基尼系数、对数离差均值和泰尔指数分别测算江苏省生态足迹主要影响因素的差异。结果表明:江苏省人均生态足迹从2005年的2.82 hm2/人增长到2015年的3.88 hm2/人,年增长率为3.24%。土地结构变动、经济快速发展和人口递增对生态足迹的增长起推动作用;科学技术的进步可以抑制资源消耗。技术和经济水平是影响江苏省生态足迹变动的主要因素,总体差异在逐年递减,苏南、苏中、苏北区域间存在明显差异。江苏省应加强区际协调发展,促进苏南、苏中、苏北三大区域的技术学习、经济互补。     

耕地资源流失与经济发展的关系分析

正确协调“吃饭”与“建设”的关系，处理耕地保护与经济发展的矛盾，直接关系到国家的社会稳定和经济持续发展。具有重要的现实意义。文章选择深圳、东莞、上海、无锡、武汉五个城市作为研究区域。搜集上述城市近20年来耕地资源流失量及人均GDP统计数据。分析耕地面积减少与经济发展的关系规律。研究结果表明，耕地资源流失量最初随着人均GDP的增加而增加。当越过某一个阈值后。就开始随着人均GDP的增长而降低。虽然这样的演化规律受政策及其他相关因素的影响有所波动。出现阶段性变化。但基本上仍吻合库兹涅茨曲线的一般特征；耕地资源流失量下降的阈值受城市经济、消费水平的影响，有所差异，上述五城市的阈值在5192元至17751元之间；相应地，二、三产业在城市国内生产总值相应所占的份额基本在86％～97％之间变动。     

区域能源消费碳排放峰值预测及可控性研究

探讨不同因素对能源消费碳排放峰值的影响,对国家(地区)低碳政策具有重要意义。本文以吉林省为例,根据低碳社会发展各个不同阶段设定低碳情景、节能-低碳情景、节能情景和基准情景等4种情景,基于扩展STIRPAT模型,对能源消费碳排放进行预测,峰值时间分别为2029年、2036年、2040年和2045年,对应峰值依次为264.0×106t,356.2×106t,430.0×106t和477.3×106t。在此基础上,对吉林省能源消费碳排放展开可控性研究,探讨各因素变化对峰值大小和峰值时间的影响,分析表明各因素对峰值均有不同程度的影响,其中人口、城市化率只影响峰值大小,人均GDP、碳排放强度和第二产业占比对峰值时间和大小均有一定影响,三种因素分别从低速率提升至高速率时,人均GDP将导致峰值时间推迟,而碳排放强度和第二产业占比则将推动峰值时间提前;进一步定量分析各因素影响程度,依次为:人均GDP第二产业占比碳排放强度城市化率人口。根据研究结果对吉林省政策次序提出建议,在保证经济发展质量的基础上,控制经济增长速度、优先调整产业结构、降低碳排放强度、合理规划推进城镇化进程。     

基于不同尺度的湘鄂赣地区传统村落空间分异及影响因素

分析区域传统村落的空间分异及影响因素,可为传统村落的整体保护与分区保护提供理论支撑,也可为制定保护政策提供科学依据。以湘鄂赣地区550个传统村落为研究对象,运用空间分析方法和数理统计方法,从市域、县域两个尺度探讨传统村落的空间分异及影响因素。结果表明:湘鄂赣地区传统村落具有分布广泛、局部集中的特征,分布形态呈集聚型,且县域尺度的集聚特征比市域尺度更明显;江汉-洞庭湖平原为低低集聚区域,传统村落分布稀疏。在两个尺度上,传统村落数量均与平均海拔、年均降雨量呈正相关,与河流密度、年均气温、公路密度、城镇化率、人均GDP、人口密度呈负相关。平均海拔、公路密度在市域尺度对传统村落的分布影响显著,年均气温、年均降雨量、人均GDP在县域尺度对传统村落的分布影响显著。自然地理因素是湘鄂赣地区传统村落形成的环境基础,并通过影响社会经济活动进而影响传统村落的保存。     

新疆能源强度影响因素及其治理策略

在发展低碳经济的趋势下,新疆过高的能源强度成为其自身发展和全国节能工作的"短板",会给我国的节能减排工作造成越来越难以解决的障碍,因此新疆面临严峻的节能减排挑战。能源强度(单位GDP能耗)是一个地区能源综合利用效率指标,受到多方面因素的影响。本文编制了1992、1997、2002和2007年新疆30部门能源投入产出表,采用投入产出结构分解方法(SDA),全面并深入分析GDP变动、单位产出能耗(即直接能源消耗系数)、技术变动和最终需求(包括消费规模、消费结构、投资规模、投资结构和净出口)变动对新疆生产能源强度的影响效应,并基于节能降耗角度分析技术变动和最终需求对产业结构变动的影响效应。结果表明:1992-2007年技术变动、消费规模、消费结构、投资规模和投资结构均对新疆生产能源强度的降低起抑制作用,并推动了产业结构中低能耗部门比重的下降。最后结合测算结果与新疆资源经济的特殊性,从技术投入、投资与消费引导以及民生扶持等方面提出了新疆能源强度治理策略建议。     

江浙沪地区历史重大洪涝灾害情景下的人口和GDP物理暴露量分析

利用江浙沪地区1644～1949年洪涝灾害数据库,基于年受灾县次,对该地区历史重大洪涝灾害年进行了辨识,并以历史重大洪涝灾害为情景,对其重现于2010年的人口和GDP物理暴露量进行分析,得到以下结论：(1）按受灾县次划分,1644～1949年江浙沪地区重大洪涝灾害频率在50～100年一遇的为1670年、1683年、1804年;100～300年一遇的为1823年、1849年;300年一遇的为1931年;（2）重大洪涝灾害暴露区主要集中于长江三角洲地区;（3）6次重大洪涝灾害情景下,人口物理暴露量基本超过2010年该区人口总量的40%,而GDP物理暴露量则几乎超过了其总量的50%;（4）江苏受灾最为明显,上海受灾幅度波动最大,尤其是在100年一遇洪涝灾害前后受灾影响差距很大,浙江受灾影响相对稳定;（5）该区人口、GDP物理暴露量并不一定与受灾县次呈典型的正相关关系,可能与其人口、经济分布格局等因素有关     

上海市产业结构和能源结构的变动对碳排放的影响及应对策略

节能减排是政府工作的一项重要任务，为了给上海碳排放政策的制订提供有效的参考依据并提出合理的应对策略，采用IPCC 2006年提出的各类能源排放二氧化碳量的计算方法，根据近年来上海工业能源消耗和GDP增长及产业结构变化相关数据，分析了上海城市的碳排放变化趋势，探讨了产业结构和能源结构变动对碳排放量的影响。研究表明，能源结构的变动尤其是高排碳的煤类能源比重下降，热、电等能源比重上升，是上海万元GDP碳排放量下降的主要原因。针对能源结构的发展趋势，提出继续优化能源结构，降低煤类能源比重，鼓励使用电、热类能源，促进产业结构升级，尤其是促进第三产业的发展，利用上海周边资源开发潮汐能等新能源促进能源类型的多元化等多种应对策略。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

The Phenomenon of Pseudoviviparity in Alpine and Arctomontane Grasses (DeschampsiaBeauv., FestucaL., and PoaL.)

It is known that pseudoviviparous plant taxa are most numerous in the Arctic and high mountain regions, where they sometimes account for a noticeable part of the local flora and play an important phytocenotic role. The complex of pseudoviviparous taxa is an interesting model for investigating the processes of hybridogenic speciation, as various mechanisms stabilizing the hybrid genetic systems proved to be effective in them. In particular, this concerns vast and taxonomically complex groups such as the genera Deschampsia, Festuca, and Poa.In this paper, published data on the taxonomy, chromosome numbers, and distribution of pseudoviviparous grasses in the Arctic regions and subarctic mountain systems are reviewed.     

Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as evidenced by data from a duplicate diet study, indoor air, house dust, and biomonitoring in Germany

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. As part of the Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey (INES), this study aimed to characterize the exposure of an adult German population using duplicate diet samples, which were collected daily over seven consecutive days, and indoor air and house dust measurements. Our study population consisted of 27 female and 23 male healthy subjects, aged 14–60 years, all of whom resided in 34 homes in southern Bavaria. In these 34 residences the air was sampled using glass fiber filters and polyurethane foams and the dust was collected from used vacuum cleaner bags.The median (95th percentile) daily dietary intake of six Tetra- to HeptaBDE congeners was 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (3.3 ng/kg b.w.) or 67.8 ng/day (208 ng/day) (calculated from the 7-day median values of each study subject). Concentrations in indoor air and dust (cumulative Tri- to DecaBDE congener readings) ranged from 8.2 to 477 pg/m³ (median: 37.8 pg/m³) and 36.6 to 1580 ng/g (median: 386 ng/g), respectively. For some congeners, we identified a significant correlation between air and dust levels.The median (95th percentile) blood concentration of total Tetra- to HexaBDE congener readings was 5.6 (13.2) ng/g lipid. No significant sex differences were observed, but higher blood concentrations were found in younger participants. Using a simplified toxicokinetic model to predict the body burden from exposure doses led to results that were of the same order of magnitude as the measured blood concentrations.Based on these measurements and given our exposure assumptions, we estimated for the total tetra- to heptabrominated congener count an average (high) comprehensive total daily intake of 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (2.5 ng/kg b.w.). Overall, our results suggest that dietary exposure is the dominant intake pathway at least in our study population, responsible for 97% (average intake) and 95% (high intake) of the total intake of an adult population.     

A new general mechanistic river model for radionuclides from single pulse fallouts which can be run by readily accessible driving variables

This paper presents a new general, process-based river model for substances such as radionuclides from single pulse fallouts. The new model has been critically tested using data from 13 European rivers contaminated by radiocesium from the Chernobyl accident. This modelling approach gives radionuclide concentrations in water (total, dissolved and particulate phases; and also concentrations in sediments and fish, but the latter aspects are not discussed in this paper) at defined river sites. The model is based on processes in the upstream river stretch and in the upstream catchment area. The catchment area is differentiated into inflow ( approximately dry land) areas and outflow ( approximately wetland) areas. The model also accounts for time-dependent fixation of substances in the catchment. The catchment area sub-model is based on a previous catchment model, which has been tested with very good results for radiocesium, radiostrontium and Ca-concentrations (from liming operations). The new river model is simple to apply in practice since all driving variables may be readily accessed from maps and standard monitoring programs. The driving variables are: latitude, altitude, continentality, catchment area, mean annual precipitation, soil type (percentages or organic and sandy soils), fallout and month of fallout. Modelled values have been compared to independent empirical data from 10 rivers sites (91 data on radiocesium in water) covering a wide domain (catchment areas from 4000 to 180 000 km(2), precipitation from 500 to 960 mm/yr and fallout from 1700 to 660 000 Bq/m(2)). The new model predicts very well--when modelled values are compared to empirical data, the slope is perfect (1.0) and the r(2)-value is 0.90. This is good giving the fact that there are also uncertainties in the empirical data, which set a limit to the achieved predictive power, as expressed by the r(2)-value.     

Conservation, commercialisation and confusion: harvesting of Ischyrolepis in a coastal forest, South Africa

Harvesting of non-timber forest products is an integral component of rural livelihoods throughout the developing world. At times this is at odds with conservation objectives. Reconciliation of the two requires examination of local level contexts and needs. This paper reports on the harvesting needs for Ischyrolepis by a rural community in South Africa, against the setting that they had recently been prohibited from harvesting by the local conservation officials. Interviews were conducted with conservation officials to understand the reasoning for the prohibition. Local demand for Ischyrolepis was assessed by household surveys, as well as in-depth interviews with traders. The density and size class distribution of Ischyrolepis was determined using transects. The total annual demand for Ischyrolepis was determined to be approximately only 2.7% of the standing crop. The bulk of the annual demand was for small-scale trade, the income from which was a primary source of income for the few harvesters. Very little evidence could be found indicating that harvesting was damaging the resource or its habitat, and local knowledge suggested that the abundance of the species was stimulated by harvesting. Even if market demand were to increase, the size of the shoots required means that less than 20% of the standing crop could be harvested annually. Current regulations around harvesting are in a state of revision, and hence confusion prevails regarding if harvesting is permissible, and if so, under what conditions, which is detrimental to both conservation and livelihoods. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Radionuclide content of building materials and associated gamma dose rates in Egyptian dwellings

Studies have been carried out to determine the natural radioactivity in some building materials (bricks, tiles, marble and ceramics) and their associated radiation hazard. The radioactivity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K were measured using a gamma spectrometer with a Hp–Ge detector. The activities of ²³⁸U and ²³⁴U were measured using an alpha-spectrometer with a surface barrier detector after applying a radiochemical procedure. The ²³⁴U/²³⁸U isotopic ratios were calculated. The radium equivalent activities and the radiation hazard index associated with the natural radionuclides were calculated. A computer program was developed and applied to calculate the dose rate a person will receive from the walls of a room constructed from the studied building materials.     

Education for Sustainable Development: The Johannesburg Summit and Beyond

The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), held in Johannesburg during 26 August and 4 September 2002, was a truly remarkable event, not least because it identified and committed the world community to what has to be done to realise Agenda 21 objectives. Discussion begins with the "means of implementation" of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPI). Education for, and raising awareness of, sustainable development are the key commitments in the "means of implementation". The issues central to these commitments are discussed. The crucial role of moral philosophy in education for sustainable development is then discussed. Defining the "problem" as lack of progress (in fact negative progress between Rio and Johannesburg) towards global sustainable development, a cause–effect relationship of the "problem" is developed based on a systematic and logical analysis. It shows that the "cause" is West's profoundly materialistic, environment-degrading and exploitative attitude and activities to satisfy grossly unsustainable, hedonistic and insatiably avaricious Western life-styles – life-styles that are held up by the West as "ideal" fruits of economic "development" to be aspired by all. The "effects" are pollution of air, water and soil; mounting loss of biodiversity, ecosystems and species; relentlessly widening north–south divide, etc. It is argued that while science and technology can address some of the "effects", they cannot address the "cause". Only moral philosophy can by fundamentally re-orienting moral values genuinely to respect nature and the environment. Based on sound and tested principles of Educational Psychology, a proposal is then made for including moral philosophy in the formal curricula (content and pedagogy) of primary, secondary and higher education for instilling in children and young people genuinely environment-respecting moral values. To this end a generic syllabus for the secondary level is proposed. Finally, it is argued that if the scientific community really believes that science or technology alone can radically change the pervasive environment-degrading moral values to those that genuinely respect the environment, thus paving the way to real global sustainability, then it must demonstrate how this could be done and explain why, despite their abundant science and technology, the developed nations are the biggest polluters and consumers with grossly unsustainable life-styles. Certainly, examples would be much more convincing than rhetoric or tired old clichés about how science and technology alone could deliver global sustainable development.