向家坝水电站不同修复模式下根际土壤微生物化学计量特征

为探究水电站扰动区人工植被恢复后土壤质量及肥力的变化，以向家坝植被混凝土、厚层基材和框格梁3种典型边坡下优势物种荩草根际与非根际土壤为研究对象，对土壤的养分和微生物生态化学计量比进行研究。结果表明：（1）植被混凝土、厚层基材样地的养分平均含量均显著高于框格梁样地；植被混凝土、框格梁样地下土壤养分含量在根际存在一定的富集，以有机碳的富集作用最为明显，而厚层基材样地则表现为土壤全量养分在根际土壤中存在亏缺;（2）植被混凝土和框格梁修复模式样地的土壤微生物量为根际土壤较高，MBC/MBN、MBC/MBP表现为非根际土壤较高，3种样地下根际与非根际土壤微生物生态化学计量比差异性显著（P＜0.05）;（3）相关性分析表明，土壤微生物碳、微生物氮、有机碳和全氮之间具有显著的正相关性（P＜0.01），微生物量磷与土壤有机碳和全磷具有极显著的正相关性（P＜0.01）。综合评价十数年后向家坝水电站工程扰动区人工修复土壤技术，植被混凝土和厚层基材修复措施对该区土壤全量养分含量的累积作用较好，框格梁样地的植物生长发育受到磷素营养的限制较大。     

水量衡算条件下人工湿地对有机物的去除

构建了芦苇和无植物人工湿地,在系统水量衡算的基础上比较了两种湿地对生活污水中有机物的去除效果。结果表明,在植物收割后的冬季,有植物湿地对有机物的去除率低于无植物湿地2.2%;在其他季节,芦苇湿地对污水CODCr的去除率比无植物的高出3.2%～4.2%,但对BOD5的去除率却比无植物的低了1.8%～3.4%。有植物湿地对有机物的去除效果比无植物湿地有所改善,但是提高不多。比较了两种系统的氧化还原电位,有植物湿地比无植物湿地高（P<0.05）,这种提高主要集中在湿地水面以下约15 cm的范围,从整体来看,两块湿地内部氧化还原状态大体相同,主要是强还原环境。比较了两块湿地基质中降解有机物的细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量,二者没有明显的差别,但是,有植物湿地的根际效应明显。考察了湿地进水有机负荷与去除量的关系,二者呈现显著的线性相关性(R2>0.96)。      

崇明东滩围垦芦苇生长、繁殖和生物量分配对大气温度升高的响应

应用开顶式生长室(OTCs)模拟增温试验，研究了上海市崇明岛东滩湿地围垦区芦苇的生长、繁殖和生物量分配对温度升高的响应。结果表明：温度升高使株高显著增加，但对茎粗的影响不明显。与对照相比，升温显著增加了叶长、叶宽、叶面积；但却显著减少了叶面积比率(LAR)和比叶面积(SLA)，对叶长/叶宽，叶质比(LMR)无显著影响。研究发现，升温使开花个体数、开花率、花序高、花颈长、花数以及种子数量均显著减少，对芦苇的繁殖起到抑制作用。此外，升温时地上部分各层生物量显著增加，而且从下到上增加程度逐渐增大；根、茎、叶的生物量显著增加；花的生物量显著减少。升温对根各层生物量影响不同，上层生物量显著增加，中层显著减少，下层变化不明显。进一步研究表明，升温使根和花生物量占总生物量的比例显著下降，茎和叶生物量所占比例显著升高。     

川西亚高山云杉叶凋落物质量损失过程及土壤生物的作用

采用分解袋法,研究了川西亚高山云杉纯林与混交林叶凋落物的质量损失过程及土壤动物与微生物的作用。结果如下:(1)云杉叶凋落物分解过程中,土壤动物数量总体呈下降趋势,即土壤动物主要在分解前期发挥作用,其中,大型土壤动物早期以植食性的蛴螬为主,中期以捕食性的石蜈蚣为主,后期以腐食性的马陆为主;中小型土壤动物始终以螨类、跳虫和线虫为优势类群;相关分析表明线虫数量与云杉叶凋落物分解速率相关性最大,大型土壤动物次之。(2)云杉叶凋落物分解过程中,微生物数量总体呈上升趋势,即土壤微生物主要在分解后期发挥作用,进一步相关分析表明真菌数量与云杉叶凋落物分解速率相关性大于细菌和放线菌。(3)云杉纯林叶凋落物分解速率低于混交林,其中分解3、15、21、24个月时,纯林小孔径分解袋失重率分别为混交林的65.51%、95.73%、98.91%、94.8%,大孔径分解袋失重率分别为混交林的89.83%、92.95%、98.13%、97.13%,即,两类林分小孔径分解袋及凋落物分解前期失重率差异更为明显,表明凋落物分解速率既受底物质量的影响,也和参与分解的土壤生物有关,其中与线虫、大型土壤动物及真菌的数量相关性最大。     

巢湖陆向湖滨带常见野生植物对磷缓冲能力的影响

湖泊陆向湖滨带缓冲磷扩散的机制尚未得到充分地研究。系统分析了2011年4~7月巢湖陆向湖滨带5种野生植物的生长状况与根际土不同形态磷的含量和吸附行为。结果表明土壤磷的吸附行为可用Langmuir方程加以描述。与对照相比，艾草和小飞蓬根际土总磷含量明显较低，磷的最大吸附量（Qmax）明显较高，而小蓟和狗尾巴草根际土速效磷含量明显较高，Qmax与磷吸附强度明显较低。植物根与茎长均随季节增加，相应的土壤磷饱和度下降。因此，植物吸收与土壤吸附是陆向湖滨带缓冲磷扩散的重要机制。有机质可通过增加速效磷含量和Qmax值调节土壤磷平衡浓度（EPC0）。小飞蓬和艾草根际土的EPC0值明显较低，磷吸附能力较强。而小蓟和早熟禾根际土的EPC0值明显较高，故易成为向湖泊扩散的磷源     

崇明滩涂湿地不同盐度梯度下芦苇种群及土壤的生态化学计量学特征

为了研究不同盐度梯度下芦苇(Phragmites australis)的生态适应性及其生长的限制因子,对崇明盐度梯度下的3个滩涂湿地生长的芦苇及土壤生态化学计量学指标进行测定;分析不同盐度下芦苇种群的生态化学计量学之间的差异,及土壤与芦苇元素、元素比之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)崇明滩涂湿地土壤C、N、P含量和C/N、C/P、N/P平均值分别是15.01、0.69、0.86g/kg,22.09、21.87、0.96。芦苇的C、N、P含量及C/N、C/P、N/P平均值分别为413.17、10.75、2.53g/kg,41.49、293.58、7.29。(2)随着崇明滩涂湿地土壤盐度增加,土壤的C、N含量及芦苇的C含量、C/N先降低后增加;土壤的C/N、C/P、N/P及植物的C/P、N/P增加;土壤的P含量及植物N、P含量降低。(3)盐度梯度下滩涂湿地土壤与芦苇生态化学计量学中的C、P、C/P、N/P之间均正相关关系,土壤N含量与植物的C/P正相关,与N/P负相关;而C/N与植物P含量之间有负相关性。(4)该研究区土壤的C、N元素较为匮乏,P含量较高;植物的N/P值小于14,说明崇明芦苇生长主要受到N的限制。     

崇明东滩围垦区芦苇湿地土壤盐分动态研究

2009~2013年对崇明东滩围垦区芦苇湿地10 cm和30 cm两个土层的土壤溶液电导率、水分、温度和相关微气象因子进行了为期5 a的原位同步连续监测,探讨了不同时间尺度的湿地土壤盐分动态。结果如下:(1)在年际动态方面,10 cm土层的土壤溶液电导率在5 a间逐年递减,年均降低8.10%,30 cm土层的土壤溶液电导率在前4 a逐年递减,年均降低6.06%,但2013年较2012年上升了16.34%。各个年份10 cm土层的土壤溶液电导率均值皆显著低于30 cm土层,且年均值的差异逐年递增。(2)在季节动态方面,各年份内,两个土层的土壤溶液电导率多表现为春、夏、秋升高,冬季下降的趋势,也多在秋季和冬季分别达到最大值和最小值。各年份间,10 cm土层春季和夏季以及30 cm土层春季的土壤溶液电导率呈逐年递减的趋势。(3)在日动态方面, 10 cm土层的土壤溶液电导率波动幅度大于30 cm土层,并且30 cm土层土壤溶液电导率日最大值和最小值出现的时刻较10 cm土层有一定的滞后性。综上所述,研究区在围垦后,耕层土壤每年都能以一定的速率脱盐,但在季节性气候影响下,严重的返盐现象仍可能在秋季发生,因而在秋季可以通过增加人工措施以防止土壤返盐。     

互花米草入侵对长江河口湿地土壤理化性质的影响

为了探讨互花米草入侵对长江河口湿地土壤理化性质的影响,在长江口崇明东滩湿地设置了两条样线,利用配对试验设计,高潮滩为互花米草和芦苇群落配对样线,低潮滩为互花米草和海三棱藨草群落配对样线。结果表明,互花米草入侵对东滩湿地高潮滩和低潮滩的土壤温度和p H均无显著影响,且所有群落土壤p H值均在8.0以上。在高潮滩,与芦苇群落相比,互花米草入侵显著降低了土壤盐度、硫酸盐和Fe(III)/Fe(II)比率,而在低潮滩,与海三棱藨草群落相比,互花米草入侵对土壤盐度和硫酸盐无显著影响,但显著增加了土壤Fe(III)/Fe(II)比率。无论是高潮滩,还是低潮滩,与土著植物群落相比,互花米草入侵均显著增加了植物生物量,增加了土壤有机碳和微生物碳含量,而对占土壤总碳60%以上的无机碳含量无显著影响。互花米草入侵可以显著影响长江河口湿地部分土壤理化性质,且对不同潮位的部分土壤理化性质的影响有明显分异,进而可能会对长江河口湿地的生物地球化学过程及生态系统的结构和功能产生重要影响。     

不同用量土壤调理剂对镉污染农田土壤环境的影响

采用大田试验,探讨不同用量土壤调理剂对镉污染农田土壤养分、质地、微团聚体、酶活性及微生物数量等影响.试验设置T0、T1、T2、T3、T4和T5共6个处理,对应添加土壤调理剂0、1 500、3 000、4 500、6 000和 7 500 kg·hm-2.结果表明:施用土壤调理剂后增加了土壤pH值(0.66％～6.75％)、阳离子交换量(22.68％～64.45％)、碱解氮(7.94％～29.26％)和速效钾(0.28％～21.99％),而对土壤质地、有效磷、微团聚体组成影响较小;影响了土壤微生物环境,抑制了脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性以及细菌和放线菌数量.土壤调理剂通过影响土壤理化性质及微生物环境,降低了 土壤有效态镉(12.34％～24.78％)和糙米镉含量(7.69％～64.10％).相关性表明:施用量与土壤pH值、阳离子交换量、碱解氮和速效钾呈显著正相关,而与有效磷、脲酶和过氧化氢酶呈显著负相关,但与土壤有效态镉和糙米镉相关性不明显.综上,从镉污染修复效果、土壤环境影响及经济成本考虑,以T2(3 000 kg.hm-2)处理效果最佳.     

长江流域土壤相对湿度变化及其影响因素

以1992~2012年长江流域196个土壤观测站的旬土壤相对湿度资料为基础,通过线性趋势和Kriging插值等方法分析0~50 cm土层土壤相对湿度年际、年内时空分异和季节变化特征,并从气候和NDVI要素探寻其变化原因。结果表明:(1)长江流域年均土壤相对湿度自1992年以来整体上呈波动增加趋势,年际变化倾向率为0.26%/a。江源地区土壤相对湿度增幅大于其他地区。(2)土壤相对湿度表现为东南和西南部较高,东北和西北部较低的空间分布特点。(3)四季土壤相对湿度增加的强烈程度由大到小依次是秋季、冬季、夏季、春季。(4)土壤相对湿度增加的主要原因是潜在蒸发减少和NDVI增加。     

鄱阳湖湿地土壤-植物-地下水稳定氧同位素组成分析

近年来,鄱阳湖水位持续走低,极端干旱事件频繁发生,湿地生态系统结构与功能遭受破坏。为此,于2014年鄱阳湖湿地保护区两个断面分层采集0~100 cm土壤,并采集优势种植物和河湖水以及地下水数据,运用稳定同位素技术,分析了土壤-植物-河湖水-地下水稳定同位素变化特征,并探寻它们之间的补给关系。结果表明,两断面土壤水氧同位素变化范围分别为–10.48‰~–5.23‰和–12.39‰~–6.55‰,算术平均值分别为–8.36‰和–8.63‰。断面一表层(0~30 cm)土壤水氧重同位素较富集,且随深度增加而减小;断面二表层(0~40 cm)土壤水中氧同位素组成基本无变化。断面一的地下水主要是受降水补给,断面二可能是受降水和河湖水共同补给。鄱阳湖湿地两断面优势种植物虉草叶片水的氧同位素值最大,为–0.9‰,其次是灰化苔草和芦苇,分别为–4.23‰和–5.25‰。     

鄂东南崩岗不同层次土壤分形特征及抗蚀性研究

崩岗是鄂东南地区极其严重的土壤侵蚀类型,影响范围广,破坏性强。选择鄂东南通城县花岗岩崩岗不同层次土壤进行研究,主要分析崩岗剖面土壤颗粒分形维数、可蚀性、渗透性及水稳性,并通过回归分析等方法建立其与土壤性质之间的拟合关系。结果表明:鄂东南通城县崩岗土层表土层、红土层、斑纹层以及碎屑层的性质存在较大差异,土壤颗粒分形维数D由表土层至碎屑层呈减小的趋势,土壤可蚀性K值由表土层至碎屑层呈增加的趋势,水稳性指数则呈现减小的趋势,渗透性则表现为红土层小而表土层和碎屑层大的规律。同时,相关性分析以及多元线性回归分析显示,崩岗剖面土壤颗粒分形维数、可蚀性、渗透性以及水稳性之间关系密切,抗蚀性与土体性质之间的相关性显著。研究旨在明确了崩岗发生的内在因素,为阐述崩岗的发生机理提供了依据。     

Fluxes of dissolved organic matter in larch forests in the cryolithozone of central Siberia

Fluxes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in larch biogeocenoses and its export from the drainage basin have been studied in the zone of continuous permafrost. A comparative assessment of DOM input into the soil has been made on slopes of northern and southern exposures (as variants reflecting the current state and warming). The dynamics of DOM export in a creek depending on the increasing depth of the active soil horizon in the drainage area have been revealed. It is concluded that an increase in the depth of the seasonally thawing layer induced by global warming will not have any significant effect on the amount of annual DOM export. Reduction of DOM export may be expected upon a decrease in litter stocks under the effect of their mineralization and forest fires.     

Volumetric assessment of airborne fungi in two sections of a rural indoor dairy cattle shed

There is increasing concern about the exposure to fungal aerosols in occupational environments and associated respiratory allergic diseases and asthma. A large number of people work in cattle sheds around the world, pulmonary function impairments and higher frequency of respiratory symptoms have been reported in dairy farmers; however, it appears that adequate information on the fungal aerosols from the cattle sheds are largely lacking. Volumetric assessment of airborne culturable and nonculturable fungal spores was performed in two sections of a large rural indoor cattle shed of West Bengal, India for 2 consecutive years. An Andersen Two Stage Viable Sampler was used for sampling culturable fungi and a Burkard Personal Slide Sampler was used to collect the total airborne fungal spores including both the culturable and nonculturable types. A total of 31 spore types and 35 types of viable colony-forming units were recorded. Average concentration range of total fungal spores was 233-2985/m(3) and concentration of viable colony-forming units ranged between 165 and 2225 CFU/m(3). Burkard Sampler showed higher frequencies of Aspergilli/Penicilli, Cladosporium, Alternaria, and smut spores. Andersen Sampler showed the prevalence of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Cladosporium cladosporioides colonies. Some recorded fungi were earlier reported as allergenic, toxic, and pathogenic for occupational workers as well as cattle population. Higher concentration levels of airborne total and culturable fungal spores were recorded during the months of November through February (winter) and June through September (late summer and rainy season).     

Selenium bioavailability and uptake as affected by four different plants in a loamy clay soil with particular attention to mycorrhizae inoculated ryegrass

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of plant species, especially of their rhizosphere soil, and of inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus on the bioavailability of selenium and its transfer in soil-plant systems. A pot experiment was performed with a loamy clay soil and four plant species: maize, lettuce, radish and ryegrass, the last one being inoculated or not with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus mosseae). Plant biomass and Se concentration in shoots and roots were estimated at harvest. Se bioavailability in rhizosphere and unplanted soil was evaluated using sequential extractions. Plant biomass and selenium uptake varied with plant species. The quantity of rhizosphere soil also differed between plants and was not proportional to plant biomass. The highest plant biomass, Se concentration in plants, and soil to plant transfer factor were obtained with radish. The lowest Se transfer factors were obtained with ryegrass. For the latter, mycorrhizal inoculation did not significantly affect plant growth, but reduced selenium transfer from soil to plant by 30%. In unplanted soil after 65 days aging, more than 90% of added Se was water-extractable. On the contrary, Se concentration in water extracts of rhizosphere soil represented less than 1% and 20% of added Se for ryegrass and maize, respectively. No correlation was found between the water-extractable fraction and Se concentration in plants. The speciation of selenium in the water extracts indicated that selenate was reduced, may be under organic forms, in the rhizosphere soil.     

上海城区六种林地凋落物中土壤动物群落结构

为探究上海城区不同林地凋落物中土壤动物的群落组成、群落多样性及其与环境因子的关系,于2014年4月~2015年1月分四个季度,对上海市建成年代较久的不同林地凋落物层土壤动物群落进行调查,共捕获凋落物土壤动物9 391只,隶属于2门11纲21个类群,其中优势类群为蜱螨亚纲和弹尾纲,两个类群共占总密度的90.31%,常见类群为双翅目、寡毛纲和等足目,占总密度的的5.29%。不同林地凋落物中土壤动物密度存在极显著差异(F=146.31,P0.01),其中香樟悬铃木林土壤动物密度最高,水杉林密度最低。此外各林地土壤动物季节动态表现出一定的差异性。密度-类群指数大小顺序为香樟悬铃木林(4.62)悬铃木林(2.69)香樟杨树林(1.86)香樟林(1.36)香樟水杉林(0.91)水杉林(0.85),该顺序可以较好地表征各林地的群落多样性。CCA分析显示凋落物有机碳、生物量、表土含水量、温度是影响城市林地凋落物土壤动物群落的主要环境因子,不同类群对环境因子适应程度不同。     

Microbial ecology of soils surrounding nuclear and thermal power plants in Taiwan

This paper reports a study of the effect of three nuclear and one thermal power plants on the microbial ecology of soils. Populations of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, cellulolytic microbes, phosphate-solubilizing microbes and nitrogen-fixing microbes in the soil in the vicinity of each plant were studied. Soils were acidic at three sites, and moisture contents of the power plant soils were lower than those of the surrounding areas. Microbial populations of the topsoils (0-20 cm deep) were higher than the subsoils (21-40 cm deep), and only 10-15% of them showed significant difference (P < .05). Thirty-three percent of the samples from the surrounding areas had higher microbial population than those from the power plant areas, but 19% was the reverse. Populations of cellulolytic, phosphate-solubilizing and nitrogen-fixing microbes varied with sampling locations, season and environmental conditions. Ratios of cellulolytic, phosphate-solubilizing and nitrogen-fixing microbes to total viable counts in some samples of the surrounding areas were significantly higher than in the power plant areas. Although the microbial populations of power plant soil and its surrounding area were somewhat different, it cannot be attributed as an effect of power plant operation, as the differences were not consistent.     

Sensitivity of some groups of ordinary chernozem soil microorganisms to γ irradiation

The effect of γ irradiation at doses of 1, 5, 10, and 20 kGy on the microflora of ordinary chernozem soil has been studied. The time course of the restoration of the microorganism numbers over 180 days after γ irradiation has been studied in model experiments. The microorganism radioresistance decreases in the following order: amylolytic bacteria > Azotobacter > spore-forming bacteria > ammonifiers > micromycetes. A dose of 20 kGy has a 96% suppressing effect on all microorganisms. Model experiments on the restoration of the irradiated soil microflora have revealed different rates of increase in the numbers of microorganism groups depending on the dose and incubation time.     

Ecological effects of particulate matter

Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is a heterogeneous material. Though regulated as un-speciated mass, it exerts most effects on vegetation and ecosystems by virtue of the mass loading of its chemical constituents. As this varies temporally and spatially, prediction of regional impacts remains difficult. Deposition of PM to vegetated surfaces depends on the size distribution of the particles and, to a lesser extent, on the chemistry. However, chemical loading of an ecosystem may be determined by the size distribution as different constituents dominate different size fractions. Coating with dust may cause abrasion and radiative heating, and may reduce the photosynthetically active photon flux reaching the photosynthetic tissues. Acidic and alkaline materials may cause leaf surface injury while other materials may be taken up across the cuticle. A more likely route for metabolic uptake and impact on vegetation and ecosystems is through the rhizosphere. PM deposited directly to the soil can influence nutrient cycling, especially that of nitrogen, through its effects on the rhizosphere bacteria and fungi. Alkaline cation and aluminum availability are dependent upon the pH of the soil that may be altered dramatically by deposition of various classes of PM. A regional effect of PM on ecosystems is linked to climate change. Increased PM may reduce radiation interception by plant canopies and may reduce precipitation through a variety of physical effects. At the present time, evidence does not support large regional threats due to un-speciated PM, though site-specific and constituent-specific effects can be readily identified. Interactions of PM with other pollutants and with components of climate change remain important areas of research in assessment of challenges to ecosystem stability.