Patterns of the formation of bird population in the lake-river system of the Asian Subarctic mountains based on the example of the Putorana Plateau

This paper analyzes the patterns of the formation of the aquatic and semiaquatic bird species population under the conditions of the altitudinal zonality of the Putorana Plateau. The population density and abundance of a number of background species was ascertained to decrease from the subalpine belt towards the forest and alpine belt. The bird population density in all the considered aquatic and semiaquatic habitats was revealed to change in a rather narrow range of values: the maximal population density indicator in aquatic and semiaquatic habitats is only 1.9 times higher than the minimal indicator. In the mountainous Subarctic region with a radial macrosymmetry, the spatial dynamics of abundance has a concentrically centrifugal nature in many aquatic and semiaquatic bird species.     

Specific features of bird community formation depending on the degree of anthropogenic impact

The population density and relative abundance of some bird species reach the highest values in the communities of habitats with a high degree of anthropogenic transformation. The species diversity of birds shows an inverse correlation with the index of anthropogenic impact (in grades) calculated with regard to a number of parameters. Relevant correlations change periodically, with the correlation coefficient reaching the highest values in the nesting period and decreasing to a minimum during the flight period.     

Response of the Avifauna to Technogenic Environmental Pollution in the Southern Taiga Zone of the Middle Urals

The results of original studies and published data are used for evaluating the main responses of the avifauna of boreal forests to the combined effect of sulfur dioxide and heavy metals. It is shown that environmental pollution results in the reduction of species richness, biomass, and stability of the nesting bird fauna. In degraded areas, the structure of the bird community changes: (1) typical forest species are replaced by the species of open habitats, and (2) the proportion of species nesting in the upper tree layer decreases, whereas that of ground-nesting species increases.     

Distribution of Zooplankton along the Longitudinal Profile of Two Disturbed Small Rivers of the Upper Volga Basin

The abundance and trophic structure of zooplankton along the longitudinal profile of two typical rivers in the Yaroslavl sector of the Volga region are determined by anthropogenic and zoogenic factors. The distribution of zooplankton under the influence of these factors is described by the concept of patch dynamics. The abundance of zooplankton reaches the highest values in the ameliorated upper reaches of rivers and in beaver ponds.     

Radioecological Studies on the Plankton of the Cooling Water Reservoir of the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant

In the zone of heated water discharge and at the control site of the Beloyarsk Reservoir, the phytoplankton was characterized by dominance of blue-green, green, and pyrrophyte algae, and the zooplankton, by the prevalence of crustaceans over rotifers. The study sites differed in the species and quantitative composition of the dominant complex, but the total abundance and biomass of the phytoplankton in the heated zone and the control site did not differ significantly. In Teplyi Bay, the zooplankton was inhibited, which was manifested in the decrease of its abundance and biomass by four and seven times, respectively, in comparison with the control. Radionuclide concentrations in the plankton of the cooling reservoir in the period between 1986 and 1988 were determined. It was found that radionuclide concentration in the plankton is higher in the zone of heated water discharge than beyond it.     

长江荆江段浮游生物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为了解长江荆江段浮游生物的群落结构特征以及其与环境因子之间的关系，于2017年3、6、9和12月对荆江7个采样断面的左右岸共14个采样点的浮游生物群落结构及水文、水质参数进行了调查。结果表明：荆江采集到浮游植物7门67属135种(含变种)，以硅藻门（51.85%）和绿藻门（25.19%）为主。浮游植物的丰度均值为73.16×10 4 cells./L，生物量均值为0.87 mg/L，上荆江各采样断面间浮游植物丰度和生物量变化不明显，下荆江浮游植物的丰度和生物量表现从上游到下游逐渐增高的趋势。优势种为硅藻门的颗粒沟链藻和梅尼小环藻。Margalef 丰富度指数是0.83，Pielou均匀度指数是0.80和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数是1.90，下荆江的丰富度指数和多样性指数大于上荆江，说明上荆江比下荆江污染严重。典范对应分析溶氧、温度、氨氮是影响浮游植物群落结构的主要因素。浮游动物48属81种，其中轮虫最多（37.04%），其次是原生动物（25.93%）和枝角类（23.46%）。浮游动物丰度均值为6.32 ind./L，生物量均值为88×10-3 mg/L，上荆江浮游动物丰度和生物量低于下荆江。浮游动物优势种为冠砂壳虫、桡足类无节幼体和剑水蚤一种。Margalef 丰富度指数是5.2，Pielou均匀度指数是0.84和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数是1.32，下荆江的丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数均大于上荆江，说明上荆江比下荆江污染严重。冗余分析显示温度、溶氧和氨氮是影响浮游动物群落结构的主要因素。     

Assessment of surface waters acidification as indicated by zooplankton in the taiga zone of Northern European Russia

Published results of comprehensive hydrochemical and hydrobiological studies of water bodies in the taiga zone of northwestern Russia were analyzed to estimate the lowest values of water pH at which individual zooplankton species had been recorded. On this basis, the most significant species indicative of surface water acidification were identified and a scale of their distribution depending on the degree of acidification was compiled.     

Specific Structural Features of Zooplankton in Lakes Differing in Trophic Status: Species Populations

The index of cenotic significance and other indices calculated on its basis were used for revealing specific structural features of zooplanktonic communities in lakes differing in productivity. The results showed that new indices (complexity coefficient, index of cenotic significance of dominant species, and integrated cenotic significance of the zooplankton) strongly correlate with the trophic status of the water body and are more responsive to changes in the structure of the community than the Shannon–Weaver index of species diversity. The results confirm the hypothesis that the structure of zooplankton is simplified in the course of lake eutrophication.     

Dynamics of the spatial distribution pattern of larid birds during an 11-year climate cycle (the Selenga River Delta,Southern Lake Baikal)

The results of long-term studies (1973–1982) have been used to analyze specific features in the distribution of larid bird colonies in the Selenga River delta over an 11-year climate cycle. It has been shown that the spatial distribution of these birds has distinct patterns in years with different water levels (high, medium, or low) in the delta and is based on preference for certain nesting biotopes, which is well manifested in all species studied and depends on their ecological niches. The main factors determining the distribution of birds over the study area include water level, terrain topography, and locations of major aggregations of food organisms.     

Zooplankton as an Indicator of the State of Lake Ecosystems Polluted with Mining Wastewater in the Kola Peninsula

The most informative characteristics of the zooplankton-community response to the effect of industrial wastewater from mines have been determined using water bodies of the Kola Peninsula as an example. It has been demonstrated that qualitative and quantitative characteristics of zooplankton depend on the degree of industrial pollution of a water body and adequately reflect differences in the conditions of zooplankton growth between the whole water bodies and their individual parts. The role of zooplankton as an indicator has been assessed and the possibility of including it in the system of monitoring of water objects has been substantiated.     

Composition and Some Ecological Features of Winter Zooplankton in Deep Stratified Lakes

For the first time, zooplankton and environmental factors have been studied in winter in the deep stratified lakes Siverskoe, Borodaevskoe, and Vydogoshch. The zooplankton consists of 18–22 species of rotifers, copepods, and cladocerans, including 15–18 specifically winter, cryophilic and eurythermic forms. The populations of zooplankters reproduce actively: males and egg-bearing females (in copepods), females with embryos and eggs in brood pouches (in cladocerans), and females with attached eggs (in rotifers) are present. In lakes Siverskoe and Borodaevskoe (depth 20–24 m), where oxygen deficiency is observed only in the bottom water layer, the zooplankton populates the greater part of the water column and forms a large aggregation in the oxycline and near the bottom. The abundance of bacteria in these zones is high (up to 4–6 × 10⁶ cells/ml). In Lake Vydogoshch (depth 16 m), oxygen deficiency extends to the middle layers, and all zooplankton is distributed above the oxycline. The biomass of winter zooplankton in Lake Siverskoe in 1983 averaged 1.26 g/m³, with a maximum of 4 g/m³; in 1993, 1.4 and 8.04 g/m²; the respective values in Lake Borodaevskoe were 0.98 and 3.1 in 1983 and 0.14 and 1.6 in 1993; in Lake Vydogoshch, 0.15 and 0.24 in 1983 and 1.25 g/m³ in 1993. The development of winter zooplankton is limited by the size of the zone of oxygen deficiency and depends on the amount of food (bacterioplankton). The distribution of zooplankton in the water column and its biomass in individual layers is determined by the rate of methane formation and oxidation.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 201–214.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Rivier.     

Long-Term Dynamics of Winter Communities of Forest Birds in the Ilmen Nature Reserve

Quantitative data of winter bird censuses in forest habitats of the Ilmen Nature Reserve (1986–2010) have been analyzed with regard to changes in the monthly average, maximum, and minimum temperatures and precipitation in the period from December to February. No warming trend has been revealed in the reserve over the study period, The dynamics of bird population structure in winter has proved to be independent of weather conditions, despite significant interannual fluctuations. The most significant factors of long-term dynamics of abundance of wintering birds include population density in the previous nesting period, the seed yield of the main food plants, and local migration of wintering species.     

Experimental Study of Effects of Bivalve <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dreissena polymorpha</Emphasis> on Phytoplankton under Eutrophic Conditions

The bivalve Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) was shown to significantly decrease the biomass of cyanoprokaryotes in water collected from Lake Mikolajskoe (Poland) including potentially toxic species Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya et Subba Raju. However, the mollusks increased the biomass of large filaments of green algae which are of low nutritional quality for zooplankton.     

中华鳖养殖池塘中的浮游甲壳动物群落结构研究

浮游动物常作为水体富营养化程度的指示生物,但多集中于湖泊和水库等大型自然水体中。基于放养密度和搭配水生植物不同,中华鳖有不同的池塘养殖模式,而呈现出不同的水生态环境。通过调查鳖-单养、鳖-莲、鳖-生态和鳖-菱4种主要的池塘养殖模式水质指标和浮游甲壳动物的群落结构,了解不同养殖池塘中浮游甲壳动物的群落结构与富营养化程度之间的关系。研究结果显示,鳖-单养模式DO、NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N、TN、TP、COD、Chl a、综合营养状态指数(TLI)均显著高于鳖-莲、鳖-生态和鳖-菱模式,SD显著低于鳖-莲、鳖-生态和鳖-菱模式(P0.05);养殖池塘中共记录枝角类6属7种,哲水蚤3属3种,剑水蚤6属6种,共同优势种为毛饰拟剑水蚤(Paracyclops fimbriatus)、广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti)和台湾温剑水蚤(Thermocyclops taihokuensi);聚类分析结果显示鳖-单养模式单独聚为一类,鳖-莲、鳖-菱和鳖-生态模式聚为一类;线性回归分析显示枝角类丰度和TLI呈负相关(P0.05),哲水蚤丰度和TLI呈正相关(P0.05),剑水蚤和浮游甲壳动物丰度与TLI呈显著正相关(P0.05);RDA显示Chl a、NO_2~--N、SD、WT和COD显著影响了浮游甲壳动物组成(P0.05)。该研究不仅可以为中华鳖池塘养殖模式的开发提供技术指导,而且可以为渔业生产影响淡水生态系统结构与功能的研究提供理论支持。     

三峡工程运行后洞庭湖水环境变化及影响分析

以入湖水系、湖体、出湖口为研究区域,基于20多年的监测数据,运用水质单因子评价、综合营养状态指数(∑TLI)等评价方法,系统地分析了洞庭湖水文、水质、营养化状态的时空变化规律,探讨三峡工程运行后洞庭湖水环境变化及原因。结果表明:(1)洞庭湖入湖水量及沙量均明显降低、水位变幅减小。(2)透明度(SD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、浮游植物等指标的时空分异特征较为明显,4个指标年均值均总体呈上升趋势,其中,SD、浮游植物种类数量及密度自三峡工程运行后变化尤为明显。西洞庭湖的SD高于南洞庭湖,东洞庭湖的SD最低。ρ(TP)在湖体最高,ρ(TN)则在湖体最低。(3)入湖水系水质最好,出湖口水质最差。入湖水系水质一直维持在Ⅱ～Ⅲ类之间,水质良好;出湖口、湖体水质自三峡工程运行后以Ⅳ～Ⅴ类为主,变劣趋势明显。湖体富营养化日趋严重,东洞庭湖的富营养程度稍高于西洞庭湖和南洞庭湖。(4)初步认为:洞庭湖水文水动力环境条件的变化,整体上对水质产生一定的不利影响,对湖体富营养化有一定的促进作用。     

(137)Cs concentration in zooplankton and its relation to taxonomic composition in the western North Pacific Ocean

To study the role of zooplankton in the transport of (137)Cs in the ocean, zooplankton samples were collected in October 2005 and June 2006 in the western North Pacific Ocean. The peak zooplankton biomass was observed in the surface layer, and gelatinous plankton was more abundant in October 2005 than in June 2006 reflecting exchange of water masses. The concentrations of (137)Cs in zooplankton varied from 11 to 24 mBq kg wet(-1) and were higher in October 2005 than in June 2006. The elevated abundance of gelatinous zooplankton probably led to higher concentration of (137)Cs in zooplankton in October 2005. Annual export fluxes of (137)Cs by ontogenetic vertical migrant copepods were estimated to be 0.8 and 0.6 mBq m(-2) year(-1) at 200 and 1000 m depths, respectively; this suggested that transport of (137)Cs by zooplankton may be no trivial pathway.     

长江天鹅洲故道浮游动物群落结构及水质评价

于2011年4月~2012年1月按季度对长江天鹅洲故道浮游动物进行了采样调查。共检出浮游动物87种，其中原生动物22属38种，占总种类数的437%；轮虫25属36种，占总种类数的414%；枝角类8属9种，占总种类数的103%；桡足类4种，占总种类数的46%。浮游动物的年平均密度为25 7119 ind/L，以原生动物和轮虫为主，分别占总密度的937%和56%；年平均生物量为36 mg/L，以原生动物和枝角类为主，分别占总生物量的319%和281%。15种优势种中9种为富营养水体指示种。绿急游虫、双叉尾毛虫、长圆膜袋虫和小链巨头轮虫全年形成优势，而针簇多肢轮虫、缘板龟甲轮虫、角突臂尾轮虫在春、夏、秋季形成优势，螺形龟甲轮虫只在春秋形成优势。绿急游虫、双叉尾毛虫、长圆膜袋虫等富营养水体指示种在受污染较多的6和10号两处采样点数量较多。按现存量法和浮游动物优势种群法判定，天鹅洲故道属于富营养类型，与根据Shannon Weaver多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数的评价为中污染水平的结果一致。同时对浮游动物种类组成小型化的形成原因进行了分析讨论     

Ecological Segregation of Bustards (Otididae) in the North of the Lower Volga Region: Evolutionary and Adaptive Aspects

Based on the concept of an ecological niche, the processes of segregation in the Lower Volga populations of great and little bustards (Otis tarda L. and Tetrax tetrax L). have been studied in the evolutionary and adaptive aspects. The results have shown that segregation of the ecological niches of the two species occurs mainly on a trophic basis, when bird specialization in the use of food resources provides the possibility of changing the nesting biotopes. Some trophic adaptations are temporary and do not modify a species-specific stereotype, whereas other adaptations lead to the development of new forms of behavior and their evolutionary stabilization. Spatial characteristics (biotopic preference, nest location, etc.) complement the identified hierarchical series of parameters characterizing the ecological niches of the species studied. In the Transvolga region of Saratov oblast, the total sizes of great and little bustard populations in the breeding season reach approximately 4100 and 5900 birds, respectively.     

富营养湖泊中轮虫群落结构季节变化的环境驱动力研究(英)

通过对桥墩湖一周年的逐月采样,比较了影响轮虫群落结构季节变化的3种环境驱动力的相对重要性。桥墩湖是一个富营养湖泊,具有较高的营养盐和Chl a含量以及低的透明度。研究发现：水温和营养水平是影响轮虫数量和群落结构季节变化最重要的理化因子。由于大型枝角类数量的稀少,其对轮虫数量并没有显著的负面影响。短尾秀体溞是影响轮虫群落结构季节变化的最重要的枝角类;然而大多数优势轮虫与短尾秀体溞密度峰值的共同出现可能反映了它们对高营养水平和高水温的共同喜好。在浮游植物中,绿藻是决定轮虫密度的最重要的浮游植物门类;而其中的隐藻则是影响轮虫群落结构变化的最重要属。3组环境因子(理化因子、浮游植物、浮游甲壳动物)对轮虫群落结构的季节变化具有相似的解释大小。这些结果表明：在该富营养湖泊中,轮虫群落结构的季节变化可能主要受理化因子和食物资源的影响;浮游甲壳动物对轮虫群落结构的塑造作用有限     

Estimation of the Relationship between Environment Heterogeneity and Distribution of Birds in Western Siberia

The results of censuses of 335 bird species and estimation of environmental factors in 1163 habitats located in undeveloped areas of the Western Siberian Plain were analyzed. The data for analysis were obtained from the databank of the Laboratory of Zoological Monitoring of the Institute of Animal Ecology and Systematics (Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences). The material was collected in the first half of summer (between May 16 and July 15) in 1936–1938 and 1959–1999 (mostly beginning from 1967). A learning sample (863 variants) was used to approximate the abundance of each species with respect to each factor (including calculation by the principal-component method), and the approximation was integrated with respect to all these factors. The approximation coefficients were used to make a prognosis of species abundance based on the values of environmental factors in the control sample (300 variants). For the 50 most prevalent species, accounting for more than 80% of total bird abundance, the values of explained variances of approximation and prognosis averaged 53.5 (r = 0.73) and 47% (r = 0.68), respectively.