基于纳污红线的河流排污权优化分配模型

实行水功能区限制纳污红线的水资源管理制度，在理论和实践中必须要建立河流污染物总量控制管理制度，而实行污染物总量控制，首先要确定河流排污权的初始分配方案。结合我国现行流域水功能区划成果，以水功能区作为排污权初始分配主体开展排污权分配研究，提出由河流环境保护部门确定河流总体排污权，首先通过纵向配置将排污权分配给水功能区，然后通过横向配置将初始排污权分配给排污者的一种纵向加横向分配模式。以资源分配的公平性和效率为管理目标，并以污染物总量控制、浓度控制、企业生产连续性等为约束条件，建立了河流排污权多目标分配优化模型。最后利用多目标演化算法对算例进行了求解，验证了方法的可行性，且此分配方式所获得的环境节余容量最大     

城市开发区大气环境影响评价研究--以扬州市经济技术开发区为例

对开发区进行环境影响评价是开发区可持续发展的需要。大气作为环境的重要要素，其状况优劣对开发区的发展及布局都产生较大的影响，因而大气环境影响评价是环境影响评价体系中不可缺少的组成部分。如何进行开发区的大气环境影响评价，国内已取得了不少经验，但仍在探索之中。对城市开发区大气环境影响评价的内容和方法进行了探讨；以扬州市经济技术开发区为例，进行了分析、预测和评价，对环境评价中的公众参与环节进行了有益的探索与尝试；对开发区进行了大气功能区划分，给出了开发区大气主要污染物总量控制方案；最后，针对扬州市经济技术开发区的实情，在产业发展方向、项目规划布局、能源使用、绿化、环境管理以及土地管理等方面提出了环境保护的对策和建议。     

河流和海洋污染物总量分配研究述评

水污染物总量控制是改善水环境质量,实现经济、社会与环境可持续发展的根本途径之一。制定科学的总量分配方案,是实施水污染物总量控制的关键技术。本文从水污染物总量控制和分配的定义出发,对总量分配原则和环境容量的最新概念做了介绍,把河流和海洋领域的总量分配方法作了概述和比较。最后提出了开展总量分配分级体系研究,加强重点河段和海域环境容量季节变化研究的建议。本文对深入开展水环境领域污染物总量分配的研究,推动陆海统筹的总量控制制度具有积极意义。     

竺山湾流域河湖系统污染物总量控制研究

复杂河湖系统的总量控制需考虑河湖双重控制目标,以太湖西北部竺山湾流域为研究对象,运用排污系数法计算了区域内的入河污染负荷;构建了一维河网和二维湖体水环境数学模型,对水环境数学模型进行了率定;基于多重目标的河网水环境容量计算方法,计算了河网水环境容量,并分配至各控制单元;定量分析了各控制单元各污染物总量达标情况下的削减量及削减率。结果表明:竺山湾流域COD削减量为834.4 t,削减率为13.8%;氨氮削减量为226.1 t,削减率为36.5%;总氮削减量为724.8 t,削减率为55.2%;总磷削减量为108.9 t,削减率为73.4%。论文成果对于开展竺山湾流域污染物总量控制和水环境保护具有重要指导意义,同时为类似的河湖系统水污染物总量控制提供借鉴。     

基于水功能区纳污能力的攀枝花限制排污总量研究

实施水功能区限制纳污红线管理,控制陆域范围污染物排放总量,是保障水功能区水质达标的根本途径。针对现有水功能区划分及管理偏重考虑水体自然属性和完整性,缺乏与行政区划、陆域污染源分布的衔接,提出以水功能区划分成果为基础,综合考虑自然水系、行政区划、污染源分布情况的陆域控制单元划分方法,在此基础上,利用GIS空间分析建立水功能区与陆域控制单元的响应关系,制定基于水功能区纳污能力的陆域污染物限制排放总量方案。以攀枝花市河段为例,将攀枝花市划分为15个控制单元,19个控制子单元进行限制排污总量计算及分配,攀枝花全市COD、氨氮限制排放总量分别为17 437.6 t/a、1 866.0 t/a,与攀枝花市污染物总量控制规划成果基本一致。     

基于区域差异的污染物削减总量分配研究

随着污染物总量控制手段在我国的不断推进与深化，如何公平合理地在不同区域之间分配污染物削减总量是学术研究和政府决策关注的重要问题。在对现有的污染物（削减）总量分配方法及其体现的不同分配思想进行比较的基础上，充分考虑污染物从产生、削减到排放的全过程影响因素，提出了合情合理的污染削减分配公平准则。以COD削减总量分配为例，构建了相应的公平分配指标体系，重点考虑各地区在污染物结构减排、工程减排和环境质量状况等方面的差异，基于熵权法建立了体现区域差异的“改进的等比例分配方法”，并对我国省际间COD削减总量分配进行了案例研究。结果表明，这种改进的等比例分配方法，在考虑公平的基础上同时兼顾了各省市之间的差异性，为我国在不同区域间进行不同类型污染物的削减总量分配提供了新的思路与方法     

省域污染物总量控制指标差异性公平分配与优化算法研究——基于不对称Nash谈判模型

公平合理的污染物排放总量控制指标分配是总量控制制度有效运行的关键环节。本文综合考虑区域差异、行业差异等,研究总量控制指标差异性公平分配模式;设定区域差异情景、行业差异情景、一般耦合情景和综合耦合情景,运用Nash谈判模型建立政府横向公平对比谈判机制,研究区域污染物总量控制指标差异性公平分配的优化算法,并以吉林省的COD总量控制指标分解为例进行实例分析。结果显示,与基准年排放量占比相比,基于区域差异的分配方案变化不大(-15.22%~4.48%),但基于行业差异的分配方案因化学纤维制造业(30.0%)和黑色金属冶炼和压延加工业(27.2%)配额影响而变化很大(-87.83%~154.22%)。考虑传统总量指标配额行政直接分配模式单一,运用Nash谈判模型对分配结果进行谈判优化,结果显示综合耦合情景下的COD配额分配结果因综合区域差异和行业差异而基本得到了所有市的认可,综合满意度为89.02%;而区域差异情景下的COD配额分配结果,因更接近于基准年排放量占比而得到除吉林市和通化市以外的其他7个城市的认可,优化博弈后的满意度最高(89.25%);一般耦合情景和行业差异情景,因部分配额高指标行业集中到吉林市和通化市,存在很大的争议;博弈结果显示各市并不希望配额指标分配结果偏离基准年太多。因此,实现省域总量控制指标差异性公平分配,可引入政府横向公平谈判机制博弈优化差异性配置方案,识别满意度最高或认可度最高的谈判优化方案,实现总量控制指标分配的差异性公平。     

面向异质水污染物排污权初始分配的在线拍卖机制

为探索不同种类水污染物排污权的在线初始分配方法,根据不同水污染物的特性,基于水环境容量价值,描述了一种可随时对多种水污染物排污权进行不同数量报价的投标语言.针对每家企业关于多种排污权组合的需求,构建了在线拍卖机制设计模型,提出了赢家判决流程和支付计算流程,获得了在线拍卖机制.该机制可在完全未知将来投标序列的情况下,立即对当前投标做出是否分配某种排污权组合的决策,并在企业离开前做出支付决策.理论分析表明,所提出机制可吸引更多的企业自愿参与,激励企业报告真实的到达时间、单位水环境容量估值及离开时间.相比于完全信息下的有效分配,该机制在社会福利、企业成交率和排污权利用率等方面能取得良好的效果.该文机制有助于制定公平、有效的异质水污染物排污权的初始分配方案.     

基尼系数法在水污染物总量区域分配中的应用

水污染物总量的区域初始分配是实施污染物总量控制工作的起点。直接影响到排污许可证的发放工作。如何实现水污染物目标总量初始分配的公平性是要解决的关键问题。通过综合考虑待分配区域的经济、自然等客观因素．筛选出既能充分代表地区水环境承载力，又与总量分配密切相关的指标，应用经济学中衡量居民收入分配公平程度的基尼系数的概念．建立以基尼系数最小化为目标的规划模型，通过设定合理的运算规则和约束条件构建优化方程，制定基于公平性的水污染物总量的区域初始分配方案。初始分配后．可以在区域内部建立排污许可证交易制度．通过企业间的交易。实现社会总体治污成本最小化的目标。     

北方滨海城市内河水环境承载率研究

基于环统企业和污水处理厂的排污情况统计2013年北方滨海城市——威海市的点源污染负荷,并采用输出系数法估算了面源污染负荷。研究采用一维水环境模型核算水环境容量,并评估威海市水环境承载状况。威海市2013年COD和NH3-N的水环境容量分别为10 268和2 374 t/年,总承载率分别为30.9%和10.8%,COD承载在危机状态和警戒状态的有9%和10%,NH3-N在危机状态和警戒状态的有11%和7%。该结果可为威海市"十三五"污染物减排总量分配方案的制定提供一定的决策依据。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as evidenced by data from a duplicate diet study, indoor air, house dust, and biomonitoring in Germany

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. As part of the Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey (INES), this study aimed to characterize the exposure of an adult German population using duplicate diet samples, which were collected daily over seven consecutive days, and indoor air and house dust measurements. Our study population consisted of 27 female and 23 male healthy subjects, aged 14–60 years, all of whom resided in 34 homes in southern Bavaria. In these 34 residences the air was sampled using glass fiber filters and polyurethane foams and the dust was collected from used vacuum cleaner bags.The median (95th percentile) daily dietary intake of six Tetra- to HeptaBDE congeners was 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (3.3 ng/kg b.w.) or 67.8 ng/day (208 ng/day) (calculated from the 7-day median values of each study subject). Concentrations in indoor air and dust (cumulative Tri- to DecaBDE congener readings) ranged from 8.2 to 477 pg/m³ (median: 37.8 pg/m³) and 36.6 to 1580 ng/g (median: 386 ng/g), respectively. For some congeners, we identified a significant correlation between air and dust levels.The median (95th percentile) blood concentration of total Tetra- to HexaBDE congener readings was 5.6 (13.2) ng/g lipid. No significant sex differences were observed, but higher blood concentrations were found in younger participants. Using a simplified toxicokinetic model to predict the body burden from exposure doses led to results that were of the same order of magnitude as the measured blood concentrations.Based on these measurements and given our exposure assumptions, we estimated for the total tetra- to heptabrominated congener count an average (high) comprehensive total daily intake of 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (2.5 ng/kg b.w.). Overall, our results suggest that dietary exposure is the dominant intake pathway at least in our study population, responsible for 97% (average intake) and 95% (high intake) of the total intake of an adult population.     

A new general mechanistic river model for radionuclides from single pulse fallouts which can be run by readily accessible driving variables

This paper presents a new general, process-based river model for substances such as radionuclides from single pulse fallouts. The new model has been critically tested using data from 13 European rivers contaminated by radiocesium from the Chernobyl accident. This modelling approach gives radionuclide concentrations in water (total, dissolved and particulate phases; and also concentrations in sediments and fish, but the latter aspects are not discussed in this paper) at defined river sites. The model is based on processes in the upstream river stretch and in the upstream catchment area. The catchment area is differentiated into inflow ( approximately dry land) areas and outflow ( approximately wetland) areas. The model also accounts for time-dependent fixation of substances in the catchment. The catchment area sub-model is based on a previous catchment model, which has been tested with very good results for radiocesium, radiostrontium and Ca-concentrations (from liming operations). The new river model is simple to apply in practice since all driving variables may be readily accessed from maps and standard monitoring programs. The driving variables are: latitude, altitude, continentality, catchment area, mean annual precipitation, soil type (percentages or organic and sandy soils), fallout and month of fallout. Modelled values have been compared to independent empirical data from 10 rivers sites (91 data on radiocesium in water) covering a wide domain (catchment areas from 4000 to 180 000 km(2), precipitation from 500 to 960 mm/yr and fallout from 1700 to 660 000 Bq/m(2)). The new model predicts very well--when modelled values are compared to empirical data, the slope is perfect (1.0) and the r(2)-value is 0.90. This is good giving the fact that there are also uncertainties in the empirical data, which set a limit to the achieved predictive power, as expressed by the r(2)-value.     

Narratives,Rhetorical Genres,and Environmental Conflict: Responses to Schwarze's “Environmental Melodrama”

The appearance of Steven Schwarze's essay, “Environmental Melodrama” (Schwarze, 2006) as the lead article in a recent issue of The Quarterly Journal of Speech marks an important moment of recognition for environmental communication scholarship. Schwarze's essay demonstrates how studies of environmental rhetoric can contribute to rhetorical theory more generally, while addressing practical questions regarding the rhetorical aspects of environmental conflict. The contributors to this forum respond to Schwarze's arguments, drawing in part upon their own case studies of rhetorical action and narrative in environmental conflict.     

The influence of hot particle contamination on Sr and Cs transfers to milk and on time-integrated ingestion doses

Most models for transfers of radionuclides through the food chain typically assume that the radioactivity is initially deposited in chemically available forms. It is known, however, that releases of radionuclides in the form of hot particles may significantly influence their environmental transfers and uptake to the food chain. This study presents models for time changes in ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs in milk which incorporate hot particle contamination using observed rates of hot particle dissolution following the Chernobyl accident. A general equation is presented for the influence of hot particles on overall ingestion doses. As expected from previous work, fallout of hot particles significantly influences time changes in radionuclide activity concentrations in foodstuffs. It is also shown that incorporation of radionuclides in hot particles influences time-integrated ingestion doses. For a situation in which a large proportion (90–100%) of fallout is in slowly dissolving hot particles, time-integrated ingestion doses from ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs are reduced by a factor of approximately two compared to the case where all radioactivity is deposited in bioavailable forms. However, the influence of rapidly dissolving hot particles on time-integrated ingestion doses is relatively minor. Remaining significant uncertainties in dose estimates are discussed.     

Communities of hydrobionts developing at the water-rock interface in Lake Baikal

Development of benthic communities on rocks from the interdisciplinary test site near Cape Berezovyi (southern Baikal) is analyzed. Rock plates were placed on the bottom in the shallow-water zone of Baikal for six months, and a community consisting of microorganisms, microphytobenthos, and meiobenthos developed on them. The development and activity of hydrobionts depended on the chemical composition and structure of the rock. Marble and granite plates were populated by them more selectively than amphibolite plates. It is supposed that the biota plays an important role in destruction of rocks in the shallow-water zone of Baikal.     

21世纪我国国土资源可持续利用的形势及战略措施

本文分析了我国国土资源可持续利用的形势,指出了国土资源在经济发展中的地位和作用,提出了国土资源可持续利用的任务和战略措施。     

Radionuclides in terrestrial ecosystems of the zone of Kyshtym accident in the Urals

It was shown that along the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace central axis, about 100 km in length, decrease of the ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs deposition densities in soil samples may be described as an exponential function. At the western and eastern periphery of the trace, ⁹⁰Sr contents in soils approached to the background level due to global fallout. ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs concentrations in seeds of some herbaceous plants have been determined. The radionuclide concentrations and the resulting dose loads upon plant seeds showed an excess over the background level of about two or three orders of magnitude.